| | - Vordingborg
- city, southern Zealand (Sjaelland), Denmark, on Masned Sound. Founded in the 12th century around its castle, which was built by Valdemar I as a defense against the Wends, the town ...
- Voreifel
- (from the article "Eifel") ...and Belgian frontiers. Continuous with the Ardennes and the Hohes Venn (French: Haute Fagnes) of Belgium, the German plateau falls into three sections: Schneifel or Schnee-Eifel, Hocheifel, and Voreifel. In ...
- Vorings Falls
- waterfall, southwestern Norway. The waterfall, with a drop of 476 feet (145 metres), is located on Hardanger Fjord, 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Eidfjord. It is a popular tourist ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vorkuta
- city, Komi republic, northwestern Russia, on the Vorkuta River. Coal mining began in the area in 1932, but the industry and city did not grow significantly until World War II. ...
- Vormen group
- (from the article "Belgian literature") ..."Cheese"), caustic irony and an astringent style mask the author's underlying compassion. The new tone was set by the "personalistic" poets of the Vormen (1936-40; "Forms") group, ...
- Vorobyev, Arkady
- Soviet weight lifter who won two Olympic gold medals and was the first Soviet light-heavyweight lifter to win the world championship. [1 Related Articles]
- Voronezh
- oblast (province), western Russia. The oblast has an area of 20,250 square miles (52,400 square km) and lies in the basin of the middle Don River, which bisects it north-south. ...
- Voronezh
- city and administrative centre of Voronezh oblast (province), western Russia. It lies along the right bank of the Voronezh River above its confluence with the Don. The city was founded ... [1 Related Articles]
- Voronikhin, Andrey
- (from the article "Saint Petersburg") ...Church (1833-38), St. Catherine's Roman Catholic Church (1763-83), and the Kazan Cathedral (1801-11). The last edifice, undoubtedly the street's finest feature, was designed by Andrey Voronikhin in Russian Neoclassical style ...
- Voronin Trough
- (from the article "Kara Sea") ...is over 1,600 feet (500 m) deep. The shelf is cut in the north by two wide, deep-sea troughs-the Svyatoy Anny east of Franz Josef Land, with a depth of ...
- Voronin, Vladimir
- (from the article "Moldova") ...sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 3,794,000 (excluding nearly 300,000 Moldovans working abroad but including the 550,000 persons in Transdniestria) | Capital: Chisinau | Chief of state: President Vladimir Voronin ...
- Voronka Inlet
- (from the article "White Sea") ...is an elevation known as the Solovets Islands. Many small underwater elevations are found in the Onega Inlet. Sandy underwater ridges, created by inflowing currents, prevail in the Gorlo Strait, ...
- Voronov, Nikolay Nikolayevich
- (from the article "World War II") A huge Soviet counteroffensive, planned by generals G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, and Nikolay Nikolayevich Voronov, was launched on Nov. 19-20, 1942, in two spearheads, north and south of the German ...
- Vorontsov Palace
- (from the article "Saint Petersburg") ...working in the Russian Baroque style, which combined clear-cut, even austere lines with richness of decoration and use of colour. To this period belong the Winter Palace, the Smolny Convent, ...
- Vorontsov, Aleksandr Romanovich
- (from the article "Vorontsov, Mikhail Illarionovich") ...Yelizaveta, who became the mistress of Peter III; and Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Dashkova (q.v.; 1743/44-1810), who was a close associate of Catherine II. In addition, Roman's son Aleksandr (1741-1805) became ...
- Vorontsov, Mikhail Illarionovich
- Russian statesman who played a major role, particularly in foreign affairs, during the reign (1741-62) of Empress Elizabeth.
- Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince
- Russian military and government official who was an outstanding imperial administrator.
- Vorontsov, Semyon Romanovich
- (from the article "Vorontsov, Mikhail Illarionovich") ...and statesman, serving as Russia's minister to Great Britain and to the Dutch Netherlands, as president of the department of trade (1773-92), and as chancellor (1802-04). His brother Semyon (1744-1832) ...
- Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich
- military and political leader of the Soviet Union who served as head of state after the death of his close friend and collaborator Joseph Stalin.
- Vorosmarty, Mihaly
- poet and dramatist who helped make the literature of Hungary truly Hungarian during the era (1825-49) of social reforms. By ridding Hungarian literature of overwhelming classical and German influence, he ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vorotan
- (from the article "Armenia") The Aras' main left-bank tributaries, the Akhuryan (130 miles), the Hrazdan (90 miles), the Arpa (80 miles), and the Vorotan (Bargyushad; 111 miles), serve to irrigate most of Armenia. The ...
- Vorschule
- (German: "preparatory school"), a type of private elementary school that developed in Prussia and other north German states in the mid-19th century to prepare upper-class children for secondary schools. Theoretically, ...
- Vorskla River, Battle of the
- (Aug. 12, 1399), major victory of the Golden Horde (the westernmost division of the Mongol empire, which had suzerainty over the Russian lands) over the Lithuanian ruler Vytautas, which ended ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vorsprecher
- (from the article "legal profession") ...religion, having special powers in matters of family law. Among the German tribes, noble experts were allowed to assist in litigation, not in a partisan fashion but as interpreters (Vorsprecher) ...
- Vorster, John
- right-wing Nationalist politician, prime minister of the Republic of South Africa (1966-78), who was elected president in 1978 but was forced to resign the following year because of a political ... [2 Related Articles]
- vorsud
- among the Finno-Ugric Udmurt (Votyak) people, a family spirit, literally "luck protector"; the term also designates a birchbark container kept in the family shrine, or kuala, as a receptacle for ... [1 Related Articles]
- vortex
- (from the article "whirlpool") rotary oceanic current, a large-scale eddy that is produced by the interaction of rising and falling tides. Similar currents that exhibit a central downdraft are termed vortexes and occur where ...
- vortex line
- (from the article "fluid mechanics") ...and typhoons, where the role of the spindle is played by a "core" in which the fluid rotates like a solid body; the axis around which the fluid circulates is ...
- Vorticella
- genus of the ciliate protozoan order Peritrichida, a bell-shaped or cylindrical organism with a conspicuous ring of cilia (hairlike processes) on the oral end and a contractile unbranched stalk on ...
- Vorticism
- (from the article "Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri") French artist who was one of the earliest abstract sculptors and an exponent of the Vorticist movement; he was instrumental in introducing modern art to England during the early years ...
- Vortigern
- also spelled Wyrtgeorn king of the Britons at the time of the arrival of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa in the 5th century. Though the subject of many legends, ... [1 Related Articles]
- vortograph
- the first completely abstract kind of photograph, it is composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors. Alvin Langdon Coburn, a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vortsjarv
- lake (jarv) in south-central Estonia, with an area of about 110 square miles (280 square km). Vortsjarv forms part of the 124-mile (200-km) course of the Ema River (German: Embach), ...
- Vos, Marianne
- (from the article "Cycling") Dutch rider Marianne Vos achieved an unusual world championship double, winning the women's cyclo-cross title in Zeddam, Neth., in January and then the individual road race in Salzburg, Austria, in ...
- Vosges
- (from the article "Lorraine") region of France encompassing the northeastern departements of Vosges, Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Moselle. Lorraine is bounded by the regions of Alsace ...
- Vosges
- massif extending west of the Rhine River Valley in the Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin, and Vosges departements of eastern France. Of ancient rocks, the dome-shaped mountains rise to their greatest heights north ... [4 Related Articles]
- Vosges, Place des
- (from the article "Paris") ...brick with white-stone quoins (solid-corner angles) and window surrounds, and the ground floors form arcades over the sidewalks. The square was named Place Royale, but since 1800 it has been ...
- Voskhod
- any of a second series of manned Soviet spacecraft. Following the triumph of the Vostok (q.v.) launchings that had put the first human in space, the Soviets developed the first ... [6 Related Articles]
- Voskresensk
- city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia, on the Moskva River southeast of the city of Moscow. It is a significant industrial centre, with a large complex producing concentrated fertilizers; it ...
- Vosnessenovka
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...(Middle Stone Age). Artistic development during this period is attested by a pottery fragment of a most expressive woman's face dating from the 3rd millennium BC and recovered from the ...
- Voss, Abraham
- (from the article "Voss, Johann Heinrich") ...as Virgil (1789 ff.), Ovid (1798), and Horace (1806)-seem strained. He also translated The Thousand and One Nights (1781-85) and, with his sons Heinrich and Abraham, Shakespeare's plays (1818-29).
- Voss, Heinrich
- (from the article "Voss, Johann Heinrich") ...Classical authors-such as Virgil (1789 ff.), Ovid (1798), and Horace (1806)-seem strained. He also translated The Thousand and One Nights (1781-85) and, with his sons Heinrich and Abraham, Shakespeare's plays ...
- Voss, Johann Heinrich
- German poet remembered chiefly for his translations of Homer. [1 Related Articles]
- Vossius, Gerardus Johannes
- Dutch Humanist theologian, one of the foremost scholars of the Dutch Republic's "Golden Age."
- Vostochno-Kazakhstan
- oblast (province), extreme eastern Kazakhstan, in the Altai Mountains on the frontier with China, with an area of 37,550 sq mi (97,300 sq km). Its capital is Ust-Kamenogorsk.
- Vostok
- any of a series of manned Soviet spacecraft, the initial flight of which carried the first human being into space. Launched on April 12, 1961, Vostok 1, carrying cosmonaut Yury ... [9 Related Articles]
- Vostok Island
- coral atoll in the Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies 400 miles (640 km) northwest of Tahiti. A low formation rising to 16 feet (5 ...
- Vostok Station
- (from the article "Antarctica") ...and White Desert. By far the coldest continent, Antarctica has winter temperatures that range from −128.6° F (−89.2° C), the world's lowest recorded temperature, measured at Vostok Station (Russia) on ...
- Vostok, Lake
- (from the article "Antarctica") In another ice-core investigation in Antarctica, researchers found evidence of heat-loving bacteria living in subglacial Lake Vostok. The presence in the ice-covered lake of these thermophilic bacteria, which had no ...
- Votadini
- (from the article "Edinburgh") The Votadini, the dominant Celtic tribe of the Lothians, with whom Rome had a relatively stable relationship, were the group most likely to have occupied the Castle Rock site. The ...
- vote of confidence
- procedure used by members of a legislative body (generally the lower house in a bicameral system) to remove a government (the prime minister and his cabinet) from office. To be ... [2 Related Articles]
- Votic language
- member of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, very nearly extinct. The few remaining Votic speakers live in the border area between Estonia and Russia (a region in ... [2 Related Articles]
- voting
- (from the article "Australia") Australia has been a pioneer in election law. The secret ballot, generally called the Australian ballot, was first introduced in Victoria in 1855, and South Australia granted women the right ...
- voting machine
- (from the article "election") The introduction of voting machines and computer technology has not substantially changed the balloting process, though it generally has made it faster and more economical. Voting machines are not without ...
- Voting Rights Act
- U.S. legislation (Aug. 6, 1965) that aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the Fifteenth ... [5 Related Articles]
- Votive Church
- (from the article "Western architecture") The first significant church of the Gothic Revival was the Votive Church (1856-79) in Vienna by Heinrich von Ferstel. Indeed, Vienna was the centre of the most active and intriguing ...
- Votive Church
- (from the article "Szeged") ...discovered when an 18th-century church was demolished in 1924, and the Alsovarosi Templom in Alsovaros (Lower Town). The city has a notable cathedral, the twin-spired Votive Church (1912-29). Since 1931 ...
- votive offering
- (from the article "folk art") The idea of a picture to be hung on the wall is by no means universal in folk art. It occurs in Europe, notably as the ex-voto, or votive offering, ...
- Votkinsk
- city, Udmurtiya, western Russia. It lies along the Votka River just above the latter's confluence with the Kama. Votkinsk was founded in 1759 and became a city in 1935. It ...
- votum
- (from the article "prayer") Another form of prayer is the votum ("vow"), in which a person undertakes to offer to the divinity, in exchange for divine favour, a sacrifice, the building of a temple, ...
- Vouet, Simon
- painter who introduced an Italianate Baroque style of painting into France. [4 Related Articles]
- Vouille, Battle of
- (from the article "Visigoth") ...River and included the greater portion of Spain. Euric, a fervent Arian, was succeeded by his tolerant son Alaric II, who in 507 was defeated and killed by Clovis and ...
- Vouleftiko
- (from the article "Nauplia") With its Byzantine, Frankish, and Venetian castles and fortifications, Nauplia retains a strong medieval character. On one corner of Sindagma (Constitution) Square is the mosque of Vouleftiko, in which the ...
- Voulet, Paul
- (from the article "Burkina Faso") ...country in 1886; and the French army officer Louis-Gustave Binger visited the morho naba in 1888. France obtained a protectorate over Yatenga in 1895; and Paul Voulet ...
- Voulkos, Peter
- American ceramics artist (b. Jan. 29, 1924, Bozeman, Mont.-d. Feb. 16, 2002, Bowling Green, Ohio), helped the craft of pottery gain acceptance as an art form through his creation of ...
- voussoir
- (from the article "arch") ...blocks-i.e., ones in which the upper edge is wider than the lower edge-are set flank to flank in the manner shown in the figure, the result is an arch. These ...
- Vouyouklaki, Aliki
- Greek actress who had a more than 40-year career primarily in motion pictures but also onstage and was known as "the National Star" (b. July 20, 1933--d. July 23, 1996).
- Vovchok, Marko
- (from the article "Ukraine") Marko Vovchok, who wrote Narodni opovidannia (1857; "Tales of the People"), ushered in Ukrainian Realism. Many Realist works depicted village life and contemporary society; some touched on populist themes. Panas ...
- vow
- sacred voluntary promise to dedicate oneself or members of one's family or community to a special obligation that goes beyond usual social or religious requirements. [1 Related Articles]
- vowel
- in human speech, sound in which the flow of air from the lungs passes through the mouth, which functions as a resonance chamber, with minimal obstruction and without audible friction; ... [37 Related Articles]
- vowel harmony
- (from the article "Altaic languages") The Altaic languages exhibit two kinds of sound harmony affecting the vowels and velar stops. In palatal vowel harmony, all the vowels of a given word are back or they ...
- vox humana
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") ...produce an effect similar to that of stopped flue pipes, the note being an octave lower than the equivalent flared pipe and the tone favouring the odd partials. Some reed ...
- vox organalis
- (from the article "counterpoint") ...9th-century treatise Musica enchiriadis. Here a plainchant melody, or "principal voice" (vox principalis), is combined with another part, "organal voice" (vox organalis), singing the same melody in parallel motion a ...
- vox principalis
- (from the article "cantus firmus") ...musical composition (one consisting of several independent voices or parts). The 11th- and 12th-century organum added a simple second melody (duplum) to an existing plainchant melody (the vox principalis, or ...
- voyage charter
- (from the article "charter party") There are four principal methods of chartering a tramp ship-voyage charter, time charter, bareboat charter, and "lump-sum" contract. The voyage charter is the most common. Under this method a ship ...
- Voyager
- in space exploration, either of a pair of robotic U.S. interplanetary probes launched to observe and to transmit information to Earth about the giant planets of the outer solar system ... [21 Related Articles]
- Voyager
- in aeronautics, American experimental aircraft that in 1986 became the first airplane to fly around the world without stops or refueling. Piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, the craft ...
- voyageur
- (from the article "Voyageurs National Park") ...lies along the Canadian border, east of International Falls. Authorized in 1971 and established in 1975, it was named for the mostly French Canadian frontiersmen called voyageurs ...
- Voyageurs National Park
- region of lakes and wilderness in northern Minnesota, U.S. The park lies along the Canadian border, east of International Falls. Authorized in 1971 and established in 1975, it was named ...
- voyeurism
- human sexual behaviour involving achievement of sexual arousal through viewing the sexual activities of others or through watching others disrobe. To some extent voyeurism is widespread; various types of sexual ... [2 Related Articles]
- Voyez, Jean
- (from the article "Wood Family") ...of them were impressed with the mold number in the base. An extant invoice shows him supplying figures to Josiah Wedgwood in 1783. About this time or soon afterward, Wood ...
- Voynovich, Vladimir
- Soviet dissident writer known for his irreverent and perceptive satire. [1 Related Articles]
- Voysey, Charles Francis Annesley
- British architect and designer whose work was influential in Europe between 1890 and 1910 and was a source of Art Nouveau inspiration.
- Voytinsky, Grigory N.
- (from the article "China") Russia set up an international communist organization, the Comintern, in 1919 and sent Grigory N. Voytinsky to China the next year. Voytinsky met Li Dazhao in Beijing and Chen Duxiu ...
- Voznesensk
- (from the article "Ivanovo") city and administrative centre of Ivanovo oblast (province), western Russia, on both banks of the Uvod River. It was created from two villages, Ivanovo and Voznesensk, in 1871; until 1932 ...
- Voznesensky, Andrey Andreyevich
- Russian poet who was one of the most prominent of the generation of writers that emerged in the Soviet Union after the Stalinist era.
- Vozrozhdenya Island
- (from the article "Aral Sea") ...across its waters. Many of these islands have joined the mainland with the shrinking size of the sea. By 1999 the sea had receded to a level where only 6 ...
- VPL DataGlove
- (from the article "virtual reality") The VPL DataGlove was brought to market in 1987, and in October of that year it appeared on the cover of Scientific American (see photograph). VPL also ...
- Vrakhionas, Mount
- (from the article "Zacynthus") ...fertile plain bounded on the west by barren limestone hills, 700 to 1,600 feet (200 to 500 m) high, with many sinkholes and steep sea cliffs. The hills culminate in ...
- Vrancea
- judet (county), east-central Romania, occupying an area of 1,878 square miles (4,863 square km). The Eastern Carpathian and sub-Carpathian mountains rise above settlement areas in the county's valleys and lowlands. ...
- Vrancken, Franchois
- (from the article "Netherlands, The") ...derived from Aristotle and Roman law created an air of unreality about their work, perhaps even more than was true of political thinkers elsewhere in Europe. Theorists such as the ...
- Vranitzky, Franz
- (from the article "Austria") After the Waldheim debacle, Sinowatz resigned as chancellor, and the Socialist Party under Franz Vranitzky called for new elections, which resulted in a grand coalition of the Socialist and Austrian ...
- Vratislav II
- (from the article "Premysl, House of") During this period of disarray Bohemia became increasingly dependent on the Holy Roman Empire to the west. The Premyslid prince Vratislav II (1061-92) obtained from the Holy Roman emperor Henry ...
- Vratsa
- town, northwestern Bulgaria. It is situated in the northern foothills of the western Balkan Mountains at the point where the Leva River emerges from its picturesque Vratsata gorge. The town ...
- vratya
- wandering ascetic, member of either an ethnic group or a sect, located principally in the Magadha (South Bihar) region of ancient India. The vratyas lived outside the fold of the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vrba, Elizabeth
- (from the article "Quaternary") American paleontologist Elisabeth Vrba and other scientists have suggested that climate changes 2.5 million years ago accelerated the evolution of hominins (members of the human lineage), giving rise to our ...
- Vrba, Rudolph
- (from the article "Why wasn't Auschwitz bombed?") On April 10, 1944, two men escaped from Auschwitz: Rudolph Vrba and Alfred Wetzler. They made contact with Slovak resistance forces and produced a substantive report on the extermination camp ...
- Vrba-Wetzler report
- (from the article "Why wasn't Auschwitz bombed?") The Vrba-Wetzler report provided a clear picture of life and death at Auschwitz. As a result, Jewish leaders in Slovakia, some American Jewish organizations, and the War Refugee Board all ...
- Vrbas
- (from the article "Bosnia and Herzegovina") The principal rivers are the Sava, a tributary of the Danube, which forms the northern boundary with Croatia; the Bosna, Vrbas, and Una, which flow north and empty into the ...
- Vrchlicky, Jaroslav
- (from the article "Czech literature") ...The former stressed the need to Europeanize Czech literature, while the latter looked to the strength of native traditions and themes. The leading representative of the cosmopolitan tendency was Jaroslav ...
- Vredefort Dome
- (from the article "astrobleme") ...and intensity of the shattering cannot be produced by other natural means, so it provides a useful criterion for recognizing astroblemes. Using this evidence, the Ashanti Crater in Ghana and ...
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