| | - wassail bowl
- vessel generally made of wood and often mounted in silver, used on ceremonial occasions for drinking toasts. The word wassail derives from Old Norse ves heill, meaning "be well, and ...
- Wasser Mountain
- (from the article "Hessen") ...(Vogelsberg), which are the largest continuous basalt area in Europe, covering some 950 square miles (2,460 square km). The Rhon, in eastern Hessen, is a mountainous mass rising to the ...
- Wasseralfingen
- (from the article "Aalen") ...It passed to Wurttemberg in 1802. The old city hall dates from 1636 and the church of Sankt Nikolaus from 1765. The Limesmuseum of Roman relics was opened in 1964. ...
- Wasserfall
- (from the article "Braun, Wernher von") ...as the technical director. Liquid-fueled rocket aircraft and jet-assisted takeoffs were successfully demonstrated, and the long-range ballistic missile A-4 and the supersonic anti-aircraft missile Wasserfall were developed. The A-4 was ...
- Wasserman, Al
- American filmmaker (b. Feb. 9, 1921, Bronx, N.Y.-d. March 31, 2005, New York, N.Y.), produced award-winning television and film documentaries that examined topics ranging from civil rights to travel by ...
- Wasserman, Lewis Robert
- American film and record company executive (b. March 15, 1913, Cleveland, Ohio-d. June 3, 2002, Beverly Hills, Calif.), exerted enormous power and influence in the entertainment industry for more than ...
- Wassermann test
- (from the article "preventive medicine") ...Toward the close of the century the principle of insect-borne transmission of disease was established. Serological tests were developed, such as the Widal reaction for typhoid fever (1896) and the ...
- Wassermann, August von
- German bacteriologist whose discovery of a universal blood-serum test for syphilis helped extend the basic tenets of immunology to diagnosis. "The Wassermann reaction," in combination with other diagnostic procedures, is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Wassermann, Jakob
- German novelist known for his moral fervour and tendency toward sensationalism; his popularity was greatest in the 1920s and '30s.
- Wasserstein, Wendy
- American playwright whose work probes, with humour and sensibility, the predicament facing educated women who came of age in the second half of the 20th century. Her drama [1 Related Articles]
- Wassilieff, Marie
- (from the article "Arc-en-Ciel") ...prestigious designers including Karoly Koffan, Zsigmond Kolozsvary, Sandor Toth, Tivadar Fried, and Antal Prinner. A central figure of Arc-en-Ciel was Russian-born Marie Wassilieff, whose restaurant in the Montparnasse section of ...
- Wassoulou
- (from the article "Mali") ...traditional elements are adapted and combined to suit a tourist audience. Mali also has a ballet troupe that performs throughout the world. Traditional music from women of the southern area ...
- Wassukkani
- capital of the Mitannian empire (c. 1500-c. 1340 BC), possibly located near the head of the Khabur River in northern Mesopotamia. Wassukkani was for many years the centre of a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Wast al-Balad
- (from the article "Cairo") The central business district, referred to as the Wast al-Balad ("city centre," or downtown), is flanked by these older quarters. The Wast al-Balad includes the older Al-Azbakiyyah district, Garden City, ...
- Wast, Hugo
- Argentine novelist and short-story writer, probably his country's most popular and most widely translated novelist.
- Wastani Gate
- (from the article "Baghdad") ...madrasah (an Islamic law college built by the caliph al-Mustansir in 1233), both restored as museums, and the Sahrawardi Mosque (1234). The Wastani Gate, the only remnant ...
- waste disposal system
- (from the article "waste disposal") the collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste materials of human society. The term "waste" covers both solid wastes (refuse, or garbage) and sewage (wastewater). See materials salvage; ...
- waste mold casting
- (from the article "sculpture") ...material such as plaster, concrete, or fibreglass-reinforced resin. Fourth, the mold is carefully chipped away from the cast. This involves the destruction of the mold-hence the term "waste" mold. The ...
- waste product
- (from the article "excretion") Waste products may be categorized as metabolic or nonmetabolic. The difference lies in whether the substances in question are produced by the chemical processes of a living cell or are ...
- waste product
- (from the article "Major soil pollutants") A firm's waste materials must be positively managed. The firm attempts to both sell them at a profit and follow environmentally sound practices. The key to many recycling efforts is ...
- waste-to-energy plant
- (from the article "environmental works") ...a boiler. Boilers convert the heat of combustion into steam or hot water, thus allowing the energy content of the refuse to be recycled. Incinerators that recycle heat energy in ...
- wastepaper
- (from the article "papermaking") By using greater quantities of wastepaper stock, the need for virgin fibre is reduced, and the problem of solid waste disposal is minimized. The expansion of this source is a ...
- wastewater
- (from the article "ice in lakes and rivers") Wastewater from the cooling of power plants, both fossil-fueled and nuclear, has sometimes been suggested as a source of energy for melting ice downstream of the release points. This method ...
- Wasulunka
- (from the article "Western Africa") ...map, are the following: the Wolof of Senegal, the Serer to the south, and the Mande-speaking peoples to the east, comprising such subgroups as the Malinke, the Khasonke, the Bambara ...
- wat
- (from the article "Bangkok") The most important cultural feature of Bangkok is the wat. There are more than 300 such temples, representing classic examples of Thai architecture. Most are enclosed by walls. Many wats ...
- Wat Arun
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...built during the reigns of Rama II (1809-24) and Rama III (1824-51). They served as schools, libraries, hospitals, and recreation areas, as well as religious centres. During these years Wat ...
- Wat Bowon Niwet
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...Rama III (1824-51). They served as schools, libraries, hospitals, and recreation areas, as well as religious centres. During these years Wat Arun, noted for its tall spire, Wat Yan Nawa, ...
- Wat Chet Yot
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...which rise one or more pyramidal towers reminiscent of the tower of the Mahabodhi temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, India. An example of the third architectural type is King ...
- Wat Pho
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...Rama I modeled the new city on the former capital, Ayutthaya, 40 miles (64 km) to the north. By the end of his reign the city was established. The walled ...
- Wat Phra Kaeo
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...of the city, in 1882, was marked by the inauguration of many social reforms, manifested in the public buildings used for their administration, as well as by the completion of ...
- Wat Phra Si Sanphet
- (from the article "Ayutthaya") The town is intersected by many canals, and houseboats and shop boats crowd the water. Pagodas and impressive spires abound. The Wat Phra Si Sanphet, a monastery on the grounds ...
- Wat Phra That Doi Suthep
- (from the article "Chiang Mai") The temple complex of Wat Phra That Doi Suthep is one of Thailand's most famous pilgrimage sites. The temple lies at an elevation of 3,520 feet (1,073 m) on the ...
- Wat Sutat
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...and recreation areas, as well as religious centres. During these years Wat Arun, noted for its tall spire, Wat Yan Nawa, and Wat Bowon Niwet were completed, Wat Pho was ...
- Wat Yan Nawa
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...(1809-24) and Rama III (1824-51). They served as schools, libraries, hospitals, and recreation areas, as well as religious centres. During these years Wat Arun, noted for its tall spire, Wat ...
- watadono
- (from the article "shinden-zukuri") ...the Imperial Palace. The complex centred on the shinden, which faced south on an open court. The eastern and western tainoya, or subsidiary living quarters, were attached by watadono, wide ...
- Watampone
- (from the article "Sulawesi Tengah") ...empires that ruled Indonesia until the arrival of Islam in the beginning of the 16th century. Subsequently, a number of Muslim states, including Makasar (now the city of Ujungpandang) and ...
- Watanabe
- (from the article "Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area") ...imperial capital in 794, land and water routes between Osaka and Kyoto were improved. The reclamation of the delta of the Yodo River allowed the building of new settlements, including ...
- Watanabe Kazan
- original name Watanabe Sadayasu Japanese scholar and painter noted for his character-revealing portraits and his pioneering efforts in adapting Western perspective to Japanese art. [1 Related Articles]
- Watanabe Osamu
- Japanese freestyle featherweight wrestler who was the undefeated world champion in 1962 and 1963 and an Olympic gold medalist in 1964. He competed in more than 300 matches and never ...
- Watanabe, Michio
- Japanese politician (b. July 28, 1923, Tochigi prefecture, Japan--d. Sept. 15, 1995, Tokyo, Japan), had a long career as an influential Liberal Democratic politician, though he never attained the prime ...
- Watanabe, Tsuneo
- (from the article "Japan") ...morning and evening circulation, reversed a long-standing conservative editorial policy on issues involving Japan's military aggression and colonial rule. The paper's president and CEO, Tsuneo Watanabe, launched a yearlong investigation ...
- Watanabe, Yoko
- Japanese opera singer (b. July 12, 1953, Fukuoka, Japan-d. July 15, 2004, Milan, Italy), made her professional debut on the opera stage in 1978 and over the next 22 years ...
- watch
- portable timepiece that has a movement driven either by spring or by electricity and that is designed to be worn or carried in the pocket. [7 Related Articles]
- watch ball
- (from the article "witch ball") ...sometimes as large as 7 inches (18 cm) in diameter. Witch balls are made in several colours, among which green and blue predominate. Its name is possibly a corruption of ...
- watch fob
- short ribbon or chain attached to a watch and hanging out of the pocket in which the watch is kept; the term can also refer to ornaments hung at the ...
- Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
- (from the article "Russell, Charles Taze") ...rule the earth. Russell dedicated his life and his fortune to preaching Christ's millennial reign. In 1879 he started a Bible journal, later called The Watch Tower, and in 1884 ...
- Watch Tower Bible School of Gilead
- (from the article "Jehovah's Witness") Rutherford's successor, Nathan Homer Knorr (1905-77), assumed the presidency in 1942 and continued and expanded Rutherford's policies. He established the Watch Tower Bible School of Gilead (South Lansing, N.Y.) to ...
- watch-and-ward system
- (from the article "wait") an English town watchman or public musician who sounded the hours of the night. In the later Middle Ages the waits were night watchmen, who sounded horns or even played ...
- watchtower
- (from the article "warning system") ...to the ancient historian Livy, the Romans used geese to detect the night attack of the Gauls on Rome in the 4th century BC. High ground, favourable for observation, was ...
- water
- a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A ... [182 Related Articles]
- water activity
- (from the article "food preservation") Bacteria also require a certain amount of available water for their growth. The availability of water is expressed as water activity and is defined by the ratio of the vapour ...
- water arum
- (from the article "calla") either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family (Araceae). The genus Calla contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum ...
- water bed
- (from the article "bed") Exotic innovations in bed design in the 1960s were the inflatable air mattress and the water bed, a mattress-sized plastic or vinyl bag filled with water and supported in a ...
- water beetle
- any of several thousand species of aquatic beetles (order Coleoptera), including members of the families Haliplidae (crawling water beetles), Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles), Hygrobiidae (screech beetles), Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles), Noteridae (burrowing ... [2 Related Articles]
- water birch
- (from the article "birch") Water birch (B. occidentalis; B. fontinalis of some authorities), a shrubby tree native to moist sites along the western coast of North America, has nonpeeling, dark-red bark; it grows in ...
- water bloom
- dense aquatic population of microscopic photosynthetic organisms produced by an abundance of nutrient salts in surface water, coupled with adequate sunlight for photosynthesis. The microorganisms or the toxic substances that ... [7 Related Articles]
- water board
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...communities (i.e., the towns). In Flanders, Zeeland, Holland, and Utrecht this struggle against the sea and the inland water was particularly noteworthy in that it led to the foundation of ...
- water boatman
- any of more than 300 species of insects in the true bug order, Heteroptera, that are named for their flat, boat-shaped bodies and long, fringed, oarlike hindlegs. Members of this ... [2 Related Articles]
- water brake
- (from the article "dynamometer") ...mechanical friction on the periphery of a rotating pulley by means of brake blocks that are squeezed against the wheel by tightening the bolts until the friction torque FR balances ...
- water budget
- (from the article "atmosphere") The water budget at the air-surface interface is also of crucial importance in influencing atmospheric processes. The surface gains water through precipitation (rain and snow), direct condensation, and deposition (dew ...
- water buffalo
- either of two forms, wild and domestic, of Asian mammal similar to the ox. There are 74 breeds of domestic water buffalo numbering some 165 million animals, but only small ... [4 Related Articles]
- water burial
- (from the article "burial") The association between water and immortality is reflected in the myths of many cultures, myths that often centre on a god-hero who sails away from his people in death with ...
- water caltrop
- (from the article "water chestnut") The water caltrop (T. natans) has submerged leaves that are long, feathery, and rootlike, and floating leaves, in a loose rosette, that are attached to petioles, or leafstalks, 5 to ...
- water channel
- (from the article "Agre, Peter") American doctor, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2003 for his discovery of water channels in cell membranes. He shared the award with Roderick MacKinnon, also of the ...
- water chestnut
- any of several perennial water plants of the genus Trapa (family Trapaceae, order Myrtales), native to Europe, Asia, and Africa. The name is also applied to their edible, nutlike fruit. [3 Related Articles]
- water chevrotain
- (from the article "chevrotain") The Asiatic chevrotains are placed in the genus Tragulus, which includes about three species found in forests from India to the Philippines. The water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), larger than the ...
- water chilling
- (from the article "poultry processing") After the carcasses have been washed, they are chilled to a temperature below 4° C (40° F). The two main methods for chilling poultry are water chilling and air chilling.
- water closet
- (from the article "building construction") ...in the 1860s. Permanent plumbing fixtures appeared in buildings with water supply and drainage, replacing portable basins, buckets, and chamber pots. Joseph Bramah invented the metal valve-type water closet as ...
- water clover
- (from the article "fern") ...sporocarps (highly modified leaves), these very complex internally, each containing both megasporangia and microsporangia; 3 genera of mostly aquatic plants rooted in the substrate-Marsilea (waterclover), Pilularia (pillwort), and Regnellidium-with about ...
- water cock
- (Gallicrex cinerea), marsh bird of the rail family, Rallidae (order Gruiformes). It occurs from India to Japan and throughout Southeast Asia to the Philippines. The male is blue-black with red ...
- water consumption
- (from the article "environmental works") Water consumption in a community is characterized by several types of demand, including domestic, public, commercial, and industrial uses. Domestic demand includes water for drinking, cooking, washing, laundering, and other ...
- water couch
- (from the article "Paspalum") ...in Australian and North American (where it is known as dallis grass) pastures. Paspalum urvillei, known as vasey grass in North America, is grown as hay in other areas in ...
- water dropwort
- (from the article "cowbane") ...marshes and are widely distributed in North America. They have clusters of white flowers surrounded by bracts (modified leaves). The most common species is O. rigidior, which is also called ...
- water drum
- (from the article "Native American music") ...trutruka, a long bamboo trumpet played by men for ceremonial events. Instruments from the Chaco region include gourd rattles used in shamanic curing rituals, water drums, and ...
- water elm
- (from the article "Ulmaceae") Elms (Ulmus) and hackberries (Celtis) are important shade and ornamental trees. The planer tree, or water elm (Planera aquatica), of southeastern North America produces useful timber known as false sandalwood. ...
- water fern
- any member of a group of ferns in the subfamily Parkerioideae, family Pteridaceae, plant division Pteridophyta. Ceratopteris consists of at least four species (C. cornuta, C. pteridoides, C. richardii, and ... [2 Related Articles]
- water flea
- any member of the crustacean order Anomopoda (class Branchiopoda), a large group containing about 450 species distributed worldwide. Most forms are found in freshwater habitats, but a few occur in ... [5 Related Articles]
- water forget-me-not
- (from the article "forget-me-not") The water forget-me-not (M. scorpioides), shorter and more weak-stemmed, grows in marshlands but is otherwise similar. Both are perennial and occur in white- and pink-flowered forms as well as blue.
- water frame
- (from the article "mass production") ...significantly increased weaving speed; (2) Edmund Cartwright's power loom in 1785, which increased weaving speed still further; (3) James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764; (4) Richard Arkwright's water frame in ...
- water gap
- (from the article "valley") ...of a fold belt erode into the valleys of transverse streams that must cross the resistant strata. Sections of valley abandoned after such captures are known as wind gaps. These ...
- water garden
- (from the article "gardening") The water garden represents one of the oldest forms of gardening. Egyptian records and pictures of cultivated water lilies date as far back as 2000 BC. The Japanese have also ...
- water gas
- (from the article "chemical industry") The red-hot coke can also be heated with steam to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen, a mixture known as water gas. It is also possible to carry out a water-gas ...
- water gel
- (from the article "explosive") ...of the most revolutionary change in the explosives industry since the invention of dynamite, saw the development of ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixtures (ANFO) and ammonium nitrate-base water gels, which together ...
- water glass
- crystal-like lumps that range from colourless to white or grayish white and resemble glass but can be dissolved in water to form a syrupy liquid. Some forms are slightly soluble, ... [4 Related Articles]
- water gourd
- (from the article "percussion instrument") Water gourds-half gourds floated open side down in a pan of water and struck rhythmically with small sticks-are played in western Africa; in Benin their chief use is at funeral ...
- water hemlock
- any of about 10 species of poisonous plants of the genus Cicuta, in the parsley family (Apiaceae), common throughout the North Temperate Zone. In Europe, Cicuta virosa is the commonly ... [1 Related Articles]
- water hyacinth
- any aquatic plant of the genus Eichhornia of the pickerelweed family (Pontederiaceae), consisting of about five species, native primarily to tropical America. Some species float in shallow water; others are ... [3 Related Articles]
- water ice
- (from the article "sherbet") ...added to ensure a fine texture. Sherbets may also be flavoured with wine or liqueurs. By U.S. federal regulation, sherbets must contain a minimum of 1 percent and a maximum ...
- water lettuce
- (from the article "Africa") ...the African interior plateau. Characteristic is the sudd along the White Nile River in The Sudan and Uganda. Sedges (especially papyrus), reeds, and other water plants-including the floating Nile cabbage ...
- water level
- (from the article "surveying") The water level consisted of either a trough or a tube turned upward at the ends and filled with water. At each end there was a sight made of crossed ...
- water lily
- any of the species of freshwater plants of the family Nymphaeaceae, comprising eight genera native to the temperate and tropical parts of the world. All members of the family are ... [3 Related Articles]
- water main
- (from the article "environmental works") The pipeline system of a municipal water distribution network consists of arterial water mains or primary feeders, which convey water from the treatment plant to areas of major water use ...
- water mass
- body of ocean water with a distinctive narrow range of temperature and salinity and a particular density resulting from these two parameters. Water masses are formed as the result of ... [2 Related Articles]
- water milfoil
- any member of the genus Myriophyllum (family Haloragaceae), about 45 widely distributed species of submerged freshwater plants with whorls of feathery leaves and emergent, wind-pollinated flowers. Some species are cultivated ...
- water mint
- (from the article "Mentha") ...the characteristic mint fragrance. Peppermint (M. piperita) has a heavier scent, stalked leaves, and reddish lilac flowers in denser spikes. Peppermint may be a hybrid between spearmint and water mint ...
- water moccasin
- (from the article "moccasin") either of two venomous aquatic New World snakes of the viper family (Viperidae): the water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) or the Mexican moccasin (A. bilineatus). Both are pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae), ...
- water mold
- any of about 150 species of fungi belonging to the order Saprolegniales (phylum Oomycota, kingdom Chromista). Many of them live in fresh or brackish water or wet soils. Most species ...
- water mongoose
- (from the article "mongoose") Most species are active during the day and are terrestrial, although the marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) and a few others are semiaquatic. Some mongooses live alone or ...
- water moss
- (Fontinalis), genus of mosses belonging to the subclass Bryidae, often found in flowing freshwater streams and ponds in temperate regions. Of the 20 species of water moss, 18 are native ... [1 Related Articles]
- water net
- alga of the genus Hydrodictyon, sometimes found on the surface of quiet ponds as a free-floating network of multinucleate cells arranged in hexagons or pentagons and up ...
- water oak
- (from the article "willow oak") Water oak (Q. nigra), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), shingle oak (Q. imbricaria), and live oak (see live oak) are other willow oaks planted as ornamentals in the southern U.S.
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