| | - Zugspitze
- mountain on the border between Germany and Austria, the highest point (9,718 ft [2,962 m]) in Germany. Zugspitze is part of the Wettersteingebirge in the Bavarian Alps. The mountain is ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
- one of the greatest of the Arab poets of pre-Islamic times, best known for his long ode in the Mu'allaqat collection. [4 Related Articles]
- zuhd
- (Arabic: "detachment"), in Islam, asceticism. Even though a Muslim is permitted to enjoy fully whatever unforbidden pleasure God bestows on him, Islam nevertheless encourages and praises those who shun luxury ... [1 Related Articles]
- zuhdiyyah
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...among other categories, khamriyyat (wine poems), tardiyyat (hunt poems), zuhdiyyat (ascetic poems), and ghazal (love poems).
- Zuhuri
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...(this kind of descriptive historical poetry was practiced throughout Muslim India and also in Ottoman Turkey). Outside the Mughal environment, the lyrics and masnavis by Zuhuri (died 1615) at the ...
- Zuid-Holland
- provincie, western Netherlands, bordering the North Sea and adjoining the provincies of Noord-Holland (north), Utrecht and Gelderland (east), and Noord-Brabant and Zeeland (south). Drained by the ramifications of the Lek, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zuiderkerk
- (from the article "Keyser, Hendrick de") Appointed stonemason and sculptor of the city of Amsterdam in 1594, Keyser became municipal architect in 1612. Most of the buildings he designed were in Amsterdam, such as the Zuiderkerk ...
- Zuiderzee
- former inlet of the North Sea. From the 13th to the 20th century, the Zuiderzee penetrated The Netherlands and occupied some 2,000 square miles (5,000 square km); it was separated ... [5 Related Articles]
- Zuiderzee floods
- two catastrophic seawall collapses along The Netherlands' coastline that caused major flooding of the former Zuiderzee (now IJsselmeer). The first, in 1287, caused more than 50,000 casualties, and the second, ...
- Zuiderzee project
- (from the article "IJsselmeer Polders") The Zuiderzee project, which involved the construction of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) enclosing the IJsselmeer and the subsequent land reclamation of its rich marine clay, began in 1920, following ...
- Zukerman, Pinchas
- Israeli-American violinist, violist, and conductor.
- Zukofsky, Louis
- American poet, the founder of Objectivist poetry and author of the massive poem "A."
- Zukor, Adolph
- American entrepreneur who built the powerful Famous Players-Paramount motion-picture studio. [2 Related Articles]
- Zulawy Wislane
- (from the article "Vistula River") ...the river finally turns northward to approach the Baltic. After receiving three further tributaries-the Osa from the right and the Wda and the Wierzyca from the left-the Vistula enters Zulawy ...
- Zuleta, Emiliano
- Colombian folk musician (b. Jan. 11, 1912, La Jagua del Pilar, Colom.-d. Oct. 30, 2005, Valledupar, Colom.), was the acknowledged king of the vallenato, a song form that originated in ...
- Zulfiqar Khan
- (from the article "India") ...was his second son, 'Azim al-Shan, who had accumulated a vast treasure as governor of Bengal and Bihar and had been his father's chief adviser. His principal opponent was Zulfiqar ...
- Zulia
- estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. Zulia is bounded north by the Gulf of Venezuela and west by Colombia. Except for two narrow corridors on the southeastern shore, the largest one lying ...
- zullah
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...buildings erected at Kufah and Basra in Iraq and at al-Fustat in Egypt. At Kufah a larger square was marked out by a ditch, and a covered colonnade known as ...
- Zuloaga y Zabaleta, Ignacio
- Spanish genre and portrait painter noted for his theatrical paintings of figures from Spanish culture and folklore.
- Zultepec
- (from the article "Anthropology and Archaeology") ...skeletons found at an archaeological site called Tecuaque, near Mexico City, provided grisly confirmation of Aztec practices of human sacrifice. The site was a flourishing Aztec community of 5,000 Zultepec ...
- Zulu
- a nation of Nguni-speaking people in KwaZulu/Natal province, South Africa. They are a branch of the southern Bantu and have close ethnic, linguistic, and cultural ties with the Swazi and ... [20 Related Articles]
- Zulu language
- a Bantu language spoken by more than nine million people mainly in South Africa, especially in the Zululand area of KwaZulu/Natal province. The Zulu language is a member of the ... [5 Related Articles]
- Zulu War
- (1879), decisive six-month war in eastern South Africa, resulting in British victory over the Zulus. Before the war the Tugela River formed the boundary between Zululand and the British colony ... [5 Related Articles]
- Zululand
- historical region in the northeast section of present KwaZulu/Natal (formerly Natal) province, South Africa, and the home of the Zulu (q.v.) people. [1 Related Articles]
- Zulumart Range
- (from the article "Pamirs") ...and 6,100 metres), reaching its highest point at Lenin Peak, 23,405 feet. South from the Trans-Alay extend three north-south ranges. Of these the western, the Akademiya Nauk Range, and the ...
- Zuma, Jacob
- politician who served as deputy president of South Africa (1999-2005) and became president of the country's ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), in December 2007. [7 Related Articles]
- Zumalacarregui y de Imaz, Tomas de
- Spanish military tactician and the most brilliant soldier to fight for Don Carlos, a Bourbon traditionalist contender for the Spanish throne, in the First Carlist War (1833-39). [2 Related Articles]
- Zumaya, Manuel de
- (from the article "Latin American music") ...masses) of his time; the Puebla chapelmaster Juan Gutierrez de Padilla showed a special talent for composing polychoral pieces, including villancicos. Manuel de Zumaya, an early 18th-century ...
- Zumbo, Gaetano Giulio
- (from the article "wax sculpture") During the 17th century the polychromatic wax relief came into favour, especially in Spain and Italy. The most ambitious and successful sculptor to make reliefs of this type was Gaetano ...
- zummarah
- (from the article "wind instrument") ...and copied in organ pipes late in the 15th century in Germany.) Sachs noted a double clarinet on a relief dated 2700 BC in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The ...
- Zumpe, Johann Christoph
- German pianoforte maker and builder of the earliest known British piano (1766). [3 Related Articles]
- Zumsteeg, Johann
- German composer and conductor known as a pioneer in the development of the ballad.
- Zumthor, Peter
- Swiss architect known for his pure, austere structures.
- Zumwalt, Elmo Russell, Jr.
- admiral (ret.), U.S. Navy (b. Nov. 29, 1920, San Francisco, Calif.-d. Jan. 2, 2000, Durham, N.C.), was responsible for implementing a variety of reforms while serving as the U.S. Navy's ...
- zun
- any of a wide range of ancient Chinese wine vessels. These forms are characterized by an ample interior volume for containing wine and a wide opening for drinking.
- Zunbil
- (from the article "Iran") ...counterbalanced by an urban population whose economy could be bolstered by plunder gained through military forays into still non-Muslim areas under the rule of the southern Hephthalites-the Zunbils of the ...
- Zune
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Apple faced competition from Microsoft, whose new Zune digital music player was to vie for customers' attention and help launch Microsoft's online music store, the Zune Marketplace. The Zune included ...
- Zunftrevolution
- (from the article "merchant guild") ...constitution rather than through the merchant guild as such. It followed that such guilds were unlikely to survive the urban social upheavals of the late 13th and 14th centuries, the ...
- Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
- (from the article "diagnosis") ...test and the sentence-completion test.The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a 21-item self-administered test, measures subjective experiences and psychological symptoms associated with depression.The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, which can be self-administered ...
- Zungur, Sa'adu
- (from the article "African literature") ...but poets tended to be drawn from a wider range of occupations, and poetry became far less the preserve of Muslim functionaries. A number of well-known poems were composed by ...
- Zuni
- North American Indian tribe of what is now west-central New Mexico, on the Arizona border. The Zuni are a Pueblo Indian group and speak a Penutian language. They are believed ... [13 Related Articles]
- Zuni language
- (from the article "Penutian languages") ...Klamath-Modoc, Cayuse (extinct), Molale (extinct), Coos, Takelma (extinct), Kalapuya, Chinook (not to be confused with Chinook jargon, a trade language or lingua franca), Tsimshian, and Zuni, each a family consisting ...
- Zuniga, Francisco
- (from the article "Latin American art") Perhaps the best sculptor in this political moderne style was Francisco Zuniga, a transplanted Costa Rican who was naturalized and active in Mexico at midcentury. In his nearly life-size stone ...
- Zunyi
- city, northern Guizhou sheng (province), southern China. It is situated on the main route from the provincial capital of Guiyang in the south to Chongqing in the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zunyi Conference
- (from the article "Mao Zedong") ...as a figurehead with little control over policy, especially in military matters. In any case, he achieved de facto leadership over the party (though not the formal title of chairman) ...
- Zunz, Leopold
- German historian of Jewish literature who is often considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the 19th century. He began (1819) the movement called Wissenschaft des Judentums ("Science of Judaism"), which ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zunzunegui, Juan Antonio de
- Spanish novelist and short-story writer whose straightforward narrative technique was rooted in the 19th century. His subject was chiefly social criticism of modern life in Bilbao and Madrid. A member ...
- Zuo Zongtang
- Chinese administrator and military leader, one of the scholar-officials who worked to suppress the great rebellions that threatened the imperial government during the second half of the 19th century. Zuo's ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zuoz Bridge
- (from the article "bridge") ...designer to break completely with the masonry tradition and put concrete into forms technically appropriate to its properties yet visually surprising. For his 1901 bridge over the Inn River at ...
- Zuozhuan
- ancient commentary on the Chunqiu ("Spring and Autumn [Annals]") and the first sustained narrative work in Chinese literature. [1 Related Articles]
- zupan
- (from the article "Montenegro") The Slav peoples were organized along tribal lines, each headed by a zupan (chieftain). In this part of the Adriatic littoral, from the time of the arrival ...
- Zupancic, Oton
- (from the article "Slovene literature") ...Bailiff Yerney and His Rights), the most widely translated Slovene author, whose prose and dramas depict brilliantly both urban and rural despair and modern anomie. Cankar's contemporary, Oton Zupancic, wrote ...
- zupanija
- (from the article "Croatia") ...of Representatives for amendment within 15 days of its passage. It is composed of three representatives elected by majority vote from 20 administrative districts called zupanije and ...
- Zuppke, Bob
- American college football coach, credited with introducing (in the early 1920s) the offensive huddle, enabling the team with the ball to plan each play immediately before executing it. He inspired ...
- Zur
- (from the article "Jordan River") ...into the plain of between about 1,300 and 10,000 feet (400 and 3,000 metres) wide and about 50-200 feet (15-60 metres) deep. Along this stretch, the Jordan's floodplain is known ...
- zur Hausen, Harald
- German virologist who was a corecipient, with Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Zur Hausen was given half the award in recognition ...
- Zurara, Gomes Eanes de
- (from the article "Henry the Navigator") The starting point of Henry's career was the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. According to Henry's enthusiastic biographer, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, the three princes persuaded ...
- Zuray'ids
- (from the article "Sulayhid dynasty") ...1067-84), 'Ali's son, saw the Sulayhid possessions begin to diminish: the Najahids reappeared in the north, while in the south Aden was given to the Zuray'ids, a related dynasty also ...
- Zurbaran, Francisco de
- major painter of the Spanish Baroque, especially noted for religious subjects. His work is characterized by Caravaggesque naturalism and tenebrism, the latter a style in which most forms are depicted ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zurich
- canton, northeastern Switzerland, with an area of 668 sq mi (1,729 sq km), of which about 80 percent is reckoned as productive, including about 195 sq mi of forests. Of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zurich
- largest city of Switzerland and capital of the canton of Zurich. Located in an Alpine setting at the northwestern end of Lake Zurich, this financial, cultural, and industrial centre stretches ... [12 Related Articles]
- Zurich Gold Pool
- (from the article "Zurich") ...in Zurich, the introduction of absolute confidentiality in banking, and the temporary closure of the London Gold Exchange in 1968. The Zurich banks reacted at once and founded the Zurich ...
- Zurich ware
- faience (tin-glazed earthenware), faience fine (lead-glazed earthenware), and porcelain made at a factory near Zurich founded in 1763 by Salomon Gessner and others. The faience was at first painted in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zurich Zoological Garden
- privately owned zoological park partially funded by the city and canton of Zurich. Opened in 1929, the 10-hectare (25-acre) zoo exhibits nearly 2,100 specimens of more than 330 species. It ...
- Zurich, Lake
- Swiss lake extending southeast from the city of Zurich. It lies at an altitude of 1,332 feet (406 m) and has an area of about 34 square miles (88 square ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zurich, Second Battle of
- (from the article "Massena, Andre, duc de Rivoli, prince d'Essling") ...a week after his arrival, his troops mutinied and forced his recall. Nevertheless, in March 1799 he was made commander of the French army in Switzerland. He defeated a large ...
- Zurich, University of
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") In the mid-19th century the University of Zurich (1833), maintained by the canton, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (1855) were founded. The University of Zurich was the first ...
- Zurita y Castro, Jeronimo de
- Spanish government official who is regarded as the first modern Spanish historian.
- Zurn, Jorg
- (from the article "Western sculpture") While the influence of Giambologna persisted in some quarters, Hans Krumper and Hans Reichle produced bronze figures less indebted to the Classical tradition but with stronger individuality. Jorg Zurn, whose ...
- zurna
- (from the article "African music") ...have spread around the northeastern and northwestern fringes of Africa wherever Islam has taken root. Despite local variations, they are basically related to the Arab zurna, having ...
- Zurvan
- (from the article "Zurvanism") Zurvan, god of time and fate, remotely influences human destinies, appearing under two aspects: Limitless Time (i.e., eternal lord; Zurvan Akarana) and Time of Long Dominion (i.e., lord of the ...
- Zurvanism
- modified form of Zoroastrianism that appeared in Persia during the Sasanian period (3rd-7th century AD). It was opposed to orthodox Zoroastrianism, which by that time had become dualistic in doctrine. ... [5 Related Articles]
- Zuse computer
- any of a series of computers designed and built in Germany during the 1930s and '40s by the German engineer Konrad Zuse. He had been thinking about designing a better ...
- Zuse, Konrad
- German engineer who in 1941 constructed the first fully operational program-controlled electromechanical binary calculating machine, or digital computer, called the Z3 (b. June 22, 1910--d. Dec. 18, 1995). [5 Related Articles]
- Zusmarshausen, Battle of
- (from the article "Maximilian I") ...to plunder. On March 14, 1647, the elector signed a cease-fire with his enemies, but six months later he rashly broke the agreement. The French therefore attacked again, and on ...
- Zutphen
- gemeente (municipality), east-central Netherlands, at the confluence of the IJssel and Berkel rivers. Founded in the 11th century as Zuidveen (meaning "southern peat bog"), it became the seat of a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zutt
- (from the article "Arabia") ...In the north are the Sulubah, known to the ancient Arabians as qayn, a low-status group regarded as being of non-Arab descent. In Oman the Zutt, a ...
- Zuurberg National Park
- (from the article "Addo Elephant National Park") The northern part of the park consists of deep ravines and rounded hills in the Winterhoek Mountains and was originally established in 1985 as Zuurberg National Park. It is located ...
- Zuwarah
- Mediterranean port, northwestern Libya. First mentioned in a Catalan sailing manual (1375) as Punta dar Zoyara, it later served as the western outpost of Italian-controlled Libya (1912-43), being the terminus ...
- Zvarych, Roman
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...his son by accusing the speaker, Serhy Leshchenko, of acting "like a hired killer." In a similar fashion the president and several ministers defended the credentials of Justice Minister Roman ...
- Zvenigorod
- city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia, located on the Moskva River, 33 miles (53 km) west of Moscow. Archaeological excavations (1943-45 and 1954-57) have revealed the existence ...
- Zveno Group
- small political organization that briefly formed a dictatorial regime in Bulgaria (1934-35); the name Zveno refers to a link in a chain. Founded in 1930, the Zveno Group was led ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zvezda
- (from the article "Space stations, from 1971") Development difficulties delayed the launch of the next ISS element, Zvezda, a crew habitat and control centre similar to the Mir base block, until mid-2000. Two weeks after it was ...
- Zvishavane
- town, south-central Zimbabwe. Its name is derived from shavani, a Sindebele word meaning "finger millet," or "trading together." Surrounded by low hills, it is on direct rail links to Harare ...
- Zvobgo, Eddison
- Zimbabwean politician (b. Oct. 2, 1935, near Fort Victoria, Southern Rhodesia [now Masvingo, Zimb.]-d. Aug. 22, 2004, Harare, Zimb.), was one of the founding fathers of independent Zimbabwe. In 1960, ...
- zvon
- (from the article "bell chime") The Russian zvony ("chimes") are sets of stationary bells rung by pulling ropes attached to clappers. They date from the 9th century but are rarely heard today. The zvon plays ...
- Zwaardecroon, Hendrick
- governor-general (1718-25) of the Dutch East Indies who introduced the cultivation of export crops there.
- Zwangendaba
- African king (reigned c. 1815-48) who led his Jere people on a monumental migration of more than 1,000 miles, lasting more than 20 years. A leader of incomparable stature, he ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zwart, Piet
- (from the article "graphic design") At the same time, a number of Dutch designers, including Piet Zwart, drew upon the Modernist vocabulary of form and colour to develop unique personal approaches to graphic design, applying ...
- Zweig, Arnold
- German writer best known for his novel Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa (1927; The Case of Sergeant Grischa).
- Zweig, George
- (from the article "quark") ...the concept of quarks as a physical basis for the scheme, having adopted the fanciful term from a passage in James Joyce's novel Finnegans Wake. (The American ...
- Zweig, Stefan
- Austrian writer who achieved distinction in several genres-poetry, essays, short stories, and dramas-most notably in his interpretations of imaginary and historical characters. [1 Related Articles]
- Zweigbergk, Eva von
- (from the article "children's literature") According to the historian Eva von Zweigbergk, didacticism ("diligence, obedience, and moderation") obtained up to the 1920s, though she also views the period 1890-1915 as Sweden's Golden Age. It included ...
- Zwelitsha
- town, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It was the provisional capital (1981-94) of the republic of Ciskei. The town is located directly south of King William's Town. It was established ...
- Zwickau
- city, Saxony Land (state), Germany. It lies on the Zwickauer Mulde River, at the entrance to the western Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), south of Leipzig. Slavic in origin, ...
- Zwickau prophets
- (from the article "Muntzer, Thomas") ...a view taught by Nikolaus Storch, a leader of a reform group known as the "Zwickau prophets." Storch also convinced Muntzer that the end of the world was imminent. Driven ...
- Zwicky, Fritz
- Swiss astronomer and physicist, who made valuable contributions to the theory and understanding of supernovas (stars that for a short time are far brighter than normal).
- Zwide
- (from the article "Sobhuza I") A contemporary of the great Zulu kings Shaka and Zwide, Sobhuza was forced by them to flee north with his Ngwane and Dhlamini people from their original home on the ...
- Zwilgmeyer, Dikken
- (from the article "children's literature") The Norwegian critic Jo Tenfjord believes that the 30 years from 1890 to 1920 represented a golden age. With this period are associated Dikken Zwilgmeyer, author of the "Inger Johanne" ...
- Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe
- American composer, the first woman to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize in composition.
- Zwinger
- historical landmark complex in Dresden, Ger., that contains a group of galleries and pavilions housing a variety of objects and artwork. It is considered one of the best examples of ... [3 Related Articles]
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