| | - Xi Jin
- (from the article "Xi Jin") first phase of the Jin dynasty (265-420 CE), ruling China from 265 to 316/317 and constituting one of the Six Dynasties.role in Six Dynasties period
- Xi River system
- system of rivers that combine to form the longest river of southern China. Together with its upper-course streams, the Xi River flows generally eastward for 1,216 miles (1,957 km) from ... [3 Related Articles]
- Xi Xia
- kingdom of the Tibetan-speaking Tangut tribes that was established in 1038 and flourished until 1227. It was located in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi. [7 Related Articles]
- Xi'an
- city and capital of Shaanxi sheng (province), north-central China. It is located in the south-central part of the province, at the southern limit of the Loess Plateau. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Xi'an Incident
- (Dec. 12-25, 1936), in Chinese history, seizure of the Nationalist generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) by two of his own generals, Zhang Xueliang (Chang Hsueh-liang) and Yang Hucheng (Yang Hu-ch'eng). ... [8 Related Articles]
- Xi'an monument
- inscribed stone monument that records the early missionary activity of Nestorian Christians in China. It was discovered by Jesuit missionaries in 1625 in the province of Shaanxi, China. The monument, ...
- Xia dynasty
- (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC), early Chinese dynasty mentioned in legends. According to legend, the founder was Yu, who was credited with having engineered the draining of the waters of a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Xia Gui
- one of China's greatest masters of landscape painting, cofounder with Ma Yuan of the Ma-Xia school. The album leaf and the hand scroll with a continuous panorama were his predominant ... [2 Related Articles]
- Xia Nai
- (from the article "Qijia culture") ...Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson. In the 1940s and '50s more important finds were explored in the nearby villages of Yangwawan and Cuijiazhuang by the Chinese archaeologists Pei Wenzhong and ...
- Xia Wenyan
- (from the article "Xia Gui") Xia Wenyan, in Tuhui Baojian (1365), wrote of him in more positive terms:His works have an exciting [stimulating] quality. His ink tones give the effect of colours; ...
- Xia Yan
- Chinese writer, journalist, and playwright known for his leftist plays and films.
- Xiamen
- city and port, southeastern Fujian sheng (province), China. It is situated on the southwestern coast of Xiamen (Amoy) Island in Xiamen Harbour (an inlet of the Taiwan ... [3 Related Articles]
- Xianfeng
- reign name (nianhao) of the seventh emperor of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644-1911/12) of China. During his reign (1850-61) China was beset internally by the Taiping Rebellion ... [1 Related Articles]
- xiang
- (from the article "China") ...much reduced number of counties was directly subordinated to prefectures. He also rationalized the chaotic rural administrative units into a uniform system of townships (xiang). Appointments to ...
- Xiang language
- Chinese language that is spoken in Hunan province. The two major varieties of Xiang are New Xiang and Old Xiang. New Xiang, which is spoken predominantly around Changsha, the capital ... [5 Related Articles]
- Xiang River
- river in Hunan province, southeastern China. With a total length of 500 miles (800 km), the Xiang is one of the principal tributaries of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). The ... [2 Related Articles]
- Xiang Xiu
- (from the article "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove") Most prominent among the Seven Sages was the free-thinking, eccentric, and highly skilled poet Ruan Ji. Xiang Xiu wrote Sijiufu ("Reminiscence") and, with Guo Xiang, a Neo-Daoist contemporary, the Zhuangzizhu, ...
- Xiang Ying
- (from the article "China") ...the government permitted the New Fourth Army to be created from remnants of communist troops left in Jiangxi and Fujian at the time of the Long March. Commanded by Gen. ...
- Xiang Yu
- Chinese general and leader of the rebel forces that overthrew the Qin dynasty (221-207 BCE). He was the principal contestant for control of China with Liu Bang, who, as the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Xiang-Guilin
- (from the article "Nan Mountains") ...(in Guangdong) in the central range. Little of the area is cultivated apart from valley bottoms, and much of the land suffers from serious soil erosion. Three major passes cross ...
- Xiangfan
- city, northern Hubei sheng (province), central China. It lies in the middle basin of the Han River and is situated just west of the junction of the ...
- Xiangkhoang
- town, north-central Laos. Xiangkhoang lies just south of the Plain of Jarres and is situated in the Xiangkhoang Plateau. Corn (maize) and rice are raised by valley Lao north of ...
- Xiangkhoang Plateau
- dissected upland of complex geologic structure in north-central Laos. The plateau constitutes a western extension of the northern Annamite Chain; it is drained principally by the Ngum and Ngiap (Nhiep) ...
- Xiangtan
- city, eastern Hunan sheng (province), China. It is situated on the Xiang River at its confluence with the Lian River, 22 miles (35 km) south of Changsha, ... [2 Related Articles]
- xiangxing
- (from the article "Chinese writing") The other types of characters are xiangxing, characters that were originally pictographs (these have a semantic element originally expressed by a picture; for example, the character for ...
- Xiangyang
- (from the article "China") From 1267 onward the Mongols, this time assisted by numerous Chinese auxiliary troops and technical specialists, attacked on several fronts. The prefectural town of Xiangyang (present-day Xianfan) on the Han ...
- Xiangyin
- (from the article "Hunan") There are several famous pottery kilns in the province that date back to the T'ang dynasty (618-907). Situated at Yueh-yang (Yoyang), Hsiang-yin, and near Ch'ang-sha, these kilns have at different ...
- xiangyue
- (from the article "China") ...and imperial calligraphy on virtuous widows and encouraged the construction of memorial arches and shrines in their honour to reinforce this female role. Rural lectures (xiangyue) were ...
- Xianxia Mountains
- (from the article "Fukien") ...on the one hand, and the low-lying Kiangsi Basin and the southwest part of Chekiang Province, on the other. Along this boundary run the Wu-i Mountains, which, in the extreme ...
- Xianyang
- city, central Shaanxi sheng (province), north-central China. It is situated on the north bank of the Wei River about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of Xi'an, in ... [2 Related Articles]
- Xianzong
- (from the article "China") Under Xianzong (reigned 805-820) the Tang regained a great deal of its power. Xianzong, a tough and ruthless ruler who kept a firm hand on affairs, is notable chiefly for ...
- xiao
- in Confucianism, the attitude of obedience, devotion, and care toward one's parents and elder family members that is the basis of individual moral conduct and social harmony. Xiao consists in ... [4 Related Articles]
- xiao
- Chinese end-blown bamboo flute noted for its mellow and melancholy tone. [4 Related Articles]
- Xiao He
- adviser who helped Liu Bang establish the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) of China and served as his chief minister.
- Xiao Hinggan Range
- mountain range in the northeastern section of Heilongjiang province, northeastern China. The range has a northwest-southeast axis and is located to the southwest of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang). To ... [3 Related Articles]
- Xiao Hong
- Chinese fiction writer known for her novels and stories set in the northeast during the 1930s. [1 Related Articles]
- Xiao Jun
- (from the article "Xiao Hong") In order to avoid an arranged marriage, she left home in 1930 and started to lead a vagrant life. In 1932 she met the writer Xiao Jun; from that time ...
- Xiao Xian
- (from the article "China") ...Wuzhou in far northern Shanxi, who had been a constant threat since 619, was finally defeated and killed by his former Turkish allies in 622. In the south during the ...
- Xiaogong
- (from the article "China") Shang Yang, a frustrated bureaucrat in the court of Wei, went westward seeking a chance to try out his ideas. In the court of Qin he established a rare partnership ...
- xiaoluo
- (from the article "luogu") ...a padded mallet), bo (cymbals), and gu (skin-headed drum, beaten with two sticks). The xiaoluo (small gong without a boss, beaten ...
- Xiaowendi
- posthumous name (shi) of the seventh emperor of the Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty (386-534/535), which dominated much of North China during part of the chaotic 360-year period ... [2 Related Articles]
- Xiaowutai, Mount
- (from the article "Taihang Mountains") ...Soils are of the brown forest and cinnamon types. The ranges rise steeply from the North China Plain to an elevation of approximately 3,300 to 4,000 feet (1,000 to 1,200 ...
- xiaozhuan
- in Chinese calligraphy, a standardized and simplified form of the earlier dazhuan script, in which all lines are of even thickness and curves and circles are relatively ... [3 Related Articles]
- Xiaozong
- (from the article "China") ...they were potentially critical of court policies. Gaozong eventually decided to abdicate, leaving the matter to his adopted heir, but he retained control from behind the throne. The new emperor, ...
- Xie Bingying
- Chinese writer (b. 1906, Hunan province, China-d. Jan. 5, 2000, San Francisco, Calif.), was highly regarded for her autobiographical works that challenged traditional Chinese feminine identity. In 1926, in order ...
- Xie He
- Chinese figure painter and critic who is best remembered for collating or inventing the famous "Six Principles" (liufa) of Chinese painting. [2 Related Articles]
- Xie Jin
- Chinese film director examined the consequences of China's Cultural Revolution (1966-76) in a series of epic motion pictures, including The Legend of Tianyun Mountain (1980), The Herdsman (1982), and, most ...
- Xie Jun
- chess grandmaster who was twice women's world chess champion, from 1991 to 1996 and again from 1999 to 2001. See the table of women's world chess champions. [1 Related Articles]
- Xie Lingyun
- prominent Chinese writer of the Six Dynasties era, known chiefly as a nature poet.
- Xie Xingfang
- (from the article "Badminton") ...badminton championships, held in Birmingham in March. In the men's singles final, Chen Hong defeated the top seed, defending champion Lin Dan. The women's events also featured all-Chinese finals as ...
- Xieng Khouang
- (from the article "Fa Ngum") ...Cambodia and fought their way through the numerous Lao principalities of the southern and central Mekong River valley, in the course of which his father died. Fa Ngum continued on ...
- Xigaze
- city, south-central Tibet Autonomous Region, western China. Situated on a well-defended height (elevation 12,800 feet [3,900 metres]) overlooking the confluence of two rivers in one of the most fertile valley ...
- Xikang
- (from the article "Sichuan") In 1955 former Xikang province, at the edge of the Plateau of Tibet, was incorporated into Sichuan province, and in 1997 the eastern part of Sichuan, centred on Chongqing, was ...
- Xin dynasty
- (AD 9-25), short-lived dynasty in China formed by Wang Mang, whose usurpation of power from the ruling Liu family constituted an interim in the Han dynasty succession and resulted in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xin Qiji
- Chinese poet and master soldier whose ci (poems written to existing musical patterns) are considered by many critics to be the best of the Southern Song dynasty ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xin River
- river, tributary of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) system in northeastern Jiangxi province, eastern China. The Xin has a length of 194 miles (312 km) and drains an area of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xin'an River
- (from the article "Fuchun River") The westerly system is the Xin'an River, which flows from southern Anhui province, where it rises in the Huang Mountains near Shexian. This tributary flows through deep, gorgelike valleys in ...
- Xin'an River Reservoir
- large artificial lake near the town of Xin'anjiang, northwestern Zhejiang province, southeastern China. It was created as part of a large hydroelectric project constructed between 1957 and 1977. The project, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xinca
- Mesoamerican Indians of southeastern Guatemala. Xinca territory traditionally extended about 50 miles (80 km) along the Rio Los Esclavos in Guatemala and extended to the El Salvador border.
- Xinca language
- (from the article "Mesoamerican Indian languages") It has been suggested that Xinca and Lencan are related and that one or both of them is related to Mayan (16), Chibchan (in South America), or Uto-Aztecan (1). None ...
- Xinglongwa culture
- (from the article "agriculture, origins of") ...of groups of pit houses, a form of architecture that provides natural insulation and, given the labour involved in construction, represents a long-term commitment to a particular locale. The Xinglongwa ...
- xingsheng
- (from the article "Chinese writing") ...Chinese traditionally divide the characters into six types (called liu shu, "six scripts"), the most common of which is xingsheng, a type of character ...
- xingshu
- a semicursive Chinese script that developed out of the Han dynasty lishu script at the same time that the standard kaishu script was evolving ... [3 Related Articles]
- Xingtai
- city, southwestern Hebei sheng (province), China. It is situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Taihang Mountains, on the upper course of the Ziya ...
- Xingu National Park
- (from the article "Xingu River") ...Hydroelectric Project was built along the river during the late 1970s. The Xingu was first explored in 1884-87 by the German ethnologist and explorer Karl von den Steinen. In the ...
- Xingu River
- river in Mato Grosso and Para states, Brazil. The river rises on the Planalto (plateau) do Mato Grosso, in the drainage basin framed by the Serra do Roncador and the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xingzhonghui
- (from the article "Sun Yat-sen") ...endorsement of his scheme for an agricultural-sericultural association. With this scant reference, Sun went to Hawaii in October 1894 and founded an organization called the Revive China Society (Xingzhonghui), which ...
- Xining
- city and capital of Qinghai sheng (province), western interior of China. Located in the eastern part of the province, it is situated in a fertile mountain basin ... [2 Related Articles]
- Xinxiang
- city, northern Henan sheng (province), China. It is a transportation centre located at the head of navigation of the Wei River, with access northeast to Tianjin, and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xinyang
- city, southern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. It is situated in the far south of the Henan plain, in the basin between the Dabie Mountains (south) and ...
- Xiong Foxi
- Chinese playwright who helped create popular drama intended to entertain and educate the peasantry.
- Xiong Shili
- one of the outstanding figures of 20th-century Chinese philosophy. His ontological system is an original synthesis of Buddhist, Confucian, and Western motifs.
- Xiongnu
- nomadic pastoral people who at the end of the 3rd century BC formed a great tribal league that was able to dominate much of Central Asia for more than 500 ... [9 Related Articles]
- Xipe Totec
- Mesoamerican god of spring and new vegetation and patron of goldsmiths. Xipe Totec was venerated by the Toltecs and Aztecs. As a symbol of the new vegetation, Xipe Totec wore ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xiphactinus
- (from the article "Cretaceous Period") ...the long-necked plesiosaurs and the more fishlike ichthyosaurs. Sharks and rays (chondrichthians) also were marine predators, as were the teleost (ray-finned) fishes. One Cretaceous fish, Xiphactinus, grew to more than ...
- xiphisternum
- (from the article "sternum") ...the clavicles and first ribs; (2) the mesosternum, often divided into a series of segments, the sternebrae, to which the remaining true ribs are attached; and (3) the posterior segment, ...
- Xipholena punicea
- (from the article "Cotingidae") Examples of the more colourful Cotingidae are the light blue Cotinga amabilis, found from Mexico to Costa Rica, and the reddish lavender Xipholena punicea of the Guiana Highlands and Brazil. ...
- Xiqing Mountains
- (from the article "Min Mountains") ...the range as a whole. Other names are applied to various parts of the Min Mountains. The mountains in the far west are called the Amne Machin (Jishi Mountains), and ...
- Xirgu, Margarita
- Catalan actress and producer whose greatest contribution was her advancement of the plays of Federico Garcia Lorca.
- Xirinia language
- (from the article "Yanomami") South American Indians, speakers of a Xiriana language, who live in the remote forest of the Orinoco River basin in southern Venezuela and the northernmost reaches of the Amazon River ...
- Xiron Mountain
- (from the article "Euboea") The highest peaks in the north are Xiron Mountain (3,251 feet [991 metres]) and Telethrion Mountain (3,182 feet [970 metres]). From Telethrion the range trends eastward to the coast. In ...
- Xiu Lian
- (from the article "Falun Gong") ...or "wheel of dharma," Li uses the word to indicate the centre of spiritual energy, which he locates in the lower abdomen and believes can be awakened through a set ...
- Xiuhtecuhtli
- Aztec god of fire, thought to be the creator of all life. "Old God" is a reflection of his relative age in the Aztec pantheon. In association with Chantico, his ...
- Xixabangma
- one of the world's highest mountains, reaching an elevation of 26,286 feet (8,012 metres) above sea level. It rises in the Himalayas in the southern part of the Tibet Autonomous ...
- Xixia language
- (from the article "Sino-Tibetan languages") ...a number of dialects and languages spoken in Tibet and the Himalayas. Burmic (Burmese in its widest application) includes Yi (Lolo), Hani, Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia ...
- Xiyouji
- foremost Chinese comic novel, written by Wu Cheng'en, a novelist and poet of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The novel is based on the actual 7th-century pilgrimage of the Buddhist monk ... [3 Related Articles]
- xizambi
- (from the article "African music") ...are widespread. Most are sounded by plucking or striking the string, but the Xhosa umrubhe is bowed with a friction stick, the xizambi of ...
- Xizong
- (from the article "China") Yizong was succeeded by Xizong (reigned 873-888), a boy of 11 who was the choice of the palace eunuchs. Prior to his ascension, Henan had repeatedly suffered serious floods. In ...
- XM Satellite Radio
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Another iPod competitor found itself in legal trouble in 2006 as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sued XM Satellite Radio for marketing the Inno, a satellite-radio receiver that ...
- XML
- a document formatting language used for some World Wide Web pages. XML began to be developed in the 1990s because HTML (hypertext markup language), the basic format for Web pages, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Xochiaca Dam
- (from the article "Nezahualcoyotl") ...spring, it became more attractive to potential colonists after the creation of new population divisions was prohibited within the Federal District, in 1946. In that same year the government built ...
- Xochicalco
- fortified ancient city known for its impressive ruins. It is located on the top of a large hill and parts of surrounding hills near Cuernavaca, in Morelos state, Mexico. [2 Related Articles]
- Xochimilco
- district of Mexico City and delegacion (legation), central Distrito Federal (Federal District), central Mexico. It lies at 7,461 feet (2,274 metres) above sea level in the Valley ...
- Xochiquetzal
- Aztec goddess of beauty, sexual love, and household arts, who is also associated with flowers and plants. According to Aztec mythology, she came from Tamoanchan, the verdant paradise of the ...
- xocoatl
- (from the article "chocolate") At the court of Montezuma, the Aztec ruler of Mexico, in 1519, Hernan Cortes was served xocoatl, a bitter cocoa-bean drink, which he introduced to Spain. Sweetened, flavoured with cinnamon ...
- xograph
- (from the article "printing") ...essentially an illustration bearing two views, superimposed, of the same image taken from slightly different angles, on a transparent mount striped with a multitude of imperceptible parallel strips (Xograph process). ...
- Xolotl
- (from the article "Quetzalcoatl") ...of goldsmiths and other craftsmen; he was also identified with the planet Venus. As the morning and evening star, Quetzalcoatl was the symbol of death and resurrection. With his companion ...
- Xolotl
- (from the article "Mexico") ...legend, from the beginning of the 12th century to the beginning of the 13th, the Aztecs wandered in search of a new place to settle. During that time a group ...
- Xposeptember
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") Stockholm again hosted Xposeptember, the name of its annual photo festival, which featured (September 23-October 22) 75 exhibitions and seminars. One of the exhibitions was "24 Emerging Photographers," from the ...
- XSS-11
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...by Einstein's general theory of relativity. China launched the Shijian 7 spacecraft July 6 on a three-year mission to study the space environment. The U.S. Department of Defense launched the ...
- xu
- in Chinese Daoism, a state of equilibrium through which one becomes receptive to and attuned with the transforming experience of which one is a part. It is characterized by an ...
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