| | - Zhengde
- reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor (reigned 1505-21) of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), during whose reign eunuchs achieved such power within the government that subsequent rulers ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zhengding
- town, western Hebei sheng (province), China. The town has been strategically important throughout history, being situated on the edge of the North China Plain at the foot ...
- zhengming
- (from the article "Lunyu") ...zhongyong ("doctrine of the mean"), li ("proper conduct"), and zhengming ("adjustment to names"). The last inculcates the notion that all phases ...
- Zhengtong
- reign name (nianhao) of the sixth and eighth emperor (reigned 1435-49 and 1457-64) of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), whose court was dominated by eunuchs who weakened the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhengzhou
- city and capital of Henan sheng (province), China. Located in the north-central part of the province, it is situated to the south of the Huang He (Yellow ... [3 Related Articles]
- Zhenjiang
- city and port, southern Jiangsu sheng (province), China, situated on the southern bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). It was capital of the province in 1928-49. ...
- Zhenyan
- (from the article "Buddhism") According to the Zhenyan tradition, Esoteric Buddhism was taken from India to China by three missionary monks who translated the basic Zhenyan texts. The first monk, Shubhakarasimha, arrived in China ...
- Zhenzong
- temple name (miaohao) of the third emperor (reigned 997-1022) of the Song dynasty (960-1279), who strengthened Confucianism and concluded a peace treaty with the Liao empire to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zhezong
- (from the article "China") The reign of Zhezong (1085-1100) began with a regency under another empress dowager, who recalled the conservatives to power. An antireform period lasted until 1093, during which time most of ...
- Zhezqazghan
- city, central Kazakhstan, on a reservoir of the Kara-Kengir River. The city was created in 1938 in connection with the exploitation of the rich local copper deposits. In 1973 a ...
- Zhilinsky, Ya. G.
- (from the article "World War I") ...Grand Duke Nicholas, took it loyally but prematurely, before the cumbrous Russian war machine was ready, by launching a pincer movement against East Prussia. Under the higher control of General ...
- Zhiloy
- (from the article "Caspian Sea") ...southern Caspian, based partly on underwater relief and partly on hydrologic characteristics. The sea contains as many as 50 islands, mostly small. The largest are Chechen, Tyuleny, Morskoy, Kulaly, Zhiloy, ...
- Zhiman
- (from the article "Huang Mountains") ...which is renowned for its magnificent scenery. Known in ancient times as Mount Yi, Mount Huang received its present name in AD 747. It was the retreat of the Chan ...
- zhiraw
- (from the article "Kazakh literature") By the 17th century, if not before, there had emerged two types of professional bards: the zhiraw and the aqin. These were primarily-though not exclusively-male professions. The zhiraw performed both ...
- Zhirinovsky, Vladimir
- When Vladimir Zhirinovsky's Liberal Democratic Party won 22.8% of the vote in the Russian parliamentary elections in December 1993, the West gasped. It had previously not taken much notice of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zhivkov, Todor
- first secretary of the ruling Bulgarian Communist Party's Central Committee (1954-89) and president of Bulgaria (1971-89). His 35 years as Bulgaria's ruler made him the longest-serving leader in any of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhob
- town, Balochistan province, western Pakistan. The town lies on an open plain just east of the Zhob River. Originally called Apozai (the name is still used locally), it was renamed ...
- zhong
- Chinese clapperless bronze bells produced mainly during the late Zhou (c. 600-255 BC) dynasty and used as a percussion instrument in ancient China. Although the term also denotes the religious ... [2 Related Articles]
- zhongchao
- in imperial China (mainly during the Han dynasty), the group of advisers and attendants (often extended family members and eunuchs) with direct access to the emperor. The inner court's authority ...
- Zhonggar Alatau Range
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...by valleys. The Altai mountain complex to the east sends three ridges into the republic, and, farther south, the Tarbagatay Range is an offshoot of the Naryn-Kolbin complex. Another range, ...
- zhonghu
- (from the article "erhu") ...or nanhu. A larger, lower-pitched version of the erhu is called zhonghu. All three sizes are valuable members of the orchestra. ...
- Zhongshan
- city in southern Guangdong sheng (province), southern China. Located in the south-central part of the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta, Zhongshan has a network of waterways connecting it ...
- Zhongshan Park
- (from the article "Beijing") Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) Park lies just southwest of the Forbidden City; it is the most centrally located park in Beijing and encloses the former Altar of Earth and Harvests (Shejitan), ...
- Zhongyong
- one of four Confucian texts that, when published together in 1190 by the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi, became the famous Sishu ("Four Books"). Zhu chose Zhongyong for its metaphysical interest, ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhongzong
- (from the article "Ruizong") ...in 684, before she decided to set him aside and rule the country herself in 690. This was the first such usurpation in Chinese history. Although Ruizong had been made ...
- Zhou
- last sovereign (c. 1075-46 BC) of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC), who, according to legend, lost his empire because of his extreme debauchery. To please his concubine, Daji, Zhou ...
- Zhou Da-guan
- (from the article "Angkor") In the late 13th century, according to a vivid account by the Chinese commercial envoy Zhou Daguan, Angkor was still a large, thriving metropolis and one of the most magnificent ...
- Zhou Dunyi
- Chinese philosopher considered the most important precursor of Neo-Confucianism, the ethical and metaphysical system that became the officially sponsored mode of thought in China for almost 1,000 years. Ideas he ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zhou dynasty
- (1046-256 BC), dynasty that ruled ancient China for almost a millennium, establishing the distinctive political and cultural characteristics that were to be identified with China for the next 2,000 years. ... [29 Related Articles]
- Zhou Enlai
- leading figure in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and premier (1949-76) and foreign minister (1949-58) of the People's Republic of China, who played a major role in the Chinese Revolution ... [9 Related Articles]
- Zhou Fang
- with the older Zhang Xuan, one of the two most famous figure painters of the Tang dynasty (618-907). [1 Related Articles]
- Zhou Qiang
- (from the article "The Environment") ...the United Arab Emirates, Pres. Thabo Mbeki and the people of South Africa, Patriarch Bartholomew of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Julia Carabias Lillo of Mexico, Sheila Watt-Cloutier of Canada, and ...
- Zhou Yang
- Chinese literary critic and theorist who introduced Marxist theories of literature to China. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhou Zuoren
- Chinese essayist, critic, and literary scholar who translated fiction and myths from many languages into vernacular Chinese. He was the most important Chinese essayist of the 1920s and 1930s.
- Zhoucun
- (from the article "Zibo") ...central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The municipality is a regional city complex made up of five major towns: Zhangdian (Zibo), Linzi, Zhoucun, Zichuan, and Boshan. Each ...
- Zhougong
- major political figure who solidified the power of the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 BCE) in its early years. Confucius esteemed Zhougong as a paragon for later Chinese rulers and ministers. [2 Related Articles]
- Zhoukou
- city, eastern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. The city is situated on the upper course of the Ying River, a tributary of the Huai River, at its ...
- Zhoukoudian
- archaeological site near the village of Zhoukoudian, Beijing municipality, China, 26 miles (42 km) southwest of the central city. The site, including some four residential areas, has yielded the largest ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhouli
- one of three ancient ritual texts listed among the Nine, Twelve, and Thirteen Classics of Confucianism. Though tradition ascribed the text to the political figure Zhougong (flourished 12th century BC), ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zhoushan Archipelago
- group of more than 400 islands off the northern coast of Zhejiang province, eastern China. The administrative centre of the archipelago is at Dinghai, the main town on Zhoushan Island. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zhovtneve
- (from the article "Mykolayiv") ...centres of Ukraine. The city also has a wide range of other engineering and consumer-goods industries. An alumina-processing plant utilizing imported bauxite was built in the 1970s in the suburb ...
- zhu
- ancient Chinese struck half-tube zither, now obsolete. Early forms had five strings that appear to have been struck with a bamboo stick. The instrument was narrow and slightly convex on ...
- Zhu Da
- Buddhist monk who was, with Shitao, one of the most famous Individualist painters of the early Qing period. [2 Related Articles]
- Zhu De
- one of China's greatest military leaders and the founder of the Chinese communist army. [4 Related Articles]
- Zhu Rongji
- Chinese politician who was a leading economic reformer in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was premier of China from 1998 to 2003. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhu Shijie
- Chinese mathematician who stood at the pinnacle of traditional Chinese mathematics. Zhu is also known for having unified the southern and northern Chinese mathematical traditions. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhu Shunshui
- Chinese scholar and patriot who fled China after the destruction of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). Arriving in Japan, he became one of the primary compilers of the
- Zhu Wen
- Chinese general who usurped the throne of the last emperor of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (907-923). [2 Related Articles]
- Zhu Xi
- Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. [24 Related Articles]
- Zhu Yihai
- (from the article "China") ...Their so-called Nan (Southern) Ming dynasty principally included the prince of Fu (Zhu Yousong, reign name Hongguang), the prince of Tang (Zhu Yujian, reign name Longwu), the prince of Lu ...
- Zhu Yizun
- Chinese scholar and poet who helped revive the ci song form during the early Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12).
- Zhu Youlang
- claimant to the Ming throne after the Manchu forces of Manchuria had captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). [1 Related Articles]
- Zhu Yousong
- (from the article "China") ...loyalists ineffectively resisted the Qing (Manchu) dynasty from various refuges in the south for a generation. Their so-called Nan (Southern) Ming dynasty principally included the prince of Fu (Zhu Yousong, ...
- Zhu Yujian
- ruler of Fujian province in southeastern China after the Manchu forces of Manchuria (Northeast China) captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). He was also ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zhuang
- largest ethnic minority of South China, chiefly occupying the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi (created 1958) and Wenshan in Yunnan province. They numbered some 16 million in the early 21st ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhuang language
- language spoken by the Zhuang people, an official minority group of southern China, mostly in the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi. The dialects spoken in northern Guangxi belong to the ...
- Zhuang Su
- (from the article "Xia Gui") ...and being awarded the highest honour a court painter could receive, the Golden Belt. The earliest source of information on him, however, a collection of painters' biographies compiled in 1298 ...
- Zhuangxiang
- (from the article "Shihuangdi") Zhao Zheng was born the son of Zhuangxiang (who later became king of the state of Qin in northwestern China) while his father was held hostage in the state of ...
- Zhuangzi
- the most significant of China's early interpreters of Daoism, whose work (Zhuangzi) is considered one of the definitive texts of Daoism and is thought to be more comprehensive than the ... [6 Related Articles]
- Zhuangzong
- (from the article "Five Dynasties") ...Liang, which was established by the rebel leader Zhu Wen after he usurped the Tang throne in 907. Zhu was murdered by his own son in 912, and the Hou ...
- zhuanshu
- (from the article "dazhuan") ...BC and developed during the Zhou dynasty (12th century-256/255 BC). It is the earliest form of script to be cultivated later into an important related art form,
- zhuanzhu
- (from the article "Chinese writing") ...to be logically associated (e.g., the symbols for "man" and "word" are combined to represent the word meaning "true, sincere, truth"); zhuanzhu, modifications or distortions of characters ...
- Zhuge Liang
- celebrated adviser to Liu Bei, founder of the Shu-Han dynasty (221-263/264).
- Zhuk, Stanislav Alekseyevich
- Russian figure-skating coach who included many of the best-known Soviet pairs teams among his students; though a number of his pupils won Olympic gold medals, they later told about his ...
- Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich
- marshal of the Soviet Union, the most important Soviet military commander during World War II. [5 Related Articles]
- Zhukovsky, Nikolay Y.
- (from the article "Tupolev, Andrey Nikolayevich") In 1909 Tupolev entered the Moscow Imperial Technical School (now Bauman Moscow State Technical University), where he became a student and disciple of Nikolay Y. Zhukovsky, widely considered the father ...
- Zhukovsky, Vasily Andreyevich
- Russian poet and translator, one of Aleksandr Pushkin's most important precursors in forming Russian verse style and language. [6 Related Articles]
- Zhuzhou
- city, east-central Hunan sheng (province), China. Situated 15 miles (25 km) east of Xiangtan on the east bank of the Xiang River, Zhuzhou, until the beginning ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zhvania, Zurab
- Georgian politician (b. Dec. 9, 1963, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R., U.S.S.R.-d. Feb. 3, 2005, Tbilisi, Georgia), was a reform-minded prime minister of Georgia. Zhvania studied biology at Tbilisi State University, graduating ... [3 Related Articles]
- Zhytomyr
- city, western Ukraine. It lies along the Teteriv River where it runs between high, rocky banks. Zhytomyr is believed to date from the 9th century, but the first record is ...
- Zia Park
- (from the article "Equestrian Sports") ...Group. All turf racing for Hollywood Park's 31-day fall meeting was canceled when the track's newly renovated one-mile grass course was deemed unsatisfactory. Eight graded stakes were affected. Zia Park ...
- Zia, Khaleda
- politician who served as prime minister of Bangladesh in 1991-96 and 2001-06. The first woman to serve as prime minister of Bangladesh, she governed during a period of natural disasters, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Zia-ud-din
- (from the article "Selangor Civil War") ...ruler in Klang (now Kelang), seized and held the prosperous town of Klang for two years with tacit approval of dissident upper-river chiefs. When the sultan granted favours to his ...
- Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad
- Pakistani chief of Army staff, chief martial-law administrator, and president of Pakistan (1978-88). [4 Related Articles]
- Ziani family
- (from the article "Dandolo Family") As the power of the Michiel family declined, trouble arose between the restless Dandolo family and the Ziani family, headed by the doge Sebastiano, who wanted to impose a policy ...
- Zibo
- industrial city and municipality (shi), central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The municipality is a regional city complex made up of five major towns: ... [3 Related Articles]
- Zichuan
- (from the article "Zibo") ...central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The municipality is a regional city complex made up of five major towns: Zhangdian (Zibo), Linzi, Zhoucun, Zichuan, and Boshan. Each ...
- Zick, Johann
- (from the article "painting, Western") In Franconia and the middle Rhineland the most important painters were Johann Zick and Carlo Carlone. Zick's frescoes at Wurzburg (1749) had not been entirely successful, and in 1750 he ...
- Zicrona caerulea
- (from the article "stinkbug") ...the elimination of hibernating spots and alternate hosts. However, not all stinkbugs are destructive. The genus Podisus feeds on the Colorado potato beetle larvae and other plant pests. Zicrona caerulea, ...
- Zidane, Zinedine
- Hollywood fiction could hardly have improved on World Cup reality for Zinedine Zidane. Starting the France 98 tournament as the best hope of the host nation in its campaign to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zidantas II
- (from the article "Anatolia") ...managed to capture and destroy. The Hittite indebtedness to Egypt for its help may be inferred from an agreement between the two states, about 1471 BC, by which a Hittite ...
- zidovudine 5-triphosphate
- (from the article "AZT") AZT is only active against HIV when the virus is replicating into proviral DNA (viral DNA synthesized prior to integration into host DNA). This is because the active compound of ...
- Zidzha Valley
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...Ordos region. By the 3rd century BC they had reached the Transbaikalia and had begun to enter Mongolia, which soon became the centre of their empire. Many mounds mark their ...
- Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaus
- (from the article "biblical literature") A complete printed Japanese New Testament reputedly existed in Miyako in 1613, the work of Jesuits. The first known printed New Testament in Asia appeared in 1715 in the Tamil ...
- Ziegfeld, Florenz, Jr.
- American theatrical producer who brought the revue to spectacular heights under the slogan "Glorifying the American Girl." [4 Related Articles]
- Ziegler, Karl
- German chemist who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with the Italian chemist Giulio Natta. Ziegler's research with organometallic compounds made possible industrial production of high-quality polyethylene. Natta used ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ziegler, Kate
- (from the article "Swimming") ...sec in both the semifinal and the final of the 50-m backstroke; Australian Leisel Jones, who won the 100-m and 200-m breaststroke races in times only she had ever bettered; ...
- Ziegler, Ronald Louis
- American government official (b. May 12, 1939, Covington, Ky.-d. Feb. 10, 2003, Coronado, Calif.), as press secretary for Pres. Richard Nixon, characterized the infamous 1972 break-in at Democratic Party headquarters ...
- Ziegler-Natta catalyst
- any of an important class of mixtures of chemical compounds remarkable for their ability to effect the polymerization of olefins (hydrocarbons containing a double carbon-carbon bond) to polymers of high ... [3 Related Articles]
- Zielona Gora
- city, one of two capitals (with Gorzow Wielkopolski) of Lubuskie wojewodztwo (province), west-central Poland. It is an important industrial (textile and metal production) and cultural centre, having ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zieroth, David
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...the Kootenays in Pictograms from the Interior of B.C. (1975), later turning to his mixed heritage and Chinese background in Rooftops (1988) and So Far (1991). David Zieroth (who has ...
- Ziff, William B., Jr.
- (from the article "Media and Publishing") The magazine industry lost one of its pioneers in niche marketing with the passing of William B. Ziff, Jr. After taking over Ziff-Davis Publishing from his father in 1953, he ...
- Zifta Barrage
- (from the article "Nile River") ...This delta barrage scheme was not fully completed until 1861, after which it was extended and improved; it may be regarded as marking the beginning of modern irrigation in the ...
- Zig Zag Mountains
- (from the article "Hot Springs") ...Bathhouse Row, has been restored to look as it did between 1915 and 1920; it is the park's visitor centre. The exteriors of the other six historic bathhouses also have ...
- Zigabenus, Euthymius
- Byzantine theologian, polemicist for Greek Orthodoxy, and biblical exegete whose encyclopaedic work on the history of Christian heresies is a primary source for material on early and medieval theological controversy.
- ziggurat
- pyramidal, stepped temple tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) from approximately 2200 until 500 BC. The ziggurat was ... [15 Related Articles]
- Zigong
- city, southeastern Sichuan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated on the Fuxi River, a tributary of the Tuo River, about 40 miles (65 km) north of ...
- Zigong Dinosaur Museum
- (from the article "Zigong") The city has a museum dedicated to the history of the region's salt production, but it has become famous for its Zigong Dinosaur Museum, just to the northeast at Dashanpu. ...
- Ziguinchor
- river-port town, southwestern Senegal, lying along the Casamance River. Ziguinchor has long been known and visited by European mariners. In 1457 the Venetian navigator Alvise Ca' da Mosto, envoy of ...
- zigzag function
- (from the article "Kidinnu") ...B) used by the Babylonians to describe more clearly the motions of the Sun and planets. This system utilized steadily increasing and decreasing values for the planetary positions, sometimes called ...
- Zildjian, Armand
- American businessman (b. 1921, Milton, Mass.-d. Dec. 26, 2002, Scottsdale, Ariz.), headed Avedis Zildjian Co., the world's most famous cymbal company. He was heir to a remarkable musical and business ...
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