| | - Zanjan
- city, northwestern Iran. It lies in an open valley about halfway along the Tehran-Tabriz railway line. It is the principal city of the Zanjan region. It was ravaged by Mongols ...
- Zanjon, Convention of
- (from the article "Cuba") ...for manumission, notably the rate at which slaves were to be freed, or disagreed with his call for U.S. annexation of Cuba. Spain promised to reform the island's political and ...
- Zankovetska, Maria
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...After a period of decline, a Ukrainian ethnographic theatre developed in the 19th century. Folk plays and vaudeville were raised to a high level of artistry by such actors as ...
- zanni
- stock servant character in the Italian improvisational theatre known as the commedia dell'arte. Zanni were valet buffoons, clowns, and knavish jacks-of-all-trades. All possessed common sense, intelligence, pride, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zannun, Banu
- (from the article "Dhu an-Nunid Dynasty") ...that ruled central Spain from Guadalajara and Talavera to Murcia during the unruly period of the party kingdoms (ta'ifahs). As early as the mid-8th century the Banu Zannun-their name was ...
- Zanotti, Francesco
- (from the article "photochemical reaction") ...the phosphorescence is emitted at longer wavelengths than needed to excite the phosphor; for instance, blue phosphorescence follows UV excitation in diamonds. In addition, in 1728 Italian physicist Francesco Zanotti ...
- Zansi
- (from the article "Ndebele") The short-lived Matabele state became stratified into a superior class (Zansi), composed of peoples of Nguni origin; an intermediate class (Enhla), comprising people of Sotho origin; and a lower class ...
- Zanstra, H.
- (from the article "nebula") ...of the central star's evolution. The temperature of the star can be estimated from the nebula from the amounts of emission of ionized helium and hydrogen by a method devised ...
- Zantedeschia aethiopica
- (from the article "calla") Among the calla lilies, all native to South Africa, the most important is the common florist's calla (Zantedeschia aethiopica), a stout herb with a fragrant white spathe and arrow-shaped leaves ...
- Zanthoxylum
- the prickly ash genus of the rue family (Rutaceae), comprising about 200 species of aromatic trees and shrubs native to the middle latitudes of North America, South America, Africa, Asia, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zanuck, Darryl F.
- Hollywood producer and movie executive for more than 40 years and an innovator of many trends in film. [5 Related Articles]
- Zanuck, Lili Fini
- (from the article "1989: Best Picture") Other Nominees
- Zanuck, Richard D.
- (from the article "1989: Best Picture") Other Nominees
- Zanuso, Marco
- Italian architect and industrial designer (b. May 14, 1916, Milan, Italy-d. July 11, 2001, Milan), helped to revolutionize post-World War II furniture and appliance design, bringing innovative contemporary styling to ...
- Zanussi, Krzysztof
- (from the article "Performing Arts") In Poland veteran Krzysztof Zanussi returned in top form with Persona non grata, a study of the complex world of career diplomats-in this case aging men with aching memories of ...
- Zanzibar
- island in the Indian Ocean 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of east-central Africa. In 1964 Zanzibar, together with Pemba Island (q.v.) and some other smaller islands, joined with ... [15 Related Articles]
- Zanzibar
- city and port of the island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. The island's principal port and commercial centre, it is on the western side of the island behind a well-protected natural deepwater ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party
- (from the article "Tanzania") ...Ten seats were won by the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), representing mainly the African population; 10 by the Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP), representing mainly the Zanzibari Arabs; and 3 by the ...
- Zanzibar copal
- (from the article "copal") ...at their roots or near the ground, is used in varnish manufacture in India and China but does not enter into European commerce. In the varnish trade, several varieties of ...
- Zanzibar Nationalist Party
- (from the article "Tanzania") ...Further elections, held in June, were marked by serious rioting and heavy casualties. Ten seats were won by the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), representing mainly the African population; 10 by the ...
- Zanzibar Treaty
- (July 1, 1890), arrangement between Great Britain and Germany that defined their respective spheres of influence in eastern Africa and established German control of Helgoland, a North Sea island held ...
- Zanzibar, Sultanate of
- (from the article "Al Bu Sa'id dynasty") Muslim dynasty of Oman, in southeastern Arabia (c. 1749 to the present), and of Zanzibar, in East Africa (c. 1749-1964).Central African history
- Zanzotto, Andrea
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...members of the group dispersed, going off in different individual directions as their concerns became less public and more personal. Although his link to Gruppo 63 is tenuous, the above-mentioned ...
- Zaozhuang
- city, southern Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The city includes an extensive area on the western flank of the southwestern spur of the Shandong Hills, to the ...
- Zapadni Slovensko
- kraj (region), southwestern Slovakia. It is bordered on the northwest by the Czech Republic, on the southwest by Austria, on the southeast by Hungary, and on the northeast by Stredni ...
- Zapadocesky
- kraj (region), western Czech Republic. It is bordered by Germany on the north and west and by Severocesky, Stredocesky, and Jihocesky kraje on the east. It is surrounded by mountains ...
- Zapata Peninsula
- (from the article "Cuba") ...of a dilapidated oil refinery in the Cienfuegos area of Cuba. The refinery has the capacity to refine hundreds of thousands of barrels of the oil imported from Venezuela. Peat, ...
- Zapata, Emiliano
- Mexican revolutionary, champion of agrarianism, who fought in guerrilla actions during and after the Mexican Revolution (1910-20). [6 Related Articles]
- Zapata, Luis
- Mexican novelist who rose to popularity in the 1970s with books about the youth subculture of Mexico City. His novels examine the connection between daily life and the popular culture ...
- Zapatero, Jose Luis Rodriguez
- Spanish politician, who became prime minister of Spain in 2004. [9 Related Articles]
- Zapatista National Liberation Army
- (from the article "Fox, Vicente") ...Advocates for indigenous rights objected to amendments that required indigenous peoples to act in accordance with the constitution and that reduced their autonomy in some spheres. Leaders of the Zapatista ...
- Zapf, Hermann
- (from the article "calligraphy") ...taken over from technicians and engineers by lettering and calligraphic artists and scholars, including Stanley Morison, Jan van Krimpen, William Addison Dwiggins, Bruce Rogers, Frederic Goudy, and Hermann Zapf, who ...
- Zapolska, Gabriela
- Polish novelist and playwright of the Naturalist school. [1 Related Articles]
- Zapopan
- city, north-central Jalisco estado (state), west-central Mexico. It lies in the temperate Guadalajara Valley at an elevation of 5,243 feet (1,598 m) above sea level, at the northwestern edge of ...
- Zaporizhzhya
- city, southeastern Ukraine, on the Dnieper River just below its former rapids. In 1770 the fortress of Oleksandrivsk was established to ensure government control over the Zaporozhian Cossacks, whose headquarters ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zaporozhian Cossack
- (from the article "Zaporizhzhya") city, southeastern Ukraine, on the Dnieper River just below its former rapids. In 1770 the fortress of Oleksandrivsk was established to ensure government control over the Zaporozhian Cossacks, whose headquarters ...
- Zaporozhian Sich
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...a peculiarly democratic kind, with a general assembly (rada) as the supreme authority and elected officers, including the commander in chief, or hetman. Their centre was the Sich, an armed ...
- Zapotec
- Middle American Indian population living in eastern and southern Oaxaca in southern Mexico. [12 Related Articles]
- Zapotec language
- (from the article "Middle American Indian") The Oto-Manguean phylum includes the Oto-Pamean family (six surviving languages, one extinct); the Chinantecan family (one living language); the Zapotecan family (two surviving languages, one of which, Zapotec, is so ...
- Zapotecan languages
- (from the article "Mesoamerican Indian languages") The Zapotecan family was correctly identified by William Mechling in 1912, but only Francisco Belmar, a Mexican philologist, correctly recognized that Papabuco is a separate language, neither Zapotec nor Chatino ...
- Zapotocky, Antonin
- political leader, cofounder of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and the native Czech leader who probably contributed most to the successful Communist coup of 1948. [2 Related Articles]
- Zapp, Walter
- Latvian-born inventor (b. Sept. 4, 1905, Riga, Latvia, Russian Empire-d. July 17, 2003, Binningen, Switz.), invented the Minox miniature camera. Essentially self-educated, Zapp invented a number of photographic improvements. In ...
- Zappa, Frank
- American composer, guitarist, and satirist of the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. [3 Related Articles]
- Zappi, Gian Paolo
- (from the article "Fontana, Lavinia") ...paintings, and some of her most famous works are large altarpieces executed for the churches of her native city and, later, for those of Rome, where she went in 1603. ...
- Zaqaziq, Az-
- city and capital of Ash-Sharqiyah muhafazah (governorate), Egypt, on the Nile River delta north-northeast of Cairo. The city dates from the 1820s, when cotton cultivation spread to the eastern delta. ...
- Zara Yakob
- (from the article "Ethiopia") ...and a return to Biblical teachings-including observance of the Judaic Sabbath on Saturday in addition to the Sunday observance, an idea deeply held by the rural masses. The great emperor ...
- Zara, Siege of
- (1202), a major episode of the Fourth Crusade; the first attack on a Christian city by a crusading army, it foreshadowed the same army's assault on Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, ...
- Zaragoza
- provincia (province) in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Aragon, northeastern Spain. Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, it formed the old ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zaragoza
- city, capital of Zaragoza provincia (province), in central Aragon comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. It lies on the south bank of the Ebro ... [7 Related Articles]
- Zaramo
- a people who reside in the area surrounding Dar es-Salaam, Tanzania, and comprise the major ethnic component in the city. The Zaramo are considered to be part of the cluster ...
- Zarate
- city, northeastern Buenos Aires provincia (province), eastern Argentina. It is located on the Parana de las Palmas River, a channel of the lower Parana River delta emptying ...
- Zard Kuh
- (from the article "Zagros Mountains") ...limestone and shale, the mountain range consists of numerous parallel ridges whose highest peaks rise above 12,000 feet (3,600 metres) and have permanent snow cover. The highest point in the ...
- Zardari, Asif Ali
- president of Pakistan (2008- ) and de facto leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) following the assassination of his wife, former prime minister Benazir Bhutto, on Dec. 27, 2007. [5 Related Articles]
- Zardoya, Concha
- (from the article "Spanish literature") ...with the Fall of Man, also using Cain and Abel motifs to symbolize the country's Civil War. Slightly younger, Maria Concepcion Zardoya Gonzalez, who wrote under the name Concha Zardoya, ...
- Zareh
- (from the article "Balash") ...throne, Balash was threatened by the dominance of invading Hephthalites, a nomadic eastern tribe. Supported by Zarmihr, a feudal chief, Balash suppressed an uprising by his rebel brother Zareh. Later, ...
- Zaremba, Stanislaw
- (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...relation (the resulting Coriolis and centrifugal effects are quite negligible at the scale of molecular interactions). Important contributions on this issue were made by the applied mathematicians Stanislaw Zaremba and ...
- Zares
- (from the article "Slovenia") ...leading up to the parliamentary elections due in the fall of 2008. The collapse of the once-dominant Liberal Democrat party was coupled with the appearance of a new centre-left party ...
- Zaret, Hy
- American lyricist collaborated with composer Alex North to create the song "Unchained Melody" (1955), which became one of the most enduring and most performed songs of all time; it was ...
- Zaria
- historic kingdom, traditional emirate, and local government council in Kaduna State, northern Nigeria, with its headquarters at Zaria (q.v.) city. The kingdom is traditionally said to date from the 11th ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zaria
- city, Kaduna State, north-central Nigeria, on the Kubanni River (a tributary of the Kaduna). Headquarters of the Zaria Local Government Council and the traditional Zaria emirate, it is served by ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zariadres
- (from the article "Zariadres") one of the satraps (governors) of the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who is credited, with Artaxias (q.v.), as a founder of ancient Armenia.
association with Artaxias
- Zariski, Oscar
- (from the article "mathematics") A further twist to the development came with the work of the American mathematician Oscar Zariski, who had studied with the Italian school of algebraic geometers but came to feel ...
- Zarkrzewska, Marie
- (from the article "playground") The American children's play movement began in Boston in 1885 with the development of children's sand gardens modeled on German designs. German-born Marie Zarkrzewska was one of the earliest female ...
- Zarlino, Gioseffo
- Venetian composer and writer on music, the most celebrated music theorist of the mid-16th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Zarma
- a people of westernmost Niger and adjacent areas of Burkina Faso and Nigeria. The Zarma speak a dialect of Songhai, a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family, and are considered ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zarma language
- (from the article "Songhai languages") ...into adjacent countries. At least six varieties are usually distinguished, although the question of how many distinct Songhai languages should be recognized is undecided. With two million speakers, Zarma ranks ...
- Zarmhir
- (from the article "Balash") ...succeeding his brother Firuz I. Soon after he ascended the throne, Balash was threatened by the dominance of invading Hephthalites, a nomadic eastern tribe. Supported by Zarmihr, a feudal chief, ...
- Zarpanit
- (from the article "Marduk") ...a ziggurat with a shrine of Marduk on the top. In the Esagila the poem Enuma elish was recited every year at the New Year festival. The goddess named most ...
- Zarqa Private University, Al-
- (from the article "Education") Al-Zarqa (Jordan) Private University dismissed 14 Islamist professors, most of them members of the Muslim Brotherhood, who had severely criticized the Jordanian government. Al-Zarqa's president, Adnan Nayfeh, denied charges that ...
- Zarqa', Al-
- one of the largest cities in Jordan, located 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Amman. [1 Related Articles]
- Zarqallu, az-
- (from the article "mathematics") ...Islam made it the pocket watch of the medievals. In its original form it required a different plate of horizon coordinates for each latitude, but in the 11th century the ...
- Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-
- Jordanian-born Iraqi militant (b. Oct. 20/30, 1966, Al-Zarqa, Jordan-d. June 7, 2006, Ba'qubah, Iraq), as the self-styled leader in Iraq of the Islamic militant group al-Qaeda, was thought by many ... [7 Related Articles]
- Zary
- (from the article "Telemann, Georg Philipp") ...director of the Leipzig Opera, for which he also composed. Telemann's next positions were at two princely courts: first as kapellmeister (conductor of the court orchestra) in Sorau (now Zary, ...
- Zarya
- (from the article "Space stations, from 1971") ...the first element of its multinational project, which had come to be called the International Space Station (ISS). Launched by Russia atop a Proton rocket in late 1998, the initial ...
- Zarzian tool industry
- (from the article "Iran, ancient") ...cultural and typological discontinuity, perhaps caused by the maximum cold of the last phase of the Wurm glaciation, the Baradostian was replaced by a local Upper Paleolithic industry called the ...
- zarzuela
- Spanish musical play consisting of spoken passages, songs, choruses, and dances. It originated in the 17th century as an aristocratic entertainment dealing with mythological or heroic subject matter. The first ... [5 Related Articles]
- Zarzuela race track
- (from the article "Torroja, Eduardo") ...in 1927. His first concrete-shell structure, a covered market in Algeciras (1933), was followed two years later by two of his most admired shell structures, both in Madrid: the grandstand ...
- Zaskar Range
- group of Himalayan mountains in northern India and western Tibet (China), extending southeastward for 400 miles (640 km) from the Suru River to the upper Karnali River. Kamet Peak (25,446 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zaslavskaya, Tatyana
- (from the article "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics") ...system, only to make it more efficient. The leading role of the party and the central direction of the economy were to stay. Under Andropov he had attended seminars by ...
- zasu
- (from the article "za") ...fees, the za enjoyed official recognition and exemptions from tolls, transit duties, and market taxes. Many za were begun and maintained under the patronage of nobles or of the zasu ...
- Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna
- Russian revolutionary who shot and wounded General Fyodor F. Trepov, the governor of St. Petersburg, and who was acquitted by the jury in a much-publicized trial (1878).
- Zatlers, Valdistl
- (from the article "Latvia") Area: 64,589 sq km (24,938 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 2,274,000 | Capital: Riga | Chief of state: Presidents Vaira Vike-Freiberga and, from July 8, Valdis Zatlers | Head ...
- Zatopek, Emil
- Czech athlete who is considered one of the greatest long-distance runners in the history of the sport. He won the gold medal in the 10,000-metre race at the 1948 Olympics ... [6 Related Articles]
- Zauberer
- (from the article "Baltic religion") ...with the important occasions of human life, such as birth, marriage, and death. In the syncretistic amalgam of Christianity and the religion of the Balts, those persons were called sorcerers ...
- Zauberformel
- (from the article "Switzerland") In 1959 the so-called Zauberformel ("magic formula") for the Federal Council was established, under which it was composed of two liberals, two conservatives, two Social Democrats, and ...
- Zauditu
- (from the article "Haile Selassie I") ...his close association with Islam made him unpopular with the majority Christian population of Ethiopia. Tafari became the rallying point of the Christian resistance, and he deposed Lij Yasu in ...
- zautar
- (from the article "Iranian religion") It is likely that from a very early period a priest, the zautar (Vedic hotar), was required to properly carry out the yasna. The zautar might be assisted by a ...
- Zavadsky, Yury Alexandrovich
- Soviet actor, director, and teacher whose eclectic vision ranged from foreign classics to modern heroic drama.
- Zavattini, Cesare
- Italian screenwriter, poet, painter, and novelist, known as a leading exponent of Italian Neorealism. [2 Related Articles]
- Zavattini, Emilio
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...quarks in protons and neutrons. The axion was believed to have no spin, no charge, and a very small mass, which would make it very difficult to detect. The sighting ...
- Zavis of Falkenstein
- (from the article "Wenceslas II") ...at the court of his cousin Otto IV of Brandenburg who served as regent for Wenceslas until 1283. When Wenceslas then returned to Prague, he found that his country was ...
- Zavoysky, Yevgeny Konstantinovich
- Soviet physicist who discovered electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), also known as electron spin resonance (ESR).
- Zawahiri, Ayman al-
- (from the article "Egypt") ...tourist resort and was the site of the Israeli-Palestinian peace summit. More than 60 persons were killed in three coordinated operations. A few days later in a videotaped message, the ...
- Zawawi, Qais ibn 'Abd al-Munim az-
- Omani politician who was an effective and influential minister of state for foreign affairs, 1973-82, and deputy prime minister for financial and economic affairs, 1982-95 (b. Aug. 27, 1935--d. Sept. ...
- Zawi Chemi-Shanidar
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Representative of the first settlements on the borders of Mesopotamia are the adjacent sites of Zawi Chemi Shanidar and Shanidar itself, which lie northwest of Rawanduz. They date from the ...
- Zawinul, Joe
- Austrian jazz musician was a leading composer and keyboardist in jazz-rock fusion music, most famously in the combo Weather Report, which he and soprano saxophonist Wayne Shorter led (1970-85). Zawinul ... [1 Related Articles]
- zawiyah
- generally, in the Muslim world, a monastic complex, usually the centre or a settlement of a Sufi (mystical) brotherhood. In some Arabic countries the term zawiyah is also used for ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zawiyah, Al-
- town, situated on the Mediterranean coast about 30 miles (50 km) west of Tripoli, northwestern Libya. Lying on Al-Jifarah plain, it is near the site of an important oil field ...
- Zawiyat al-Bayda'
- town, northeastern Libya. It is a new town lying on a high ridge 20 miles (32 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. Built in the late 1950s on the site of ...
- Zawr Escarpment, Al-
- (from the article "Kuwait") ...low hills and shallow depressions. The elevations range from sea level in the east to 951 feet (290 metres) above sea level at Al-Shiqaya peak, in the western corner of ...
- Zayandeh River
- (from the article "Iran") The Zayandeh River, the lifeline of Esfahan province, also originates in the Zagros Mountains, flowing southeastward to Gav Khuni Marsh (Gavkhaneh Lake), a swamp northwest of the city of Yazd. ...
|
|
