| | - Y chromosome
- (from the article "Anthropology and Archaeology") An international consortium of genome centres succeeded in determining almost all of the DNA sequence of the human X chromosome and documented the extent to which the human Y chromosome ...
- Y'u-tzu
- (from the article "Lei Kung") ...phenomena. Tien Mu ("Mother of Lightning"), for example, uses flashing mirrors to send bolts of lightning across the sky. Yun T'ung ("Cloud Youth") whips up clouds, and Yu-tzu ("Rain Master") ...
- Y, Project
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") ...Los Alamos Ranch School, some 100 km (60 miles) north of Albuquerque, N.M., and on November 25 Groves approved it as the site for the main scientific laboratory, often referred ...
- Y-Force
- (from the article "China") ...divisions in China. Both air development and army modernizing were being pushed in early 1943, with a training centre created near Kunming to reenergize and reequip select Chinese divisions (called ...
- Y-organ
- (from the article "endocrine system") ...neurohemal organ, the sinus gland. Both an X-organ and a sinus gland are located in each eyestalk, and together they are termed the eyestalk complex. Two endocrine glands are well ...
- Ya'an
- city, west-central Sichuan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated in the mountainous western fringe of the Sichuan Basin on the Qingyi River, about 80 miles (130 ...
- Ya'fur, Banu
- (from the article "Arabia, history of") ...slaves or local Afro-Asians-supplanted the Ziyadids in Zabid; however, though independent, neither dynasty renounced vague 'Abbasid suzerainty. The Banu Ya'fur, lords north of Sanaa, expelled the Ziyadid governor and ruled ...
- Ya'qub
- (from the article "Haydar, Shaykh") ...ideology with military activity-by conducting raids against the Christian Circassians of the north in 1483, 1487, and 1488. But his actions soon brought him into conflict with Ya'qub, the Ak ...
- Ya'qub ibn Layth al-Saffar
- founder of the Saffarid Empire, who rose from obscurity to rule much of present Iran as well as portions of Afghanistan and Pakistan; at one point he came close to ... [4 Related Articles]
- Ya'qub Khan
- (from the article "Afghanistan") ...reception of a Russian mission at Kabul and his refusal to receive a British one, on British terms, led directly to the war of 1878-80. Shir 'Ali, leaving his son, ...
- Ya'qubi, al-
- Arab historian and geographer, author of a history of the world, Ta'rikh ibn Wadih ("Chronicle of Ibn Wadih"), and a general geography, Kitab al-buldan ("Book of the Countries").
- Ya'rubid dynasty
- (from the article "Arabia, history of") In Oman events took an independent course. The Ya'rubid dynasty-founded about 1624 when a member of the Ya'rub tribe was elected imam-expelled the Portuguese from Muscat and set to harrying ...
- ya-na
- (from the article "Dagomba") ...group known as the dang, composed of all descendants of a single grandfather or great-grandfather. In the centralized Dagomba state, only the sons of a previous paramount chief, the ya-na, ...
- yab-yum
- (Tibetan: "father-mother"), in Buddhist art of India, Nepal, and Tibet, the representation of the male deity in sexual embrace with his female consort. The pose is generally understood to represent ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yabao Lu
- (from the article "Beijing") ...just east of Longtan Park-once popular with China's national minorities but now largely patronized by Han Chinese-sells numerous items, including a wide variety of metallic ornaments. Yabao Lu, near the ...
- Yabem language
- (from the article "Melanesian languages") ...a literary language used by the Methodists on Choiseul Island; Bugotu, a lingua franca on Santa Isabel (Ysabel Island); Tolai, a widely used missionary language in New Britain and New ...
- Yabis
- (from the article "Jordan River") ...receives its main tributary, the Yarmuk River, which marks part of the frontier between Syria and Jordan. It is then joined by two more tributaries, the Harod on the right ...
- Yablochkov candle
- (from the article "arc lamp") ...of 2,000 cells to create a 100-millimetre (4-inch) arc between two charcoal sticks. When suitable electric generators became available in the late 1870s, the practical use of arc lamps began. ...
- Yablochkov, Pavel Nikolayevich
- also called Paul Jablochkov Russian electrical engineer and inventor who developed the Yablochkov candle, the first arc lamp that was put to wide practical use and that greatly accelerated the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yablonitsky Pass
- pass in the outer eastern Carpathians of western Ukraine, an important route connecting the country's isolated western reaches with the rest of the republic and with northeastern Romania. The southern ...
- Yablonovy Range
- mountain range in the Transbaikalia region of Chita oblast (province) and Buryatiya, in far eastern Russia. The range is some 500 miles (800 km) long northeast-southwest and reaches a maximum ...
- yabme-aimo
- (from the article "saivo") ...or the "saivo-reindeer," "saivo-fish," and "saivo-bird." The saivo should be differentiated from the other Sami otherworld, yabme-aimo, which, for example, was associated with the sacrifice of black animals and was ...
- yabot
- (from the article "Yako") ...within the village wards is vested in a group of ward leaders, led by a ward head. Secular and ritual authority for the entire village is concentrated in a council ...
- yacca
- (from the article "yellowwood") ...falcatus) of southern Africa; plum-fir, or plum-fruited, yew (P. andinus) and willowleaf podocarpus, or manio (P. salignus), of the Chilean Andes; and the yacca (P. coriaceus) of the West Indies.
- yacht
- a sail- or power-driven vessel, usually light and comparatively small, used for racing or for recreation. In recreation the term applies to very large craft, originally powered by sail and ... [3 Related Articles]
- yacht club
- (from the article "yacht") As the Dutch rose to preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the early yacht became a pleasure craft used first by royalty and later by the burghers on ...
- Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos
- (from the article "Bolivia") The nationalization, announced by Morales on May 1, required local units of foreign oil-and-gas firms to transfer majority control to Bolivia's state-owned petroleum company, Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB). Defending ...
- Yacyreta Dam
- (from the article "Paraguay") The Yacyreta hydroelectric project, a joint Paraguayan-Argentine effort in the Yacyreta-Apipe islands zone of the Parana, was established by a 1973 treaty. Its construction was hindered by delays, however, and ...
- yad
- in Judaism, a ritual object, usually made of silver but sometimes of wood or other materials, that consists of a shaft affixed to a miniature representation of a hand with ...
- Yad va-Shem
- (from the article "death rite") ...felt for a dead animal. It is significant that Communists make pilgrimages to the graves of Lenin and Marx; and, in the modern State of Israel, great effort is being ...
- Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum
- (from the article "Architecture and Civil Engineering") Another remarkable museum that opened during the year was the Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum, which was designed by Israeli American architect Moshe Safdie on a site near Jerusalem. The ...
- Yadava
- (from the article "Bhagavata") The Bhagavata sect originated among the Yadava people of the Mathura area in the centuries preceding the beginning of the Christian era. From there it spread as the tribes migrated ...
- Yadava Dynasty
- rulers of a 12th-14th-century Hindu kingdom of central India in what is the modern Indian state of Maharashtra. Originally a feudatory of the Eastern Calukyas of Kalyani, the dynasty became ... [3 Related Articles]
- Yaddo
- a working community of writers, composers, and visual artists, located on the outskirts of Saratoga Springs, New York, U.S. Yaddo is a nonprofit organization founded in 1900 by New York ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yadin, Yigael
- original name Yigael Sukenik Israeli archaeologist and military leader noted for his work on the Dead Sea Scrolls. [2 Related Articles]
- Yadkin River
- (from the article "Pee Dee River") river rising as the Yadkin River in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northwestern North Carolina, U.S. Flowing northeast past Wilkesboro and Elkin, then southeast past Badin, it becomes the Pee ...
- yadrchhavada
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...(the name by which Carvaka doctrines-denying the authority of the Vedas and the soul-are generally known). Furthermore, there existed the two unorthodox schools of yadrchhavada (accidentalists) and svabhavavaha (naturalists), who ...
- yadu
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") In the 16th century, the Burmese conquered Siam, and their subsequent knowledge of Thai romantic poems gave rise to a new verse form called the yadu (the seasons). They borrowed ...
- Yaghma
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...that in Turkey. While the last "classical" poet, Qa'ani (died 1854), had been displaying the traditional glamorous artistry, his contemporary, the satirist Yaghma (died 1859), had been using popular and ...
- Yaghmurasan
- (from the article "'Abd al-Wadid Dynasty") ...loyal vassals to the Almohads, gained the support of other Berber tribes and nomadic Arabs and set up a kingdom at Tilimsan (Tlemcen), headed by the Zanatah amir Yaghmurasan (ruled ...
- Yaghnabi language
- (from the article "Iranian languages") ...elements from other languages and dialects. Although Sogdian is known in several forms, possibly representing different dialects, none of these can be considered the direct ancestor of modern Yaghnabi, spoken ...
- Yaghnabis
- (from the article "Tajikistan") ...Wakhi, Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Yazgulami, Ishkashimi, and Bartang, all Iranian languages. Another distinct group is formed by the Yaghnabis, direct descendants of the ancient Sogdians, who live in the Zeravshan ...
- Yagibasan
- (from the article "Danishmend dynasty") When Mehmed died (1142), the Danishmend territory was divided among his two brothers-Yagibasan (Yaghibasan) in Sivas and 'Ayn ad-Dawlah in Malatya-Elbistan-and his son Dhu an-Nun in Kayseri. After Yagibasan's death ...
- Yagoda, Genrikh Grigoryevich
- head of the Soviet secret police under Stalin from 1934 to 1936 and a central figure in the purge trials. [1 Related Articles]
- Yahoo! Inc.
- global Internet services company based in Sunnyvale, Calif. The company was founded in 1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo, graduate students at Stanford University in California. Yahoo! boasts more ... [7 Related Articles]
- yahrzeit
- in Judaism, the anniversary of the death of a parent or close relative, most commonly observed by burning a candle for an entire day. On the anniversary, a male (or ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yahuar Huacac
- (from the article "Inca rulers and royal corporations") ...his father and subjugated some groups that lived about 12 miles southeast of Cuzco. He is mostly remembered in the chronicles for the fact that he fathered a large number ...
- Yahweh
- the God of the Israelites, his name being revealed to Moses as four Hebrew consonants (YHWH) called the tetragrammaton. After the Exile (6th century BC), and especially from the 3rd ... [23 Related Articles]
- Yahwist source
- (from the article "Abraham") ...Most High"-i.e., by both Yahweh and El 'Elyon. It is known that, on the matter of the revelation of Yahweh to man, the biblical traditions differ. According to what scholars ...
- Yahya
- Zaydi imam of Yemen from 1904 to 1948. [3 Related Articles]
- Yahya al-Ma'mun
- (from the article "Dhu an-Nunid Dynasty") ...Umayyad caliph of Cordoba. Az-Zafir established himself as an independent king in Toledo and, despite constant wars with the Christians, ruled until 1043. His son Yahya al-Ma'mun (reigned 1043-75) allied ...
- Yahya al-Mu'tali
- (from the article "Hammudid dynasty") ...and, after the murder of the Umayyad al-Murtada (reigned 1018), established himself in Cordoba (1018-21). The resident Berbers, however, induced 'Ali's son Yahya al-Mu'tali to take Cordoba and proclaimed him ...
- Yahya al-Qadir
- (from the article "Dhu an-Nunid Dynasty") ...Leon at his court (1072). In 1065 al-Ma'mun seized the 'Amirid capital of Valencia and in 1074-75 was able to take Cordoba, the former seat of the Umayyads. But Yahya ...
- Yahya Ali, Abdulqadir
- (from the article "Somalia") ...and Gedo regions generated scores of casualties and displaced tens of thousands of people. Hopes for peace were dealt a further blow in July when one of Somalia's most respected ...
- Yahya ibn Ibrahim
- (from the article "Almoravids") ...enterprise built an empire in northwestern Africa and Muslim Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. These Saharan Berbers were inspired to improve their knowledge of Islamic doctrine by their ...
- Yahya ibn Khalid
- (from the article "Waqidi, al-") ...to the 'Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid during the latter's pilgrimage. Al-Waqidi became a grain dealer but eventually fled to Baghdad to escape his creditors. Yahya ibn Khalid, the vizier there, ...
- Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti
- Muslim painter and illustrator who produced work of originality and excellence. He was the outstanding painter of the Baghdad school of illustration, which blended Turkish art and native Christian (probably ...
- Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammad
- president of Pakistan (1969-71), a professional soldier who became commander in chief of the Pakistani armed forces in 1966. [6 Related Articles]
- Yahya Sobh-e Azal, Mirza
- half brother of Baha' Ullah (the founder of the Baha'i faith) and leader of his own Babist movement in the mid-19th century Ottoman Empire. [2 Related Articles]
- Yaizu
- city, Shizuoka ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the west coast of Suruga Bay. Since the Tokugawa era (1603-1867), Yaizu has been one of the important coastal fishing ports for tuna, ...
- yajna
- (Sanskrit: "sacrifice, offering"), in Hinduism, worship based on rites prescribed in the earliest scriptures of ancient India, the Vedas, in contrast to puja (q.v.), which may include image worship and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yajnavalkya
- (from the article "Hinduism") ...Chandogas, priests who intone hymns at sacrifices), both of which are compilations that record the traditions of sages (rishis) of the period-notably Yajnavalkya, who was a pioneer ...
- Yajuj and Majuj
- in Islamic eschatology, two hostile forces who will ravage the earth before the end of the world. The Qur'an relates that a certain people terrorized by Yajuj and Majuj induced ...
- Yajurveda
- collection of mantras (sacred formulas) and verses that forms part of the ancient sacred literature of India known as the Vedas. See Veda. [7 Related Articles]
- yak
- long-haired, short-legged oxlike mammal that was probably domesticated in Tibet but has been introduced wherever there are people at elevations of 4,000-6,000 metres (14,000-20,000 feet), mainly in China but also ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yak
- (from the article "Yakovlev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich") aircraft designer noted for his series of Yak aircraft, most of them fighters used by the Soviet Union in World War II.
- Yaka
- a people inhabiting the wooded plateau and savanna areas between the Kwango and Wamba rivers in southwestern Congo (Kinshasa) directly bordering Angola on the west. Their origins are not certain, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yakan
- (from the article "Basilan") The inhabitants are Yakans, descendants of early Papuan settlers who were converted to Islam during the 14th century. Their culture includes many non-Muslim beliefs and customs. Unlike the Muslims of ...
- yakazu haikai
- (from the article "Japan") ...haikai-humorous renga (linked-verse) poetry from which the more serious haiku was derived-and for more than 30 years he was active as a haikai composer. He was especially skilled at yakazu ...
- Yakima
- Sahaptin-speaking North American Indian tribe that lived along the Columbia, Yakima, and Wenatchee rivers in what is now the south-central region of the state of Washington. As with many other ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yakima
- city, seat (1886) of Yakima county, south-central Washington, U.S., on the Yakima River. In 1884 the Northern Pacific Railway selected the site of Yakima City (now Union Gap) as a ...
- Yakima Indian Wars
- (from the article "Yakima") The Yakima acquired historical distinction in the Yakima Indian Wars (1855-58), an attempt by the tribe to resist U.S. forces intent upon clearing the Washington Territory for prospectors and settlers. ...
- Yakima River
- river, south-central Washington, U.S., rising in the Cascade Range, near Snoqualmie Pass. It flows southeastward about 200 miles (320 km) past Ellensburg and Yakima to join the Columbia River near ...
- Yakini, Abraham ben Elijah ha-
- (from the article "Shabbetai Tzevi") ...to Salonika (now Thessaloniki), an old Kabbalistic centre, and then to Constantinople (now Istanbul). There he encountered an esteemed and forceful Jewish preacher and Kabbalist, Abraham ha-Yakini, who possessed a ...
- Yako
- people of the Cross River region of eastern Nigeria; they speak Luko, a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. [1 Related Articles]
- Yakonan languages
- (from the article "Penutian languages") ...families with about 20 languages; the families are Wintun (two languages), Miwok-Costanoan (perhaps five Miwokan languages, plus three extinct Costanoan languages), Sahaptin (two languages), Yakonan (two extinct languages), Yokutsan (three ...
- Yakovlev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich
- Soviet Russian historian and government adviser (b. Dec. 2, 1923, Korolyovo, Yaroslavl oblast, Russia, U.S.S.R. [now in Russia]-d. Oct. 18, 2005, Moscow, Russia), was an important ally of Soviet Pres. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yakovlev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich
- aircraft designer noted for his series of Yak aircraft, most of them fighters used by the Soviet Union in World War II.
- Yakovlev, Anatoly A.
- (from the article "Rosenberg, Julius; and Rosenberg, Ethel") ...the atomic bomb, provided the Rosenbergs with data on nuclear weapons. The Rosenbergs turned over this information to Harry Gold, a Swiss-born courier for the espionage ring, who then passed ...
- Yaksa Malla
- (from the article "Nepal") Jaya Sthiti's successor, Yaksa Malla (reigned c. 1429-c. 1482), divided his kingdom among his three sons, thus creating the independent principalities of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktpur (Bhadgaon) in the valley. ...
- yaksagana
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...in Tamil country, and Pudukkotta and Mysore, in Kannada country. Their most important contribution was to native Kannada and Telugu dance drama on mythological themes, called yaksagana. The form is ...
- yaksha
- in the mythology of India, a class of generally benevolent nature spirits who are the custodians of treasures that are hidden in the earth and in the roots of trees. ... [5 Related Articles]
- Yaku Island
- (from the article "Japan") ...ficus and fan palm. The coastal dunes are dominated by pine trees. Natural stands of Japanese cedar, some containing trees that are more than 2,000 years old, occur above 2,300 ...
- Yakub Beg
- Tajik adventurer who entered northwestern China in 1864 and through a series of military and political maneuvers took advantage of the anti-Chinese uprisings of its Muslim inhabitants to establish himself ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yakubu
- (from the article "Bauchi") ...it joins the line to Port Harcourt) and has road connections to Jos, Kano, and Maiduguri and to such state population centres as Gombe and Deba Habe. The emirate was ...
- Yakubu Andani II
- (from the article "Ghana") The state funeral of Ya-Na Yakubu Andani II in the northern town of Yendi on April 10 ended four years of political tension in the district. The Dagbon traditional ruler ...
- Yakushi-ji
- temple complex dedicated to Yakushi, the Healing Buddha, in Nara, Japan. It was established about 690 outside Nara, and in 718 it was refounded within the city. The only one ... [2 Related Articles]
- Yakutsk
- city and capital of Sakha republic (Yakutia), in far northeastern Russia, on the Lena River. A fort was founded on the Lena's low right bank in 1632 and transferred 43 ... [2 Related Articles]
- yakuza
- in Japan, gangster, a member of a boryokudan (q.v.), or gang of racketeers. The word yakuza, which has come to mean "good for nothing," is derived from a worthless hand ... [1 Related Articles]
- Yala
- town, extreme southern Thailand. Yala is a modern commercial centre on the Pattani River, which flows north into the Gulf of Thailand. The town is also located on the Bangkok-Singapore ...
- Yale Bowl
- (from the article "stadium") American football inspired a new type of stadium design, the elliptical bowl, first employed in the Yale Bowl at New Haven, Connecticut, in 1914, and repeated in several other stadiums, ...
- Yale Center for British Art
- (from the article "Architecture and Civil Engineering") The AIA's 25-Year Award, for a building that had stood the test of time, was given to the Yale Center for British Art. It was the fifth building by the ...
- Yale lock
- (from the article "lock") In 1848 a far-reaching contribution was made by an American, Linus Yale, who patented a pin tumbler lock working on an adaptation of the ancient Egyptian principle. In the 1860s ...
- Yale romanization system
- (from the article "Korean language") ...system used in this description, and following that system the common surname is written Yi; it sounds like the English name of the letter e. In citing sentences, many linguists ...
- Yale school
- group of literary critics at Yale University, who became known in the 1970s and '80s for their deconstructionist theories.
- Yale School of Drama
- (from the article "Baker, George Pierce") From 1925 until he retired in 1933, Baker was professor of the history and technique of drama at Yale University, founding a drama school there and directing the university theatre. ...
- Yale Scientific Expedition
- (from the article "Marsh, Othniel Charles") Marsh spent his entire career at Yale University (1866-99) as the first professor of vertebrate paleontology in the United States. In 1870 he organized the first Yale Scientific Expedition, which ...
- Yale University
- private university in New Haven, Conn., one of the Ivy League schools. It was founded in 1701 and is the third oldest university in the United States. Yale was originally ... [22 Related Articles]
- Yale University Art Gallery
- (from the article "Kahn, Louis I.") ...at Yale University in 1947. After a fellowship at the American Academy in Rome (1950), which deepened his appreciation of Mediterranean architecture, Kahn carried out his first important work: the ...
- Yale, Caroline
- American educator of the deaf and longtime principal of the Clarke School for the Deaf.
- Yale, Elihu
- English merchant, official of the East India Company, and benefactor of Yale University. Although born in Massachusetts, Yale was taken to England by his family at the age of three, ...
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