| | - yihudim
- (from the article "Luria, Isaac ben Solomon") ...arrival, new elements were added to these excursions, such as communion with the souls of the zaddikim (men of outstanding piety) by means of special kawwanot (ritual meditations) and yihudim ...
- Yijing
- an ancient Chinese text, one of the Five Classics (Wujing) of Confucianism. The main body of the work, traditionally attributed to Wenwang (flourished 12th century BC), contains a discussion of ... [13 Related Articles]
- Yildiz Mountains
- (from the article "Turkey") ...In the west the system has been fractured by the faulting that produced the Turkish straits; in Thrace the Ergene lowlands are among the largest in the country, and the ...
- Yildiz, Taj-ud-Din
- (from the article "Iltutmish") ...under his predecessors Muhammad of Ghur and Qutb-ud-Din, Iltutmish was faced upon his accession not only with the deterioration of Muslim rule but also with the claim of Taj-ud-Din Yildiz, ...
- Yilgarn block
- (from the article "Precambrian time") ...and Anabar shields in Siberia in Russia; the Baltic Shield that includes much of Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of far northern Russia; the Superior and Slave provinces in ...
- Yilmaz, Mesut
- (from the article "Turkey") ...In October 1989 Ozal was elected president, succeeding Evren, while within the MP the internal struggle continued and was eventually decided in favour of the liberals, whose young leader, Mesut ...
- Yilou
- (from the article "Manchu") From the Chinese records it is evident that the Yilou, the Tungus ancestors of the Manchu, were essentially hunters, fishers, and food gatherers, though in later times they and their ...
- Yima
- in ancient Iranian religion, the first man, the progenitor of the human race, and son of the sun. Yima is the subject of conflicting legends obscurely reflecting different religious currents. [1 Related Articles]
- Yin
- (from the article "Fukien") After the fall of the T'ang, the territory of Fukien reemerged as the kingdom of Min, with its capital in Fu-chou. In the mid-10th century it was subdivided into the ...
- Yin Mountains
- series of ranges in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. From west to east, it comprises the Lang, Sheyten, Hara-narin, Wula, Daqing, and Damaqun mountains. The Yin Mountains, a ...
- yin-yang li
- (from the article "calendar") ...29 days-a phenomenon which reflects its lunar origin. Also, the meteorological cycle means essentially a solar year. The Chinese thus consider their calendar as yin-yang li, or ...
- Yinchuan
- city and capital of the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia, north-central China. It is located in northern Ningxia in the south-central section of the Helan Mountains (which define the western ... [1 Related Articles]
- ying wu hsiang hsing
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...method in use of the brush"), referring to the structural power and tension of the brushstroke, alike in painting and calligraphy, through which the vital spirit is expressed; ying wu ...
- Yingkou
- city and port, southwestern Liaoning sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated just inland from Liaodong Bay (an arm of the Bo Hai [Gulf of Chihli]) near ...
- yingqing ware
- type of refined, thinly potted Chinese porcelain produced at Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, and in Hebei province. It was created primarily during the Song dynasty (960-1279), although it is likely that ... [4 Related Articles]
- Yingzong
- (from the article "China") ...not bring greater effectiveness, and an expanding and more costly bureaucracy could not reverse the trend of declining tax yields. Income no longer covered expenditures. During the brief reign of ...
- Yinreng
- (from the article "Kangxi") ...a daughter of Ebilun of the Niohuru clan, and the third a granddaughter of Tulai of the Tong clan-in addition to many concubines; they bore him 35 sons in all. ...
- Yinxu
- (from the article "Anyang") Yinxu ("The Ruins of Yin"), the site of the Shang capital at Anyang, had been known to scholars since the turn of the 20th century through the accidental discovery in ...
- yinyang
- in Eastern thought, the two complementary forces that make up all aspects and phenomena of life. Yin is a symbol of earth, femaleness, darkness, passivity, and absorption. It is present ... [15 Related Articles]
- Yip, Tim
- (from the article "2000: Other Winners") ...Almost FamousScreenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published: Stephen Gaghan for TrafficCinematography: Peter Pau for Crouching Tiger, Hidden DragonArt Direction: Tim Yip for Crouching Tiger, Hidden DragonOriginal Score: Tan ...
- yipwon
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...border of the Sepik valley, including the Hunstein Mountains. The most spectacular works in this style were figures carved by the Alamblak in the eastern Sepik Hills. The figures, known ...
- Yishuv
- (from the article "Palestine") ...in Palestine, especially the military, sympathized with the Palestinian Arabs, whereas the British government in London tended to side with the Zionists. The Jewish community in Palestine, the Yishuv, established ...
- Yisrael Beiteinu
- (from the article "Israel") ...as the nation moved right, Olmert's popularity plummeted, and pundits predicted further political realignment. In late October, Olmert strengthened his coalition by bringing the hawkish 11-member Yisrael Beiteinu faction into ...
- YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
- (from the article "Sutzkever, Avrom") ...whatever could be rescued, first from the Nazis and then from the Soviets. His efforts were not in vain; thousands of volumes and documents survived and were eventually reclaimed in ...
- Yixian Formation
- (from the article "Life Sciences") The 125-million-year-old (Early Cretaceous) Yixian Formation of Liaoning province, China-a feature known for its well-preserved specimens of feathered dinosaurs and birds-continued to be a source of notable discoveries. A cluster ...
- Yiyang
- city, northern Hunan sheng (province), southeast-central China. The city is situated approximately 47 miles (75 km) northwest of Changsha (the provincial capital) on the Zi River, to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yizhar, S.
- Israeli writer and scholar (b. Sept. 27, 1916, Rehovot, British-mandated Palestine [now in Israel]-d. Aug. 21, 2006, Meishar, Israel), was one of Israel's earliest and most richly lyrical Hebrew novelists. ... [1 Related Articles]
- yizkor
- (Hebrew: "may he [i.e., God] remember"), the opening word of memorial prayers recited for the dead by Ashkenazic (German-rite) Jews during synagogue services on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), on ...
- Yizong
- (from the article "China") In the second half of the 9th century the central government became progressively weaker. During Yizong's reign (859-873) there was a resurgence of the eunuchs' power and a constant fratricidal ...
- ylang-ylang
- (Cananga odorata), South Asian tree of the custard apple family (Annonaceae), in the order Magnoliales. A penetrating but evanescent perfume is distilled from its flowers. [2 Related Articles]
- ylang-ylang oil
- (from the article "Magnoliales") ...of flowers," derives from the exceedingly delicate and evanescent fragrance of the yellowish green, bell-shaped flowers. The fragrance is highly valued in the manufacture of perfumes. Ylang-ylang, or cananga, oil ...
- ylang-ylang vine
- (from the article "ylang-ylang") Ylang-ylang vine (Artabotrys odoratissimus), also in the family Annonaceae, produces masses of small greenish white flowers in spring and clustered, long-stalked, yellow, plumlike, two-seeded fruits in fall. It is a ...
- ylide
- (from the article "Wittig, Georg") In investigating reactions involving carbanions, negatively charged organic species, Wittig discovered a class of organic phosphorus compounds called ylides that mediate a particular type of reaction that became known as ...
- yo
- (from the article "statute labour") Similar labour obligations have existed in other parts of the world. In Japan the yo system of imposing compulsory labour on the farmers was incorporated in the tax system in ...
- yo
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...the earlier periods. The tunings used in the Edo koto traditions, however, reveal new, apparently indigenous, tonal systems. These concepts were eventually categorized under the two scales called yo and ...
- yo-yo
- (from the article "toy") ...that may have been toys have been found in deposits from ancient Sumer dating to 2600 BC. The earliest-known written historical mention of a toy comes from about 500 BC ...
- Yoadimnadji, Pascal
- (from the article "Chad") ...(2007 est.): 10,239,000, excluding nearly 250,000 refugees from The Sudan | Capital: N'Djamena | Chief of state: President Lieut. Gen. Idriss Deby | Head of government: Prime Ministers Pascal Yoadimnadji, ...
- Yobe
- state, northeastern Nigeria. It borders the Republic of Niger to the north and the Nigerian states of Borno to the east, Bauchi to the southwest, and Jigawa to the northwest. ...
- Yoccoz, Jean-Christophe
- French mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1994 for his work in dynamical systems.
- yodel
- type of singing in which high falsetto and low chest notes are rapidly alternated; its production is helped by the enunciation of open and closed vowels on the low and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yodo River
- river, central western Honshu, Japan. The Yodo is the sole outlet of Lake Biwa, the country's largest freshwater lake, from which it issues in a southwesterly direction to Osaka Bay, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yodogawa azalea
- (from the article "azalea") ...1 to 2 metres (3 to 6.5 feet) high, with pink to whitish flowers. Hundreds of horticultural forms have been bred from the Ghent azalea (R. gandavense); the molle azalea ...
- Yoga
- (Sanskrit: "Yoking," or "Union"), one of the six orthodox systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy. Its influence has been widespread among many other schools of Indian thought. Its basic text is ... [16 Related Articles]
- Yoga
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...all duality. The four stages in the process are described in four different groups of tantras (the Kriya-tantra, Carya-tantra, Yoga-tantra, and ...
- Yogacara
- ("Doctrine of Consciousness"), an important idealistic school of Mahayana Buddhism. Yogacara attacked both the complete realism of Theravada Buddhism and the provisional practical realism of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana ... [6 Related Articles]
- Yogananda, Paramahansa
- (from the article "Self-Realization Fellowship") spiritual society founded in the United States by Paramahansa Yogananda (1893-1952), a teacher of yoga, who was one of the first Indian spiritual teachers to reside permanently in the West. ...
- Yogesvari
- (from the article "Saptamatrka") ...Indrani, and Camunda, or Yami. (One text, the Varaha-Purana, states that they number eight, including Yogesvari, created out of the flame from Siva's mouth.)
- yogin
- (from the article "Buddhism") The great Buddha myth is a combination of the ideals of universal kingship and universal religious preeminence. This is clearly expressed in the myth of the prophetic utterance of future ...
- yogurt
- semifluid fermented milk food having a smooth texture and mildly sour flavour because of its lactic acid content. Yogurt may be made from the milk of cows, sheep, goats, or ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yogyakarta
- daerah istimewa (special district), south-central Java, Indonesia. It is bounded on the west, north, and east by Jawa Tengah provinsi ("province") and fronts the Indian Ocean on the south. The ...
- Yogyakarta
- kotamadya (municipality) and capital, Yogyakarta daerah istimewa (special district), Java, Indonesia. It lies 18 miles (29 km) inland from the southern Java coast and near Mount Merapi (9,551 feet [2,911 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yohannes IV
- emperor of Ethiopia (1872-89). Like his predecessor, Tewodros II (reigned 1855-68), Yohannes IV was a strong, progressive ruler, but he spent most of his time repelling military threats from Egypt, ... [4 Related Articles]
- yohimbe tree
- (from the article "aphrodisiac") ...on contact, and attempts to ingest it as an aphrodisiac are considered extremely hazardous. Yohimbine is a crystalline alkaloid substance derived from the bark of the yohimbe tree (Corynanthe yohimbe) ...
- yohimbine
- (from the article "aphrodisiac") ...as alcohol or marijuana, which may lead to sexual excitation through disinhibition, modern medical science recognizes a very limited number of aphrodisiacs. These are, principally, cantharides and yohimbine, both of ...
- Yohkoh
- Japanese satellite that provided continuous monitoring of the Sun from 1991 to 2001.
- Yoho National Park
- national park in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The park occupies 507 square miles (1,313 square km) of the western and central slopes of the Rocky Mountains and is adjacent to ...
- Yoido Full Gospel Church
- (from the article "New Religious Movement") ...period sparked not only Christian churches-almost 50 percent of Koreans are Christian-but the development of radical forms of Christianity and quasi-Christianity. David Yonggi Cho's Yoido Full Gospel Church in Seoul ...
- Yojoa, Lake
- lake in northwestern Honduras. The nation's largest inland lake, Yojoa has an area of 110 square miles (285 square km). It is volcanic in origin and nestles at an elevation ...
- yoke
- wooden bar or frame used to join draft animals at the heads or necks so that they pull together. In the early Middle East and in Greece and Rome, oxen ...
- yoke riveter
- (from the article "pneumatic device") ...to control the speed and force of the blows. In a compression riveter the compression, or squeezing action, on the rivet is obtained from an air piston connected to a ...
- Yokkaichi
- city, Mie ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies facing Ise Bay, southwest of Nagoya. The city developed around a castle built in 1470. By the Tokugawa period (1603-1867), it had ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yoknapatawpha cycle
- (from the article "Faulkner, William") ...his reputation and career. When the novel eventually did appear, severely truncated, as Sartoris in 1929, it created in print for the first time that densely imagined world of Jefferson ...
- Yokohama
- city and port, capital of Kanagawa ken (prefecture), Japan, and part of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area, which is the largest urban agglomeration in Japan. [1 Related Articles]
- Yokohama-e
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...block of economic support from the traditional print publishers. Print artists nevertheless continued to document the remarkably varied moods of the period. For example, a type of print known as ...
- Yokoi, Gumpei
- Japanese inventor and entrepreneur who was best known as the chief designer of Game Boy, an electronic toy that sold nearly 60 million units and established the Nintendo Co. as ...
- Yokomitsu Riichi
- Japanese writer who, with Kawabata Yasunari, was one of the mainstays of the New Sensationalist school (Shinkankaku-ha) of Japanese writers, influenced by the avant-garde trends in European literature of the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yokoo Tadanori
- (from the article "graphic design") ...from diverse mass media-including comic books (manga), popular science-fiction movies, and newspaper photographs-provided a rich vocabulary for Yokoo Tadanori, whose work beginning in the 1960s inspired a ...
- Yokosuka
- seaport, Kanagawa ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the western shore of Tokyo Bay, about 15 miles (24 km) south of Yokohama. Its site on the Miura Peninsula was ...
- Yokoyama Taikan
- Japanese painter who, with his friend Hishida Shunso, contributed to the revitalization of traditional Japanese painting in the modern era. [3 Related Articles]
- Yokoyama, Mitsuteru
- Japanese manga artist (b. June 18, 1934, Kobe, Japan-d. April 15, 2004, Tokyo, Japan), created the characters Tetsujin 28 (known as Gigantor in the United States) and Giant Robo. Basing ...
- Yokozuna
- (from the article "sumo") ...sport. Six great championships are held annually, attracting immense crowds, and several hundred athletes make their living at this sport. A complex system of ranking leads to the designation of ...
- Yokuts
- North American Indians speaking a Penutian language and who historically inhabited the San Joaquin Valley and the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada south of the Fresno River in what ...
- Yokutsan languages
- (from the article "Penutian languages") ...the families are Wintun (two languages), Miwok-Costanoan (perhaps five Miwokan languages, plus three extinct Costanoan languages), Sahaptin (two languages), Yakonan (two extinct languages), Yokutsan (three languages), and Maiduan (four languages)-plus ...
- yokyoku
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") The music of no as it is performed today consists of vocal music (yokyoku) with an instrumental ensemble known collectively as the hayashi. The singing is done by the actors ...
- Yola
- town, capital of Adamawa state, and seat of the traditional Adamawa emirate, eastern Nigeria. The town is served by the port of Jimeta (5.5 miles [9 km] north-northwest) on the ...
- Yolande of Aragon
- (from the article "Charles VII") ...invaded the Hotel Saint-Paul, where he lived. Toward the end of that year, he was betrothed to Mary of Anjou, the nine-year-old daughter of Louis II of Anjou, king of ...
- Yolande of Dreux
- (from the article "Montfort Family") John de Montfort (d. 1249), Amaury's son and successor, left only a daughter, Beatrice (d. 1312), who was married in 1259 to Count Robert IV of Dreux. Their daughter Yolande ...
- Yoldia Sea
- (from the article "Baltic Sea") ...Epoch glaciations. Some 14,000 years ago, ice covered all of northern Europe as far south as the present German-Polish coastline; by 7700 BC glacial meltwater had formed the Yoldia Sea, ...
- yolk
- the nutritive material of an egg, used as food by a developing, embryonic animal. Eggs with relatively little, uniformly distributed yolk are termed isolecithal. This condition occurs in invertebrates and ... [9 Related Articles]
- yolk sac
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") ...embryos hatch in an extremely undeveloped but self-sustaining state as few as eight hours after fertilization. The yolk mass is large in some animals and becomes surrounded by a membrane ...
- yolk-sac placenta
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") ...Chorioallantoic placentas (i.e., a large chorion fused with a large allantois) occur in certain lizards, in marsupials with long gestation periods, and in mammals above marsupials. The yolk-sac placenta does ...
- Yom Kippur
- most solemn of Jewish religious holidays, observed on the 10th day of the lunar month of Tishri (in the course of September and October), when Jews seek to expiate their ... [15 Related Articles]
- Yom Kippur War
- damaging, inconclusive war and the fourth of the Arab-Israeli wars. The war was initiated by Egypt and Syria on Oct. 6, 1973, on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yom River
- (from the article "Thailand") ...largely by two river systems: the Chao Phraya in the west and the Mekong in the east. Three major rivers in the northern mountains-from west to east, the Ping (and ...
- Yom Sangsop
- (from the article "Korean literature") The movement for literary naturalism was launched in the 1920s by a group of young writers who rallied around a new definition of universal reality. Yom Sangsop, the first to ...
- Yomi no Kuni
- (from the article "Shinto") ...in ancient Shinto. One was the three-dimensional view in which the Plain of High Heaven (Takama no Hara, the kami's world), Middle Land (Nakatsukuni, the present world), and the Hades ...
- yomihon
- a subgenre of gesaku, a type of popular Japanese literature of the Tokugawa, or Edo, period (1603-1867). Yomihon were distinguished from books, enjoyed mainly for their illustrations, and were noted ... [3 Related Articles]
- Yomiuri
- (from the article "Japan") Abe's support from voters fell from 63% in October to 47% in December, the Asahi newspaper reported. The more conservative Yomiuri reported a plunge from 70% to 55.9%. The setback ...
- Yomiuri Giants
- (from the article "Japan Series") ...in 1934, and by 1936 seven professional teams had been organized. A system of two leagues composed of six teams each was instituted in 1950. Each 135-game season culminates in ...
- Yomiuri Prize for Literature
- (from the article "Literature") The Yomiuri Prize for novels went to Toshiyuki Horie's Kagan bojitsusho (2005; "Forgotten Days by the Riverside") and Katsusuke Miyauchi's Shoshin (2005; "Immolation"). The Jun'ichiro Tanizaki Prize, given to the ...
- Yomiuri shimbun
- Japanese national daily newspaper, the largest in circulation and the most sensational in editorial style of Japan's "big three" dailies. [1 Related Articles]
- Yomou
- town, southeastern Guinea. It is the chief trading centre (rice, cassava, coffee, and palm oil and kernels) for a densely forested region of the Guinea Highlands mainly inhabited by the ...
- Yomut
- (from the article "Turkmenistan") ...16th and 17th centuries the Chaudor tribe led a powerful tribal union in the north, while the Salor tribe was dominant in the south. During the 17th and 18th centuries ...
- Yomut
- (from the article "Turkmenistan") ...of all sheep in the republic. There are several prized varieties of Karakul pelts: the glistening black arabi, the golden sur, and the silver-gray shirazi. The Akhal Teke and Yomut ...
- Yomut carpet
- floor covering handwoven by the Yomut Turkmen of Turkmenistan, usually of good to excellent quality. In contrast to Tekke carpets, there is considerable variety of design among the larger Yomut ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yon-tan-rgya-mtsho
- (from the article "Dalai Lama") The fourth Dalai Lama, Yon-tan-rgya-mtsho (1589-1617), was a great-grandson of Altan Khan and the only non-Tibetan Dalai Lama.
- Yonago
- city, western Tottori ken (prefecture), western Honshu, Japan. It is located on the delta of the Hino River, which forms the Yonago Plain. The city occupies the ...
- Yonezawa
- city, southern Yamagata ken (prefecture), north-central Honshu, Japan. From the Muromachi period (1338-1573) to the Meiji Restoration (1868) it was a castle town of the Uesugi daimyo ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yong
- (from the article "China") ...the capital and most of Hebei and Henan. In the last days of his reign, Xuanzong had divided the empire into five areas, each of which was to be the ...
- yong
- (from the article "China") ...problems: the quest for a permanent substratum (called ti, "substance") behind the world of change (called yong, "function"). It started from the assumption that ...
- Yong River
- (from the article "Nanning") city and capital of the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, China. The city is located in the south-central part of Guangxi on the north bank of the Yong River (the ...
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