| | - vas efferens
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") ...yolk glands the oviduct may be modified to secrete a protective capsule around the egg before it is discharged to the outside. The male organs consist of testes, from which ...
- vasa recta
- (from the article "renal system") The efferent glomerular arterioles of juxtaglomerular glomeruli divide into vessels that supply the contiguous tubules and vessels that enter the bases of the renal pyramids. Known as vasa recta, these ...
- vasa vasorum
- (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...protein.) The tunica adventitia provides a limiting barrier, protecting the vessel from overexpansion. Also characteristic of this layer is the presence of small blood vessels called the vasa vasorum that ...
- Vasa, House of
- Swedish (and Polish) dynasty descended from an old family of Uppland, related both to the Sture family and to the Bonde family of Sweden's King Charles VIII (d. 1470). Its ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vasabha
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") ...of greater revenue through greater production made kings play an active role in the construction of large-scale irrigation schemes. Beginning about the 1st century CE during the reign of King ...
- Vasak, Karel
- (from the article "human rights") Particularly helpful in this regard is the notion of three "generations" of human rights advanced by the French jurist Karel Vasak. Inspired by the three themes of the French Revolution, ...
- Vasantpanchami
- (from the article "India") ...also innumerable festivals associated with individual villages or temples or with specific castes and cults. The most popular of the religious festivals celebrated over the greater part of India are ...
- Vasarely, Victor
- Hungarian-born French painter of geometric abstractions who became one of the leading figures of the Op art (q.v.) movement. [2 Related Articles]
- Vasari, Giorgio
- Italian painter, architect, and writer who is best known for his important biographies of Italian Renaissance artists. [25 Related Articles]
- Vasco da Gama Bridge
- (from the article "Lisbon") ...in western Europe, has served as the main roadway into the city since it was built in the mid-1960s. Inaugurated in 1998, just in time for the World's Fair, the ...
- Vasconcellos, Josefina Alys Hermes de
- British artist (b. Oct. 26, 1904, Molesey on Thames, Surrey, Eng.-d. July 20, 2005, Blackpool, Eng.), crafted bold life-size and larger naturalistic sculptures, often with religious themes. Vasconcellos, the daughter ...
- Vasconcelos, Jose
- Mexican educator, politician, essayist, and philosopher, whose five-volume autobiography, Ulises Criollo (1935; "A Creole Ulysses"), La tormenta (1936; "The Torment"), El desastre (1938; "The Disaster"), El proconsulado (1939; "The Proconsulship"), ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vasconcelos, Miguel de
- (from the article "Portugal") ...of John III) whose claims had been overridden in 1580 by Philip II of Spain. Taking advantage of the unpopularity of the governor, Margaret of Savoy, duchess of Mantua, and ...
- vascular bundle
- (from the article "angiosperm") Vascular tissue is organized into discrete strands called vascular bundles, each containing xylem and phloem. In stems, the vascular tissue is organized into many discrete vascular bundles. In the roots, ...
- vascular cambium
- (from the article "tissue") Secondary, or lateral, meristems, which are found in all woody plants and in some herbaceous ones, consist of the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. They produce secondary tissues from ...
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- (from the article "cancer") ...development, however, they call on proteins that stimulate angiogenesis, and they also develop the ability themselves to synthesize proteins with this capacity. One of these proteins is known as vascular ...
- vascular graft
- (from the article "materials science") Synthetic vascular graft materials are used to patch injured or diseased areas of arteries, for replacement of whole segments of larger arteries such as the aorta, and for use as ...
- vascular headache
- (from the article "nervous system disease") Vascular headaches include migraines and its variants as well as headaches due to abnormal stretching of the arterial walls in the cranium as a result of vessel-wall disease. Migraine headaches ...
- vascular pole
- (from the article "renal system") ...malpighian body. Blood flows into and away from the glomerulus through small arteries (arterioles) that enter and exit the glomerulus through the open end of the capsule. This opening is ...
- vascular ray
- (from the article "vascular system") Vascular bundles run longitudinally along the stem. Vascular rays extend radially across the stem, assisting in conduction from the vascular bundles to tissues alongside them. The vascular tissues and supporting ...
- vascular system
- in plants, assemblage of conducting tissues and associated supportive fibres. Xylem tissue transports water and dissolved minerals to the leaves, and phloem tissue conducts food from the leaves to all ... [4 Related Articles]
- vascular tissue
- (from the article "angiosperm") Vascular tissuetracheophytesplantDefinition of the category...the presence of lignin, a hardening substance that reinforces the cellulose cell wall. The living sieve ...
- vascular wilt
- (from the article "plant disease") Bacterial diseases can be grouped into four broad categories based on the extent of damage to plant tissue and the symptoms that they cause, which may include vascular wilt, necrosis, ...
- vasculitis
- (from the article "connective tissue disease") ...display certain common clinical features, including inflammation of the joints (polyarthralgia and arthritis), serous (fluid-exuding) membranes (pleurisy and pericarditis), and small blood vessels (vasculitis) and a high frequency of involvement ...
- vase
- (from the article "floral decoration") ...the vase opening. The Japanese kenzan, or metal pin holder, usually called a needlepoint holder, is the most generally used mechanical aid. It is held in place with floral clay. ...
- vase carpet
- any of the most widely known group of floor coverings among the "classic" Kermans of the 16th and 17th centuries. At their best these carpets are extremely handsome, combining an ... [2 Related Articles]
- vasectomy
- severing of the vas deferens in the male reproductive tract to bring about sterility or to prevent infection. The testes in the male produce the sperm cells that fertilize the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vasella, Daniel Lucius
- Early in 1996 Daniel Vasella, chief executive officer (CEO) of Sandoz Pharma Ltd., was named president of the newly formed Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis, which was established as a result ...
- vasey grass
- (from the article "Paspalum") ...forage grasses. P. dilatatum, a South American species, is also grown in Australian and North American (where it is known as dallis grass) pastures. Paspalum urvillei, known as vasey grass ...
- Vasilevsky, A. M.
- (from the article "World War II") A huge Soviet counteroffensive, planned by generals G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, and Nikolay Nikolayevich Voronov, was launched on Nov. 19-20, 1942, in two spearheads, north and south of the German ...
- Vasiliki ware
- elaborately shaped handmade pottery from Vasiliki, eastern Crete, produced in the second phase of the Early Minoan period (c. 3000-c. 2000 BC). The surface of the wares is covered with ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vasily (IV) Shuysky
- original name Vasily Ivanovich, Knyaz (Prince) Shuysky, or Shuisky boyar who became tsar (1606-10) during Russia's Time of Troubles. [3 Related Articles]
- Vasily I
- in full Vasily Dmitriyevich grand prince of Moscow from 1389 to 1425. [1 Related Articles]
- Vasily II
- grand prince of Moscow from 1425 to 1462. [3 Related Articles]
- Vasily III
- grand prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. Succeeding his father, Ivan III (ruled Moscow 1462-1505), Vasily completed his father's policy of consolidating the numerous independent Russian principalities into a ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vasilyev, Georgy
- (from the article "Vasilyev, Sergey Dmitriyevich") Sergey graduated from the Institute of Screen Art, Leningrad, and by the mid-1920s was directing documentaries with Georgy Vasilyev. In 1934 they wrote, produced, and directed their most important picture, ...
- Vasilyev, Sergey Dmitriyevich
- motion-picture director whose outstanding films deal with the role of the Communist Party in the Russian Civil War (1918-20) in a style that foreshadows the grand-scale Russian films of the ...
- Vasilyevsky Island
- (from the article "Saint Petersburg") One of the first areas of St. Petersburg to be developed because of its defendable position, Vasilyevsky Island forms the northwestern corner of the central city. Opposite the Admiralty and ...
- Vasisthiputra Pulumavi
- (from the article "Satavahana Dynasty") Gautamiputra's son Vasisthiputra Pulumavi (reigned c. 130-159) ruled from the west. The tendency seems to have been to expand to the east and the northeast. Inscriptions and coins of Vasisthiputra ...
- Vaslui
- judet (county), eastern Romania, occupying an area of 2,046 sq mi (5,300 sq km), bounded on the east by Moldova. The terrain consists of rolling hills. The Elan, Barlad, and ...
- Vaslui
- town, seat of Vaslui judet (county), northeastern Romania, on the Barlad River. Near Vaslui, in 1475, Stephen (Stefan) the Great, with 40,000 troops, defeated a Turkish army three times as ...
- vasoactive intestinal peptide
- (from the article "endocrine system, human") Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid polypeptide, is secreted by cells throughout the intestinal tract. It stimulates the secretion of electrolytes and water by the intestinal mucosa. Some pancreatic islet-cell ...
- vasoconstriction
- (from the article "drug") ...and receptor type for alpha-adrenoceptors and beta-adrenoceptors. Alpha1-adrenoceptors usually mediate smooth muscle contraction, particularly the constriction of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) that results from a buildup of calcium ions within ...
- vasoconstrictor
- (from the article "Some chemicals that exert radioprotective effects in laboratory animals") ...affect blood vessels by altering the state of contraction of the smooth muscle in the vessel wall, altering its diameter and thereby regulating the volume of blood flow. Such drugs ...
- vasodentine
- (from the article "dentine") A few animals, such as flounder and cod, have vasodentine, in which tubules are lacking, and the dentine is nourished directly by capillaries. Though more efficient nutritionally, this type of ...
- vasodilation
- (from the article "acetylcholine") ACh affects a number of body systems including the cardiovascular system by acting as a vasodilator, by decreasing cardiac rate, and by decreasing cardiac contraction; the gastrointestinal system by such ...
- vasodilator
- (from the article "drug") ...in the vessel wall, altering its diameter and thereby regulating the volume of blood flow. Such drugs are classified as vasoconstrictors when they cause the smooth muscle lining to contract ...
- vasomotor system
- (from the article "Bernard, Claude") ...but also does the opposite, building up complex molecules from simpler ones. Simultaneously, he was nearing his third great achievement-explanation of the regulation of the blood supply by the vasomotor ...
- vasopressin
- (from the article "Tissue Affected by Phosphoinositide Second") Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin evolved from a single primordial neurohypophyseal hormone called vasotocin, which is present in lower vertebrates. Within the secretory granules of nerve cells, each hormone is ...
- vasospasm
- (from the article "cramp") ...most common in the limbs but also affecting certain internal organs. Examples of cramping include menstrual cramps and spasms of the circular muscles of the bowel (irritable colon), blood vessels ...
- vasotocin
- (from the article "endocrine system") ...(except in Agnatha fishes, which produce only one). The oxytocin-like peptide is usually isotocin (most fishes) or mesotocin (amphibians, reptiles, and birds). The second peptide is arginine vasotocin, which is ...
- Vaspurakan
- (from the article "Anatolia") ...irregular groups of Turkmen warriors (also called Oguz, Ghuzz, or Oghuz), originally from Central Asia, began to move into Azerbaijan and to encroach upon the Armenian principalities of Vaspurakan, Taik, ...
- Vasquez, Francisco Manuel
- (from the article "Churrigueresque") In the sacristy of the Cartuja of Granada (1727-64), Luis de Arevalo and Francisco Manuel Vasquez created an interior that, if not as delicate or as ingenious as that designed ...
- Vasquez, Horacio
- (from the article "Dominican Republic") In 1924 Horacio Vasquez won a U.S.-supervised presidential election, but he proved to be an incompetent and corrupt leader, and pressure built up for his ouster. A revolution was launched ...
- Vasquez, Miguel
- (from the article "circus") ...skill at the flying trapeze. Trapeze artist Tito Gaona first performed in 1964 at age 15 and-even blindfolded-flawlessly performed the triple somersault from bar to catcher. In 1982 Miguel Vasquez ...
- vassa
- the Buddhist monastic retreat observed primarily in Buddhist communities in Southeast Asia during the three-month monsoon period each year. [2 Related Articles]
- Vassaf
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...art in Iran and the adjacent Muslim countries, the facts were unfortunately all too often concealed in a bombastic style and a labyrinth of cumbersome, long-winded sentences. A history written ...
- vassal
- in feudal society, one invested with a fief in return for services to an overlord. Some vassals did not have fiefs and lived at their lord's court as his household ... [9 Related Articles]
- Vassall, Henry
- English rugby player who is credited with introducing the three-threequarter formation into the Rugby Union instead of the traditional two-threequarter system. He scored three tries (touchdowns) for England in the ...
- Vassall, John
- British junior civil servant who succumbed to blackmail in regard to his homosexuality (which was then illegal) and spied for the KGB during his posting at the British embassy in ...
- Vassalli, Sebastiano
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...di un venditore provvisorio di collant (1985; Standard Life of a Temporary Pantyhose Salesman). Two of the most disinterested and earnestly reflective of the younger writers were Sebastiano Vassalli and ...
- Vassar College
- private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Poughkeepsie, New York, U.S., one of the Seven Sisters schools. It is a liberal arts college offering undergraduate studies in the arts, languages ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vassenius, Birger
- (from the article "solar prominence") Probably the first astronomer to describe prominences (1733) was Birger Vassenius of Goteborg, Sweden. In 1868 P.J.C. Janssen and J.N. Lockyer independently announced a method of observing prominences by spectroscope ...
- Vassy, Massacre of
- (from the article "France") ...from devout Catholics, who found leadership in the noble house of Guise, the champions of Roman Catholicism in France. The first civil war began with the massacre of a Huguenot ...
- Vasteras
- city and capital of Vastmanland lan (county), east-central Sweden. It lies at the confluence of the Svartan River and Lake Malar, west of Stockholm. [1 Related Articles]
- Vasterbotten
- lan (county), northern Sweden, extending from the Gulf of Bothnia west to the Norwegian border. Its area comprises the traditional landskap (province) of Vasterbotten and parts of Angermanland and Lappland. ...
- Vastergotland
- landskap (province), southwestern Sweden. It is composed largely of the administrative lan (county) of Vastra Gotaland and of portions of Halland and Orebro counties. Lying between Lakes Vattern and Vanern, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vasternorrland
- lan (county) of northeast Sweden, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Its area takes in most of the two traditional landskap (provinces) of Medelpad and Angermanland. Rising from the low coastal ...
- Vastitas Borealis
- nearly level lowland plain that surrounds the north pole of the planet Mars and extends southward to about latitude 50°. The plain lies 4-5 km (2.5-3 miles) below the planet's ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vastmanland
- lan (county) of central Sweden, extending north of Lake Malar. Its area includes the southwestern part of the traditional landskap (province) of Uppland and the eastern part of Vastmanland. A ...
- Vasto
- town, Abruzzi regione, south-central Italy. It is a beach resort on the Adriatic Sea, with brickmaking, candlemaking, and agricultural-processing industries. The town, the ancient name of which was Histonium, has ...
- Vastra Gotaland
- lan (county), southwestern Sweden. It was created in 1998 by the amalgamation of the counties of Alvsborg, Goteborg och Bohus, and Skaraborg. The capital is Goteborg, Sweden's major port and ...
- Vasubandhu
- Indian Buddhist philosopher and logician, younger brother of the philosopher Asanga. His conversion from the Sarvastivada to the Mahayana Buddhist tradition is attributed to Asanga. Vasubandhu refined classical Indian syllogistic ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vasudeva
- (from the article "India") ...from western Asia and the Mediterranean region, which included the Romans, Persians, and Arabs.) The Shunga dynasty lasted for about one century and was then overthrown by the Brahman minister ...
- Vasudeva
- in Hindu mythology, the patronymic of Krishna (Krsna), who, according to one tradition, was a son of Vasudeva. The worshipers of Vasudeva, or Krishna, formed one of the earliest theistic ... [5 Related Articles]
- Vasudeva Sarvabhauma
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...of Things") laid the foundations of the school of Navya-Nyaya ("New-Nyaya"). Four great members of this school were Paksadhara Misra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Siromani ...
- Vasugupta
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") The source literature of this school consists in the Siva-sutra, Vasugupta's Spanda-karika ("Verses on Creation"; 8th-9th centuries), Utpala's Pratyabhijna-sutra ("Aphorisms on Recognition"; c. 900), Abhinavagupta's Paramarthasara ("The Essence of the ...
- Vasumitra
- (from the article "mathematics, South Asian") ...such as in commerce and administration, must also have flourished at this time, although only occasional brief allusions survive. For instance, a Buddhist text (c. 1st century BCE) by Vasumitra ...
- Vasvar, Treaty of
- (from the article "Austria") ...The Turks conquered the fortress of Neuhausel in Slovakia, but the imperial troops succeeded in throwing them back. The Austrian military success was not, however, reflected in the terms of ...
- Vasylkiv
- city, northern Ukraine, on the Stuhna River, a tributary of the Dnieper River. The city, which was founded in 988 and fortified in the 11th century, was destroyed in 1240 ...
- Vasyugan
- (from the article "Ob River") ...below the confluence of the Shegarka River from the left. Successive tributaries along the northwesterly course, after the Chulym, include the Chaya and the Parabel (both left), the Ket (right), ...
- Vasyuganye Swamp
- (from the article "Russia") ...slowly across immense floodplains. Owing to their northward flow, the upper reaches thaw before the lower parts, and floods occur over vast areas, which lead to the development of huge ...
- vat dye
- any of a large class of water-insoluble dyes, such as indigo and the anthraquinone derivatives, that are used particularly on cellulosic fibres. The dye is applied in a soluble, reduced ... [1 Related Articles]
- vat leaching
- (from the article "gold processing") With ores of higher gold content (i.e., greater than 20 grams of gold per ton of ore), cyanidation is accomplished by vat leaching, which involves holding a slurry of ore ...
- vat sizing
- (from the article "papermaking") ...1800, paper sheets were sized by impregnation with animal glue or vegetable gums, an expensive and tedious process. In 1800 Moritz Friedrich Illig in Germany discovered that paper could be ...
- Vater's ampulla
- (from the article "digestive system, human") ...duct progresses downward through the head of the pancreas. There it is usually joined by the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) at a slightly dilated area called the hepatopancreatic ...
- Vatican Apostolic Library
- official library of the Vatican, especially notable as one of the world's richest manuscript depositories. The library is the direct heir of the first library of the Roman pontiffs. Very ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vatican City
- ecclesiastical state, seat of the Roman Catholic church, and an enclave in Rome, situated on the west bank of the Tiber River. Vatican City is the world's smallest fully independent ... [39 Related Articles]
- Vatican City, flag of
- vertically divided yellow-white national flag with an emblem on the white stripe featuring two crossed keys and a papal tiara. The flag is square in its proportions.
- Vatican Council, First
- 20th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church (1869-70), convoked by Pope Pius IX to deal with contemporary problems. The pope was referring to the rising influence of rationalism, liberalism, ... [10 Related Articles]
- Vatican Council, Second
- 21st ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church (1962-65), announced by Pope John XXIII on Jan. 25, 1959, as a means of spiritual renewal for the church and as an ... [41 Related Articles]
- Vatican Museums and Galleries
- art collections of the popes since the beginning of the 15th century, housed in the papal palaces and other buildings in the Vatican. The Pio-Clementino Museum (Museo Pio-Clementino or Musei ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vatican palace
- papal residence in the Vatican north of St. Peter's Basilica. From the 4th century until the Avignonese period (1309-77) the customary residence of the popes was at the Lateran. Pope ... [7 Related Articles]
- Vatnajokull
- extensive ice field, southeastern Iceland, covering an area of 3,200 sq mi (8,400 sq km) with an average ice thickness of more than 3,000 ft (900 m). Generally about 5,000 ... [4 Related Articles]
- Vatsa
- (from the article "India") ...at Mathura, and the tribe claimed descent from the Yadu clan. A reference to the Sourasenoi in later Greek writings is often identified with the Shurasena and the city of ...
- Vatsagulma dynasty
- (from the article "India") ...founder of the dynasty, Vindhyashakti, extended his power northward as far as Vidisha (near Ujjain). At the end of the 4th century, a collateral line of the Vakatakas was established ...
- Vatsaraja
- (from the article "India") Vatsaraja, a Pratihara ruler who came to the throne about 778, controlled eastern Rajasthan and Malava. His ambition to take Kannauj brought him into conflict with the Pala king, Dharmapala ...
- Vatsyayana
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...began with the Kusanas (1st-2nd centuries). Gautama (author of the Nyaya-sutras; probably flourished at the beginning of the Christian Era) and his 5th-century commentator Vatsyayana established the foundations of the ...
- Vattagamani Abhaya
- (from the article "Abhayagiri") important ancient Theravada Buddhist monastic centre (vihara) built by King Vattagamani Abhaya (29-17 BC) on the northern side of Anuradhapura, the capital of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) at that time. Its ...
- Vattel, Emmerich de
- Swiss jurist who, in Le Droit des gens (1758; "The Law of Nations"), applied a theory of natural law to international relations. His treatise was especially influential in the United ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vatter, Lake
- lake in south-central Sweden, southeast of Lake Vaner between the administrative lan (counties) of Vastra Gotaland and Ostergotland and north of the traditional landskap (province) of Smaland. With a length ... [3 Related Articles]
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