| | - Zayas y Sotomayor, Maria de
- the most important of the minor 17th-century Spanish novelists and one of the first women to publish prose fiction in the Castilian dialect. [1 Related Articles]
- Zayd ibn 'Ali
- (from the article "Shi'ite") ...of the Umayyad period died down, but a counterculture developed in the form of several diverse groups promoting Shi'ite candidates to leadership. One such group, the Zaydiyyah (named for Zayd ...
- Zayd ibn al-Harith
- (from the article "Muhammad") ...then to a few friends, and finally, three years after the advent of the revelation, to the public at large. The first to accept Muhammad's call to become Muslims were ...
- Zayd ibn Thabit
- (from the article "Qur'an") ...at hand, including the bodies of believers, the shoulder bones of camels, tablets, and palm fronds, some of which have survived to this day. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr ...
- Zaydan, Jurgi
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...that was to be followed by writers of Arabic fiction for many subsequent decades. Premodern history also came to be frequently invoked in the Arabic novel. This trend found a ...
- Zaydiyah
- a sect of Shi'ite Muslims owing allegiance to Zayd ibn 'Ali, grandson of Husayn ibn 'Ali. Doctrinally the Zaydiyah are closer to the majority Sunnites than are the other Shi'ites. ... [9 Related Articles]
- Zayed International Prize for the Environment
- (from the article "The Environment") On February 6 the $1 million three-part Zayed International Prize for the Environment was awarded at a ceremony held in Dubai. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan was presented with the prize ...
- Zayn-ul-'Abidin
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...love lyrics. Despite these outstanding poets in Kashmiri, the great literary language of Kashmir in the medieval period was Persian, which was encouraged by many rulers of the country, such ...
- Zaynab
- (from the article "'Ali") ...he (the Prophet) had been ordered by God to give his daughter Fatimah to 'Ali in marriage. This union affected the entire history of Islam, for from it were born ...
- Zaynabiddinov, Saidjahon
- (from the article "Uzbekistan") Repression of political oppositionists, human rights activists, and religious communities continued, at least partly in response to the Andijan events. In January, Saidjahon Zaynabiddinov, an activist who had witnessed the ...
- Zaysan, Lake
- freshwater body in eastern Kazakhstan, in a hollow between the Altai and Tarbagatay mountains at an elevation of 1,266 feet (386 m). Formed by the Irtysh (Ertis) River, which enters ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zaytsev, Aleksandr
- (from the article "Rodnina, Irina") Soviet figure skater who, with her partners, first Alexey Ulanov and later Aleksandr Zaytsev, won 10 successive world championships (1969-78) and three successive Olympic gold medals.
- Zaytunah, Al-
- mosque in Tunis and the seat of an important Muslim university. Dating to the 8th century, the mosque was rebuilt in the 9th century during Aghlabid rule. It subsequently became ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zazamys
- (from the article "hutia") ...the family Capromyidae of the suborder Hystricognatha within the order Rodentia. Their closest living relatives are the nutria and American spiny rats. The oldest species of hutia (genus Zazamys) is ...
- zazen
- in Zen Buddhism, seated meditation. The instructions for zazen direct the disciple to sit in a quiet room, breathing rhythmically and easily, with legs fully or half ... [1 Related Articles]
- ZBLAN group
- (from the article "industrial glass") ...telecommunications fibres, owing to their relatively low optical losses. However, they are also extremely difficult to form and have poor chemical durability. The most studied HMFG is the so-called ZBLAN ...
- Zborow, Compact of
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...drawn from the Cossack officers, and initiated relations with foreign states. Still prepared to recognize royal sovereignty, however, he entered into negotiations with the Poles. But neither the Treaty of ...
- Zbynek Zajic of Hazmburk
- (from the article "Hus, Jan") ...duties at the Bethlehem Chapel, Hus continued to teach in the university faculty of arts and became a candidate for the doctor's degree in theology. Hus also became the adviser ...
- Zcerneboch
- (from the article "Slavic religion") ...called by Helmold and in the Knytlinga saga (a Danish legend that recounts the conquest of Arkona through the efforts of King Valdemar I of Denmark against the pagan and ...
- Zd'ar Heights
- (from the article "Bohemian-Moravian Highlands") ...from 2,000 to 2,500 feet (600 to 750 m) in height. There are two highland areas: the Jihlava Heights (Jihlavske vrchy) to the south rise to 2,746 feet (837 m) ...
- Zdarsky, Matthias
- ski instructor who was considered the father of Alpine skiing and who was probably the first regular ski instructor in Austria.
- Zdenek of Sternberk
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...But a new pope, Paul II, was elected in 1464 and soon adopted an aggressive policy that encouraged George's foes, especially the city of Breslau. A group of Catholic noblemen ...
- ZDF
- (from the article "Germany") ...combining to form one evening television offering, ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Offentlich-Rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten Deutschlands). This is complemented by a second television network, ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen), which is based in Mainz. ...
- Ze'evi, Rechavam
- Israeli soldier and politician (b. Aug. 20, 1926, Jerusalem, Palestine-d. Oct. 17, 2001, Jerusalem, Israel), pursued hard-line ultranationalist policies, most notably in support of his outspoken belief that all Palestinians ...
- Zea
- a genus of four wild Mexican and Mesoamerican species of large grasses of the family Poaceae, order Poales. The two best-known grasses are members of Zea mays, which has four ...
- Zealand
- largest and most populous island of Denmark, between the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea, separated from Sweden by The Sound (Oresund) and from Funen (Fyn) island by the Great Belt. [2 Related Articles]
- Zealot
- member of a Jewish sect noted for its uncompromising opposition to pagan Rome and the polytheism it professed. The Zealots were an aggressive political party whose concern for the national ... [7 Related Articles]
- Zeami
- the greatest playwright and theorist of the Japanese no theatre. He and his father, Kan'ami (1333-84), were the creators of the no drama in its present form. [12 Related Articles]
- Zebo da Firenze
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...Museum, Chantilly, Fr.), includes calendar pictures representing each month in terms of the seasonal activities of nobility and peasants. At least one Italian artist-identified tentatively as Zebo da Firenze-was painting ...
- zebra
- any of three species of strikingly black-and-white-striped mammals of the horse family Equidae and genus Equus: Burchell's zebra, or bonte quagga (E. quagga; see ), found in rich grasslands over ... [3 Related Articles]
- zebra danio
- (from the article "danio") ...family, Cyprinidae. Danios are hardy and swim actively about in schools. They are generally some 4-5 cm (1.5-2 inches) long. Several are often kept in home aquariums. Among these are ...
- zebra duiker
- (from the article "duiker") ...duiker (C. silvicultor), a dark brown form with an erectile yellow triangle of hair on the lower back; the blue duiker (C. monticola), a blue-tinged, grayish or brown duiker; and ...
- zebra finch
- (from the article "animal behaviour") Domesticated zebra finches (Poephila guttata) show marked loss of specificity in their mating interactions and in care of the young, when compared with their wild counterparts. Wild chickens will kill ...
- zebra fish
- any member of either of two unrelated groups of fishes, the freshwater species in the genus Brachydanio (family Cyprinidae; order Cypriniformes) and the saltwater species in the genus Pterois (family ...
- zebra mussel
- (from the article "mussel") The two species of the tiny zebra mussel (genus Dreissena) are prominent freshwater pests, known to proliferate readily and to adhere in great numbers to virtually any surface. The zebra ...
- zebra swallowtail butterfly
- species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera) that has wing patterns reminiscent of a zebra's stripes, with a series of longitudinal black bands forming a pattern on a ...
- Zebrina
- genus of trailing herbaceous plants in the spiderwort family (Commelinaceae) native to Mexico and Guatemala but widely grown as indoor foliage plants in baskets.
- Zebrina pendula
- (from the article "houseplant") ...Intriguing is the slow-growing Hoya, or wax plant, with leathery foliage and waxy, wheel-shaped blooms. By contrast, the inch plants and wandering jew, species of Tradescantia and Zebrina, are rapid ...
- Zebrzydowski Rebellion
- (1606-07), armed uprising of Polish nobles led by Mikolaj Zebrzydowski against their king Sigismund III (ruled 1587-1632). Despite its failure to overthrow the king, the rebellion firmly established the dominance ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zebrzydowski, Mikolaj
- (from the article "Zebrzydowski Rebellion") (1606-07), armed uprising of Polish nobles led by Mikolaj Zebrzydowski against their king Sigismund III (ruled 1587-1632). Despite its failure to overthrow the king, the rebellion firmly established the dominance ...
- Zebulun
- one of the 12 tribes of Israel that in biblical times constituted the people of Israel who later became the Jewish people. The tribe was named for the sixth son ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zecca, Ferdinand
- (from the article "motion picture, history of the") Before World War I European cinema was dominated by France and Italy. At Pathe Freres, director-general Ferdinand Zecca perfected the course comique, a uniquely Gallic version of ...
- Zechariah
- Jewish prophet whose preachings are recorded in one of the shorter prophetical books in the Old Testament, the Book of Zechariah (q.v.). [3 Related Articles]
- Zechariah, Book of
- the 11th of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets, collected in the Jewish canon in one book, The Twelve. Only chapters 1-8 contain the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zechsingen
- (from the article "meistersinger") ...church, a wide range of religious subjects was versified; after the Reformation the text of Luther's Bible was rigidly adhered to. From the 15th century, secular subjects also were used. ...
- Zechstein
- (from the article "Permian Period") ...the current Roadian Stage and the remainder of the Wordian Stage) in between Murchison's upper and lower parts of the Permian System was considered to be a close lithologic and ...
- Zechstein Basin
- (from the article "Permian Period") ...increase in eolian (wind-transported) sands, red beds, and evaporites. Many intracratonic basins-such as the Anadarko, Delaware, and Midland basins in the western United States; the Zechstein Basin of northwestern Europe; ...
- Zede, Gustave
- (from the article "submarine") ...or 1.85 kilometres per hour). But the battery had to be recharged and overhauled at short intervals, and the craft was never able to travel more than 80 miles without ...
- Zedekiah
- king of Judah (597-587/586 BC) whose reign ended in the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the deportation of most of the Jews to Babylon. [3 Related Articles]
- Zedillo, Ernesto
- president of Mexico from 1994 to 2000. [4 Related Articles]
- Zedler, Johann Heinrich
- (from the article "encyclopaedia") ...been one of the first to enlist the aid of experts, such as the naturalist John Ray and Sir Isaac Newton, in compiling his Lexicon Technicum (1704; "Technical Lexicon"). Johann ...
- Zeebrugge
- port, West Flanders province, northwestern Belgium. It lies along the North Sea, 10 miles (16 km) north of Brugge (Bruges), for which it is the port. It is an artificial ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zeeland
- maritime provincie, southwestern Netherlands. It occupies the delta lands of the Scheldt (Schelde) and Maas (Meuse) rivers. The provincie comprises Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen, a strip of the Flanders mainland between the Westerschelde ... [7 Related Articles]
- Zeeland, Paul van
- (from the article "Belgium") ...of Leon Degrelle. The latter party won 21 seats, more than 10 percent of the chamber, in the elections of 1936. Strikes broke out in the same year and led ...
- Zeelandbrug
- (from the article "Eastern Schelde") The Zeelandbrug (Zeeland Bridge), which crosses the Eastern Schelde and extends 16,472 feet (5,022 metres) between Schouwen and Duiveland and Noord-Beveland, was opened in 1965.
- Zeeman effect
- in physics and astronomy, the splitting of a spectral line into two or more components of slightly different frequency when the light source is placed in a magnetic field. It ... [7 Related Articles]
- Zeeman, Pieter
- Dutch physicist who shared with Hendrik A. Lorentz the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1902 for his discovery of the Zeeman effect (q.v.). [2 Related Articles]
- Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen
- (from the article "Zeeland") maritime provincie, southwestern Netherlands. It occupies the delta lands of the Scheldt (Schelde) and Maas (Meuse) rivers. The provincie comprises Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen, a strip of the Flanders mainland between the Westerschelde ...
- Zefat
- city of Upper Galilee, Israel; one of the four holy cities of Judaism (Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias, Zefat). [4 Related Articles]
- Zeffirelli, Franco
- Italian director, designer, and producer of opera, theatre, motion pictures, and television, particularly noted for the authentic details and grand scale of his opera productions and for his film adaptations ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zegota
- (from the article "Holocaust") ...last Jews. Elsewhere, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, a French Huguenot village, became a haven for 5,000 Jews. In Poland, where it was illegal to aid Jews and where such action was punishable ...
- Zehetbauer, Rolf
- (from the article "1972: Other Winners") ...Larner for The CandidateAdapted Screenplay: Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola for The GodfatherCinematography: Geoffrey Unsworth for CabaretArt Direction: Jurgen Kiebach and Rolf Zehetbauer for CabaretOriginal Dramatic Score: Charles Chaplin, ...
- Zehngerichtenbund
- (from the article "Graubunden") ...from the homespun gray cloth worn by the men and gave rise to the name of the Grisons, or Graubunden ("Gray Leagues"), for the whole canton. A third Raetian league, ...
- Zeidane, Zeine Ould
- (from the article "Mauritania") ...Council for Justice and Democracy Ely Ould Mohamed Vall and, from April 19, Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi | Head of government: Prime Ministers Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubakar and, from ...
- Zeidler, Othmar
- (from the article "Muller, Paul Hermann") ...its manufacture would be economical. Four years later Muller tested a substance known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and found that it satisfied these requirements. The German chemist Othmar Zeidler had first ...
- Zeiformes
- (from the article "atheriniform") ...family that includes the guppies, mollies, swordtails, and many other aquarium fishes. In addition to the Atheriniformes, this article treats the three smaller related orders Beryciformes, Zeiformes, and Lampridiformes, the ...
- Zeil, Mount
- (from the article "Northern Territory") ...metres]) of ancient Precambrian rock that extends south and west into the neighbouring states. Farther south, Alice Springs is situated on an alluvial plain in the MacDonnell Ranges, where Mount ...
- zein
- (from the article "cereal processing") ...embryo content, and corn oil extracted from the germ is commercially valuable. The microscopic appearance of the starch is distinctive, and the principal protein in ordinary corn is the prolamin ...
- Zeise's salt
- (from the article "organometallic compound") The first synthetic organometallic compound, K[PtCl3(C2H4)], was prepared by the Danish pharmacist William C. Zeise in 1827 and is often referred to as Zeise's salt. At that time, Zeise had ...
- Zeise, William C.
- (from the article "organometallic compound") The first synthetic organometallic compound, K[PtCl3(C2H4)], was prepared by the Danish pharmacist William C. Zeise in 1827 and is often referred to as Zeise's salt. At that time, Zeise had ...
- zeisian sty
- (from the article "sty") The external sty is an infection, usually with Staphylococcus bacteria, of a sebaceous gland in the margin of the eyelid. The eye becomes sensitive to light, tears ...
- Zeisler, Fannie Bloomfield
- Austrian-born American pianist noted for her formidable technique and extensive repertoire.
- Zeiss planetarium projector
- (from the article "planetarium") At the heart of every planetarium theatre is the projection instrument. The first modern electromechanical planetarium projector was built by the German optical firm Carl Zeiss in 1923 for the ...
- Zeiss, Carl
- German industrialist who gained a worldwide reputation as a manufacturer of fine optical instruments. [2 Related Articles]
- Zeist
- gemeente (municipality), central Netherlands. Since 1746 it has been the headquarters of the Dutch Province of the Moravian Church, a Protestant group, which bought the 17th-century Zeist castle. Zeist is ...
- Zeit, Die
- (German: "The Times"), weekly newspaper published in Hamburg, a review of the week in politics and public affairs as they affect Europe and especially Germany. Die Zeit includes a weekly ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zeitart
- (from the article "Curtius, Georg") ...of Greek Grammar"), which went into its 23rd edition in 1902. Comparing the Greek use of the verb tenses with the Slavic system, he introduced the term
- Zeiten, H. E. K. von
- (from the article "Waterloo, Battle of") ...7:00 PM, with his flank secured, did he release several battalions of the Imperial Guard to Ney; but by then Wellington had reorganized his defenses, aided by the arrival of ...
- zeitgeber
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...deviates slightly from the Earth's 24-hour cycle; a bird's endogenous cycle is 23 hours, and the human cycle is 25 hours. In both cases the cycle is corrected by features ...
- Zeitgeist
- (from the article "aesthetics") ...by philosophy, in which the spirit achieves final articulation as Idea. The stages of art were identified by Hegel with various stages of historical development. In each art form a ...
- Zeitlin, Aaron
- (from the article "Hebrew literature") ...transmuted by the pride of martyrdom into the historical impulse of messianic redemption. In a long dramatic poem, Bein ha-Esh ve-ha-Yesha (1957; Between the Fire and Salvation), Aaron Zeitlin envisioned ...
- Zeki, Semir
- (from the article "photoreception") ...that V2 provides a major input to the third dimension in the perceived world. Two other visual areas that have received attention are V4 and MT (middle temporal area, or ...
- Zelaya, Jose Santos
- Nicaraguan politician and dictator from 1893 to 1910, noted for his hostility toward the United States and for his effort to unify Central America in 1907. During his rule he ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zelaya, Manuel
- (from the article "Honduras") Area: 112,492 sq km (43,433 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 7,484,000 | Capital: Tegucigalpa | Head of state and government: Manuel Zelaya | BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE ...
- Zelazny, Roger
- U.S. science-fiction writer (b. May 13, 1937, Cleveland, Ohio--d. June 14, 1995, Santa Fe, N.M.), first became prominent in the 1960s as one of the best of the "new wave." ...
- Zeldovich, Yakov B.
- (from the article "Khariton, Yuly Borisovich") Khariton and his colleague Yakov B. Zeldovich were quick to respond to the discovery of fission with a series of papers published in 1939-41. In February 1943, Laboratory No. 2 ...
- Zelenodolsk
- city, Tatarstan, western Russia. It is a port on the Volga River. The milling of grain from the surrounding agricultural area and woodworking based on the forests to the north ...
- Zelenogorsk
- (from the article "Saint Petersburg") ...a horseshoe shape around the head of the Gulf of Finland and includes the island of Kotlin in the gulf. On the north it stretches westward along the shore for ...
- Zelenski, Tadeusz
- (from the article "Polish literature") Tadeusz Zelenski (pseudonym Boy), witty, irreverent, and widely read, was a leading literary critic and one of Poland's best interpreters of French literature. The essay form was represented by Jan ...
- Zeleny Svit
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...a widespread ecological movement. On the initiative of scientists and writers, environmental groups were formed in virtually every region, and in December 1987 they joined in a national association, Zeleny ...
- Zelezny, Jan
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...of Zbynek Zajic, archbishop of Hazmburk. The atmosphere in Prague deteriorated rapidly, however; the German members of the university allied with Czech conservative prelates, led by Jan Zelezny ("the Iron"), ...
- Zeliang
- (from the article "Nagaland") ...The Konyaks are the largest tribe, followed by the Aos, Tangkhuls, Semas, and Angamis. Other tribes include the Lothas, Sangtams, Phoms, Changs, Khiemnungams, Yimchungres, Zeliangs, Chakhesangs (Chokri), and Rengmas.
- Zeligowski, Lucjan
- (from the article "Vilnius dispute") ...of Nations arranged a partial armistice (Oct. 7, 1920) that put Vilnius under Lithuanian control and called for negotiations to settle all the border disputes. Two days later the Polish ...
- Zelivsky, Jan
- (from the article "Prague") ...him to the common people but brought him into conflict with Rome; he was burned at the stake in the town of Constance (Konstanz, Ger.) in 1415. Popular uprisings in ...
- Zelkova
- genus of about five species of trees and shrubs in the elm family (Ulmaceae) native to Asia. The Japanese zelkova, or keaki (Z. serrata), up to 30 m (100 feet) ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zell am See
- town, west-central Austria, on the west shore of the Zeller See (lake). Founded by monks in the 8th century and named Cella in Bisoncia, it has an old Romanesque and ...
- Zell, Matthias
- German author and religious leader who was responsible for initiating the Protestant Reformation at Strassburg.
- Zell, Sam
- Those who expected tycoon Sam Zell to retire after he sold his commercial real-estate firm, Equity Office Properties Trust, in February 2007 were mistaken. Not long after he had closed ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zelleriella
- (from the article "opalinid") (subphylum Opalinata), any of about 150 protozoans found in the intestinal tracts of amphibians and some other animals. The nuclei of opalinids vary in number from two (e.g., Zelleriella) to ...
- Zelleriella opisthocarya
- (from the article "opalinid") ...Distribution is by encystment after reproduction; the cyst escapes in host feces and is ingested by another host. Opalinids are found worldwide, although species vary with location. One species, Zelleriella ...
- Zellweger syndrome
- congenital disorder characterized by complete absence or reduction in the number of peroxisomes in cells. In the mid-1960s Swiss American pediatrician Hans Zellweger described the familial disorder among siblings; the ... [1 Related Articles]
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