| | - Vreeland, Diana Dalziel
- American editor and fashion expert whose dramatic personality and distinctive tastes marked her successful leadership of major American fashion magazines during the mid-20th century.
- Vridi Canal
- (from the article "Abidjan") The Vridi Canal opened the lagoon to the sea in 1950, and the city soon became the major shipping and financial centre of French-speaking West Africa. The first of two ...
- Vridlo
- (from the article "Karlovy Vary") ...The surrounding highland areas were once subject to volcanic activity, which accounts for the thermal springs in the vicinity. Of more than a dozen active warm springs, the best-known and ...
- Vries, Adriaen de
- the most important Dutch Mannerist sculptor. [1 Related Articles]
- Vries, Hugo de
- Dutch botanist and geneticist who introduced the experimental study of organic evolution. His rediscovery in 1900 (simultaneously with the botanists Carl Correns and Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg) of Gregor Mendel's ... [5 Related Articles]
- Vriesea
- genus of epiphytes (plants that are supported by another plant and have aerial roots exposed to the humid atmosphere) of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae), containing nearly 200 South American species. ...
- Vriezen, Theodorus C.
- (from the article "monotheism") ...Israel; as in what became the Judaic affirmation of faith, "Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God, one Lord" (from New English Bible) (Deut. 6:4). The eminent Dutch Old ...
- Vrije Volk, Het
- (Dutch: "The Free People"), Socialist evening daily newspaper published in 30 regional editions in Rotterdam and outlying locations, one of the largest and most influential dailies in The Netherlands. It ...
- Vrindavan Gardens
- (from the article "Mysore") ...the Nilgiri Hills to the south. Krishnaraja Lake, a large reservoir with a dam, lies 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Mysore at the Cauvery River. Spreading below the dam ...
- Vrindavana
- (from the article "Janmastami") The occasion is observed with particular splendour in Mathura and Vrindavana (Brindaban), the scenes of Krishna's childhood and early youth. The preceding day devotees keep a vigil and fast until ...
- Vritra
- (from the article "Indra") ...of the thunderbolt, and he is the great warrior who conquers the antigods (asuras). He also defeats innumerable human and superhuman enemies, most famously Vritra, a dragon ...
- Vrjji
- confederacy of the Licchavis and neighbouring peoples in Bihar, India, that existed from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD. Its capital was at Vaisali (in modern Besarh). ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vrkljan, Irena
- (from the article "Croatian literature") ...took more cosmopolitan themes for his work, as did the poet Ivan Slamnig of the same generation. In the latter part of the 20th century, Croatian literature included experimental autobiographies ...
- VRML
- (from the article "computer graphics") ...of graphics routines that may be implemented in computer programming languages such as C or Java. PHIGS (programmer's hierarchical interactive graphics system) is another set of graphics routines. VRML (virtual ...
- Vrndavana
- (from the article "Caitanya sect") ...of Caitanya's disciples who came to be known as the six gosvamins (religious teachers; literally, "lords of cows"). At Caitanya's request, this group of scholars remained in Vrndavana, near Mathura, ...
- Vrthraghna
- (from the article "Iranian religion") The mighty deity of war Vrthraghna had martial traits in common with Mithra and with the Vedic war god Indra. In post-Achaemenian times he was syncretistically equated with Hercules and ...
- vrttis
- (from the article "dharmashastra") ...three categories: (1) sutras (terse maxims); (2) smritis (shorter or longer treatises in stanzas); and (3) nibandhas (digests of smriti verses from various quarters) and vrttis (commentaries upon individual continuous ...
- Vsevolod III
- (from the article "Suzdal") ...(1169) and transferred the title of "grand prince" from that ancient capital first to Suzdal, then to Vladimir, his new capital on the Klyazma River. He and his brother and ...
- Vsevolodovich, Yury
- (from the article "Nizhny Novgorod") Although some authorities give an earlier date, the city was founded, according to a major chronicle, in 1221 by Yury Vsevolodovich, prince of Vladimir, as Russian colonization was advancing to ...
- VTOL airplane
- any of several unconventional aircraft with rotating wing systems, such as the helicopter and autogiro. They may also have rotatable jet systems capable of vertical lift-off and landing in areas ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vu Ngoc Nha
- Vietnamese spy (b. 1924, Thai Binh, French Indochina-d. Aug. 7, 2002, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), served as a trusted adviser to two presidents of South Vietnam while simultaneously leaking ...
- Vucetich, Juan
- (from the article "fingerprint") ...records. The system was adopted immediately by law-enforcement agencies in the English-speaking countries of the world and is now the most widely used method of fingerprint classification. Juan Vucetich, an ...
- vudupi
- (from the article "Madi") The country is divided into areas under the ritual care of vudupi ("owners of the land"-i.e., descendants of the indigenous or pre-clan population of the area). Vudupi have a ritual ...
- vuelta
- (from the article "ombre") ...exchange for undertaking to win more tricks than either opponent individually. The lowest bid, entrada, offers to do this after making any number of discards and drawing replacements from the ...
- Vuelta a Espana
- (from the article "Cycling") In September, Spaniard Roberto Heras won the Tour of Spain (Vuelta a Espana) for a record fourth time. Cycling's other major national tour, the Tour of Italy (Giro d'Italia) in ...
- Vuia, Trajan
- (from the article "monoplane") ...been nearly universally adopted over multiplane configurations because airflow interference between adjacent wings reduces efficiency. The first monoplane was constructed by the Romanian inventor Trajan Vuia, who made a flight ...
- Vuillard, Edouard
- French painter, printmaker, and decorator who was a member of the Nabis group of painters in the 1890s. He is particularly known for his depictions of intimate interior scenes. [5 Related Articles]
- Vuillier, Gaston
- (from the article "dance") ...the kind of dignified and courtly movement that characterized the ballet of his time, with its highly formalized aesthetics and lack of forceful emotion. The 19th-century French dance historian Gaston ...
- Vujanovic, Filip
- (from the article "Montenegro") Area: 13,812 sq km (5,333 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 624,000 | Capital: Cetinje; administrative centre, Podgorica | Chief of state: President Filip Vujanovic | Head of government: Prime ...
- Vukasin
- (from the article "Serbia") ...almost immediately the state began to disintegrate under rival clan leaders. The fall of Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey) to Turkish troops shocked the several factions into briefly uniting under Vukasin, ...
- Vukcic, Stefan
- (from the article "Bosnia and Herzegovina") ...King Ostoja, struggled for possession of the crown against Tvrtko's illegitimate son, Tvrtko II, who was supported first by the Turks and then by the Hungarians after Ostoja's death. The ...
- Vulca of Veii
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...in inscriptions leave no doubt on this point. According to tradition, the earliest image of a god made in Rome dated from the 6th century BC period of Etruscan domination ...
- Vulcan
- in Roman religion, god of fire, particularly in its destructive aspects as volcanoes or conflagrations. Poetically, he is given all the attributes of the Greek Hephaestus. His worship was very ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vulcan automatic cannon
- 20-millimetre (0.8-inch) weapon capable of firing at a rate of up to 7,200 rounds per minute. Such extremely rapid fire is thought necessary in combat between supersonic aircraft, for a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vulcanian eruption
- (from the article "volcano") The Vulcanian type, named for Vulcano Island near Stromboli, generally involves moderate explosions of gas laden with volcanic ash. This mixture forms dark, turbulent eruption clouds that rapidly ascend and ...
- vulcanization
- chemical process by which the physical properties of natural or synthetic rubber are improved; finished rubber has higher tensile strength and resistance to swelling and abrasion, and is elastic over ... [9 Related Articles]
- Vulcano Island
- southernmost of the Eolie Islands, in the Tyrrhenian Sea (of the Mediterranean), off northeastern Sicily. It is administered as part of northern Sicily, southern Italy. Vulcano has an area of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vulci
- important town of the ancient Etruscans, the ruins of which are about 10 miles (16 km) from the sea between the villages of Canino and Montalto di Castro, in Viterbo ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vulgar Latin
- spoken form of non-Classical Latin from which originated the Romance group of languages. Vulgar Latin was primarily the speech of the middle classes in Rome and the Roman provinces; it ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vulgate
- (from the Latin editio vulgata: "common version"), Latin Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church, primarily translated by St. Jerome. In 382 Pope Damasus commissioned Jerome, the leading biblical scholar ... [13 Related Articles]
- Vulgate cycle
- (from the article "Arthurian legend") ...romances of the 13th century explored these major themes further. An early prose romance centring on Lancelot seems to have become the kernel of a cyclic work known as the ...
- vulnerability test
- (from the article "security and protection system") Because control systems are not self-administering, they must be periodically tested and policed. A typical procedure is the vulnerability test, or "created-error" check, in which an error or breach, such ...
- Vulpius, J. A.
- (from the article "Swiss literature") ...ecclesiastical, and began in the Middle Ages. The Reformation gave it new life. In 1560 a fine translation of the New Testament was published; in 1679 the entire Bible was ...
- Vulso, Gnaeus Manlius
- (from the article "ancient Rome") ...and rewarded its supporters, notably Pergamum and Rhodes, which were granted new territories, including Greek cities, at the expense of "the liberation of the Greeks." The consul of 189, Gnaeus ...
- vulture
- any of 22 species of large, carrion-eating birds that live predominantly in the tropics and subtropics. The seven species of New World vultures include condors, and the 15 Old World ... [6 Related Articles]
- vulturine guinea fowl
- (from the article "guinea fowl") ...of which, Numida meleagris, is widely domesticated for its flesh and as a "watchdog" on farms (it gabbles loudly at the least alarm). The largest and most-colourful species is the ...
- vulva
- the external female genitalia that surround the opening to the vagina; collectively these consist of the labia majora, the labia minora, clitoris, vestibule of the vagina, bulb of the vestibule, ... [3 Related Articles]
- vulval cleft
- (from the article "reproductive system, human") The labia majora are two marked folds of skin that extend from the mons pubis downward and backward to merge with the skin of the perineum. They form the lateral ...
- vulvitis
- inflammation and infection of the vulva-the external genitalia of the female. The external organs of the vulva include the labia majora and minora (folds of skin), the clitoris, and the ...
- Vung Tau
- port, southern Vietnam. It is situated near the tip of an 11-mile- (18-kilometre-) long projection into the South China Sea, which trends southwest and partially encloses Ganh Rai Bay. The ...
- Vunisea
- (from the article "Kadavu Island") ...(Mount Washington). Timber from the forested central and eastern areas is milled at Naikorokoro, and cultivated crops include bananas and copra. The main town and capital on Kadavu is Vunisea, ...
- VV Cephei
- (from the article "star") Eclipsing binaries include combinations of a variety of stars ranging from white dwarfs to huge supergiants (e.g., VV Cephei), which would engulf Jupiter and all the inner planets of the ...
- Vvedensky, Aleksandr
- (from the article "Renovated Church") Seizing the opportunity for a revolution in the church, a group of priests, notably Aleksandr Vvedensky and Vladimir Krasnitsky, organized a Temporary Higher Church Administration, which rapidly evolved into a ...
- VX
- (from the article "chemical weapon") VX, the most famous of the so-called V-series of persistent nerve agents (and also the deadliest known nerve agent; V is for venom), was developed by chemists at a British ...
- Vyadhapura
- (Sanskrit: "City of the Hunters"), capital city of the ancient Hindu kingdom of Funan, which flourished from the 1st to the 6th century AD in an area that comprises modern ...
- vyakarana
- (from the article "Hinduism") ...four of which are extant-(2) chandas (metre), of which there remains only one late representative; (3) vyakarana (analysis and derivation), in which the language ...
- vyala
- popular motif in Indian art, consisting of a composite leonine creature with the head of a tiger, elephant, bird, or other animal, frequently shown in combat with humans or pouncing ...
- Vyalbe, Yelena
- As 1997 came to a close and the 1998 Winter Olympics drew near, Russian cross-country skier Yelena Vyalbe had one colour in mind: gold. She had excelled in her sport ...
- Vyasa
- legendary Indian sage who is traditionally credited with composing or compiling the Mahabharata, a collection of legendary and didactic poetry worked around a central heroic narrative. [2 Related Articles]
- Vyatka River
- (from the article "Kirov") oblast (province), western Russia. The oblast covers an area of 46,650 square miles (120,800 square km) and occupies almost the entire basin of the Vyatka River. It is a rolling ...
- Vyazemsky, Aleksandr Alekseyevich, Prince
- (from the article "Russia") ...all branches of administration, regulating the orderly flow of business. The Senate was also involved-albeit indirectly-in coordination, mainly because its procurator general, Prince Aleksandr A. Vyazemsky, held the office for ...
- Vyazma
- (from the article "Russia") ...regions. In the early 1490s some minor East Slavic princes defected from Lithuania to Moscow. The first phase of the conflict, confined to border skirmishes, ended in 1494 with a ...
- Vyborg
- city, Leningrad oblast (province), northwestern Russia. The city stands at the head of Vyborg Bay of the Gulf of Finland, 70 miles (113 km) northwest of St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad). ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vyborg Side
- (from the article "Saint Petersburg") The northeastern part of the central city had by the late 19th century developed into an industrial appendage, but by the end of the 20th century most of its industry ...
- Vychegda River
- tributary of the Northern Dvina River, Komi republic and Arkhangelsk oblast (province), northwestern Russia. The river's length is 702 miles (1,130 km), and the area of its basin is 47,400 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vychodni Slovensko
- kraj (region), eastern Slovakia. It is bordered by Stredni Slovensko kraj to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, and Hungary to the south. The Vysoke Tatry ...
- Vychodocesky
- kraj (region), north-central Czech Republic. It is bordered by Stredocesky and Severocesky kraje to the west, Poland to the north, Severomoravsky kraj to the east, and Jihomoravsky and Jihocesky kraje ...
- Vycor
- (from the article "industrial glass") The spinodal mechanism described in Glass formation: Phase separation is at the heart of the trademarked Vycor process for obtaining a glass of 96 percent silica and 4 percent sodium ...
- Vyg, Lake
- (from the article "Russia") ...the ill-drained low-lying parts of the Russian and West Siberian plains, especially in their more northerly parts. Some of these reach considerable size, notably Beloye (White) Lake and Lakes Top, ...
- Vygotsky, L. S.
- (from the article "intelligence, human") ...of the individual's environment, particularly his social environment. This view is related to the cognitive-contextual theories discussed above. Championed originally by the Russian psychologist L.S. Vygotsky, this viewpoint suggests that ...
- Vygozero, Lake
- (from the article "White Sea-Baltic Canal") ...(227 km) long, 23 miles (37 km) of which is manmade. It was constructed between 1930 and 1933, largely by penal labour. From Povenets, at the northern end of Lake ...
- Vyhovsky, Ivan
- (from the article "Ukraine") Khmelnytsky's successor, Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, broke with Moscow and in 1658 concluded the new Treaty of Hadyach with Poland. By its terms, central Ukraine (attempts to include Volhynia and Galicia ...
- vying game
- (from the article "card game") ...being to set the shuffled deck in order (canfield, klondike). Competitive patiences for more than one player (racing demon, pounce, spite and malice) become, in effect, shedding or melding games.Vying ...
- Vynnychenko, Volodymyr
- (from the article "Ukraine") In Kiev the Directory that had taken power in December 1918-initially headed by Volodymyr Vynnychenko and from February 1919 by Symon Petlyura, who was also the commander in chief-officially restored ...
- Vyroubova, Nina
- Russian-born French ballerina was regarded as among the best dancers of her generation in Europe, excelling in both classical and contemporary ballets. Vyroubova's family immigrated to France when she was ...
- Vyshinsky, Andrey
- Soviet statesman, diplomat, and lawyer who was the chief prosecutor during the Great Purge trials in Moscow in the 1930s. [1 Related Articles]
- Vyshnevolotsky Canal
- (from the article "Saint Petersburg") ...through Arkhangelsk on the White Sea, previously Russia's major port. In consequence, as early as 1726 St. Petersburg was handling 90 percent of Russia's foreign trade. In 1703 work began ...
- Vysokaya Hill
- (from the article "Moldova") ...Moldova is characterized by the level plain of the Balti steppe (500 to 650 feet [150 to 200 metres] in elevation) and also by uplands averaging twice this elevation, culminating ...
- Vysotsky, Vladimir
- Russian actor, poet, songwriter, and performer who was considered "the voice of the heart of a nation." His wide-ranging and forthright poems were considered subversive by the Soviet authorities and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vyssi Brod, altar of
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...painter called Tommaso da Modena. The chapel itself was decorated chiefly by a local painter called Theodoric of Prague, whose work is Italianate. A group of his panel paintings, especially ...
- Vytautas the Great
- Lithuanian national leader who consolidated his country's possessions, helped to build up a national consciousness, and broke the power of the Teutonic Knights. He exercised great power over Poland. [8 Related Articles]
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