| | - Vlissingen
- gemeente (municipality), southwestern Netherlands. It is situated on the southern coast of Walcheren Island, at the mouth of the western Schelde (Scheldt) estuary. A medieval trading town with emphasis on ...
- Vlore
- town that is the second seaport of Albania. It lies at the head of Vlores Bay, which is protected by the mountainous Karaburun (peninsula) and the island of Sazan (Italian ...
- Vlore proclamation
- (Nov. 28, 1912), declaration of Albanian independence from Ottoman rule. After the Turkish government adopted a policy of administrative centralization for the Ottoman Empire (1908), Albanian nationalist leaders led a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vltava River
- river, the longest in the Czech Republic, flowing 270 miles (435 km). Its drainage basin is 10,847 square miles (28,093 square km). The river rises in southwestern Bohemia from two ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vo Chi Cong
- strongly anti-French Communist revolutionary who was among the earliest fighters for Vietnam's independence. He held key positions in South Vietnam's National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Provisional Revolutionary Government-both political ...
- Vo Ngon Thong
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...was introduced by Vinitaruci, an Indian monk who had gone to Vietnam from China in the 6th century. In the 9th century a school of "wall meditation" was introduced by ...
- Vo Nguyen Giap
- Vietnamese military and political leader whose perfection of guerrilla as well as conventional strategy and tactics led to the Viet Minh victory over the French (and to the end of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Vo Van Kiet
- Vietnamese politician as Vietnam's prime minister (1991-97), strongly advocated doi moi (renovation), the economic plan that encouraged entrepreneurial initiative and foreign investment. Under this policy he pushed for free-market reform ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vo Vuong
- (from the article "Poivre, Pierre") ...French East India Company to set up a bank in Cochinchina (southern Vietnam), to which he returned two years later as the company's representative. He obtained permission from the Vietnamese ...
- voblast
- (from the article "Belarus") There are three tiers of local government: the largest consists of six voblastsi (provinces) and one municipality (horad); they in turn are divided into rayony (sectors) and cities, with some ...
- vocable
- (from the article "Native American music") ...Native Americans developed lingua francas in order to facilitate trade and social interaction; in these areas, song texts may feature words from a lingua franca. Many Native American songs employ ...
- vocabulary
- (from the article "human behaviour") ...e.g., "mommy," "milk," "go," "yes," "no," and "dog." By the time the child reaches his 18th month, he has a speaking vocabulary of about 50 words. The single words he ...
- vocal cord
- either of two folds of mucous membrane that extend across the interior cavity of the larynx and are primarily responsible for voice production. Sound is produced by the vibration of ... [11 Related Articles]
- vocal fry
- in phonetics, a speech sound or quality used in some languages, produced by vibrating vocal cords that are less tense than in normal speech, which produces local turbulence in the ... [2 Related Articles]
- vocal music
- any of the genres for solo voice and voices in combination, with or without instrumental accompaniment. It includes monophonic music (having a single line of melody) and polyphonic music (consisting ... [25 Related Articles]
- vocal nodule
- (from the article "speech disorder") ...Italy. Similar trends have been noted in the Far East. Nonorganic, functional, or emotional disorders of voice and speech reflect psychological tensions exerted by the environment. For such reasons, vocal ...
- vocal register
- (from the article "Austroasiatic languages") Much more characteristic of the Austroasiatic stock is a contrast between two or more series of vowels pronounced with different voice qualities called registers. The vowels may have, for example, ...
- vocal sac
- the sound-resonating throat pouch of male frogs and toads (amphibians of the order Anura). Vocal sacs are outpocketings of the floor of the mouth, or buccal cavity. Frogs display three ...
- vocal virtuoso
- (from the article "musical performance") ...for the relationship between participants in the musical experience-between performer and listener-became polarized. The first evidence for this shift was the rise of the professional vocal virtuoso about the last ...
- vocal-instrumental concerto
- musical composition of the early Baroque era (late 16th and early 17th centuries) in which choirs, solo voices, and instruments are contrasted with one another. Although sometimes employing secular texts, ... [2 Related Articles]
- vocalise
- (from the article "vocal music") Vocal compositions with no articulated text are called vocalises (vocalizzi in Italian). Although such works have been traditionally used as exercises, many 20th-century composers have written concert vocalises as well, ...
- vocalization
- any sound produced through the action of an animal's respiratory system and used in communication. Vocal sound, which is virtually limited to frogs, crocodilians and geckos, birds, and mammals, is ... [20 Related Articles]
- vocatio in jus
- (from the article "subpoena") ...time to give testimony, oral or written, in the matter identified in the document. The subpoena is used only in common-law countries, but it is similar to the citation or ...
- vocation
- (from the article "Christianity") ..."A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none. A Christian is a perfectly dutiful servant of all, subject to all." The second sentence expressed the theme ...
- vocational education
- instruction intended to equip persons for industrial or commercial occupations. It may be obtained either formally in trade schools, technical secondary schools, or in on-the-job training programs or, more informally, ... [9 Related Articles]
- Vocklabruck
- town, north-central Austria, on the Vockla River southwest of Wels. The fine town square has two old gate towers and a Baroque facade, and there are two 15th-century churches and ...
- Vocontii
- a Celtic tribe of the Gallic province of Narbonensis; its members probably lived in the western foothills of the Alps. Subjugated by the Romans (125-124 BC), they were a civitas ...
- Vodafone
- telecommunications company based in the United Kingdom with interests in Europe and the United States. It originated as part of Racal, a British radar and electronics firm founded in 1950. ... [1 Related Articles]
- vodka
- distilled liquor, clear in colour and without definite aroma or taste, ranging in alcoholic content from about 40 to 55 percent. Because it is highly neutral, with flavouring substances mainly ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vodou
- an official religion of Haiti (together with Roman Catholicism). Vodou is a creolized religion forged by descendents of Dahomean, Kongo, Yoruba, and other African ethnic groups who had been enslaved ... [5 Related Articles]
- vodun
- (from the article "African religions") ...medicinal preparations to rhythmic chanting, drumming, and dancing. This practice is sometimes reserved for religious specialists or priests, but among the devotees of the vodun ("divinities") in ...
- vodyanoy
- in Slavic mythology, the water spirit. The vodyanoy is essentially an evil and vindictive spirit whose favourite sport is drowning humans. Anyone bathing after sunset, on a holy day, or ... [1 Related Articles]
- Voegelin, Charles F.
- (from the article "North American Indian languages") ...southeastern United States that Sapir had assigned to the Hokan-Siouan phylum. Since that time, various reconsiderations of Sapir's groupings have been proposed. A classificatory map published by Charles F. and ...
- Voegelin, Eric
- German-American political scientist and interdisciplinary scholar known for his studies of modern political thought and for his efforts to create a comprehensive philosophy of man, society, and history.
- Voegelin, Florence M.
- (from the article "North American Indian languages") ...United States that Sapir had assigned to the Hokan-Siouan phylum. Since that time, various reconsiderations of Sapir's groupings have been proposed. A classificatory map published by Charles F. and Florence ...
- Voetius, Gisbertus
- Dutch Reformed theologian, scholar in Semitic languages, and educator who upheld uncompromising Calvinist views on predestination and condemned as atheistic the rationalist thought of the 17th-century French philosopher Rene Descartes. [1 Related Articles]
- Voevodsky, Vladimir
- Russian mathematician who won the Fields Medal in 2002 for having made one of the most outstanding advances in algebraic geometry in several decades.
- Vogel, Hermann Karl
- German astronomer who discovered spectroscopic binaries-double-star systems that are too close for the individual stars to be discerned by any telescope but, through the analysis of their light, have been ...
- Vogel, Ludwig
- (from the article "Nazarene") The brotherhood's original members were six Vienna Academy students. Four of them, Friedrich Overbeck, Franz Pforr, Ludwig Vogel, and Johann Konrad Hottinger, moved in 1810 to Rome, where they occupied ...
- Vogel, Paul C.
- (from the article "1949: Other Winners") ...for A Letter to Three WivesMotion Picture Story: Douglas Morrow for The Stratton StoryStory and Screenplay: Robert Pirosh for BattlegroundCinematography, Black-and-White: Paul C. Vogel for BattlegroundCinematography, Color: Winton Hoch for ...
- Vogel, Paula
- (from the article "American literature") The 1990s also saw the emergence of several talented women playwrights. Paula Vogel repeatedly focused on hot-button moral issues with humour and compassion, dealing with prostitution in
- Vogel, Sir Julius
- New Zealand statesman, journalist, and businessman known for his bold project to regenerate New Zealand's economy in the 1870s through large-scale public works financed by British loans. [2 Related Articles]
- Vogelberg
- (from the article "Germany") ...long spur of the Thuringian Forest (Thuringer Wald), which separates the scarplands of northern Bavaria from the Thuringian Lowland. The barrier arc is completed by the great eroded cone of ...
- Vogeler, Heinrich
- (from the article "Worpswede school") ...school in France. Fritz Mackensen and Otto Modersohn were the first to arrive; during the 1890s they were joined by Paula Becker (who later married Modersohn), Hans am Ende, Fritz ...
- Vogelsang, Karl, Freiherr (baron) von
- Roman Catholic social reformer whose writings helped shape the ideas and actions of the Austrian Christian Social Party. Vogelsang studied law, then entered the Prussian government service, but he retired ...
- Vogelstein, Bert
- When American cancer researcher Bert Vogelstein graduated from medical school in 1974, the underlying causes of cancer were not well understood. Although scientists knew that cancer cells were once-normal cells ...
- Voghera
- town, Lombardia (Lombardy) region, northern Italy. Voghera is located on the Staffora River, just southwest of Pavia. Probably the site of Iria, a Roman colony, it was fortified by the ...
- Vogl, Johann Michael
- (from the article "Schubert, Franz") Early in 1817 Schober brought the baritone Johann Michael Vogl to his home to meet Schubert. As a result of this meeting, Vogl's singing of Schubert's songs became the rage ...
- Vogler, Abbe
- (from the article "Weber, Carl Maria von") ...first wholly surviving opera, Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn, which also failed when it was produced in Augsburg in 1803. Weber resumed his studies under the influential ...
- Vogt
- (from the article "Vogtland") Under the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman emperors (1138-1254), the region came to be ruled by an imperial official called a Vogt. The Vogt's castle in Plauen, the region's main ...
- Vogt, Johan Herman Lie
- Norwegian geologist and petrologist who pioneered in the use of physical-chemical methods in the study of the origin of igneous rocks and ores.
- Vogt, Karl
- (from the article "Materialism") ...against a different orthodoxy, the Hegelian and Neo-Hegelian tradition in philosophy, which had become entrenched in German universities. Among these were Ludwig Buchner and Karl Vogt. The latter is notorious ...
- Vogt, Klaus
- (from the article "photoreception") ...properties, and 1975, when the true nature of these structures was discovered-there was much confusion about how these eyes might function. Working with crayfish eyes, German neurobiologist Klaus Vogt found ...
- Vogt, Marguerite Maria
- German-born American biologist conducted research with 1975 Nobel Prize-winning scientist Renato Dulbecco, who pioneered the growing of animal viruses in culture in the 1950s and investigated how certain viruses gain ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vogt, Nils Collett
- Norwegian novelist and poet who dealt with the conflict between the generations and the struggle for intellectual freedom.
- Vogtland
- physical and cultural region of southwestern Saxony Land (state), southeastern Germany, lying between Bavaria Land and the Czech Republic. A wooded, hilly plateau drained northward by the upper Weisse Elster ...
- Vogulka
- (from the article "Ob River") ...itself into two main channels: the Great (Bolshaya) Ob, which receives the Kazym and Kunovat rivers from the right, and the Little (Malaya) Ob, which receives the Northern (Severnaya) Sosva, ...
- Vohor, Serge
- (from the article "Vanuatu") ...Council and brother of founding prime minister the Rev. Walter Lini, made the restoration of Vanuatu's warm relations with China a high priority. In December 2004 the government of Prime ...
- Vohu Manah
- (Avestan: "Good Mind"), in Zoroastrianism, one of the six amesha spentas ("beneficent immortals") created by Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, to assist him in furthering good and destroying evil. According ... [1 Related Articles]
- voice
- in grammar, form of a verb indicating the relation between the participants in a narrated event (subject, object) and the event itself. Common distinctions of voice found in languages are ...
- voice
- in phonetics, the sound that is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords. All vowels are normally voiced, but consonants may be either voiced or voiceless (i.e., uttered without ... [3 Related Articles]
- voice coil
- (from the article "loudspeaker") ...in which the acoustical signal energy does not correspond in form to the electrical signal. The part of the speaker that converts electrical into mechanical energy is frequently called the ...
- voice identification
- police technique for identifying individuals by the time, frequency, and intensity of their speech-sound waves. A sound spectrograph is employed to record these waves in the form of a graph ... [2 Related Articles]
- Voice of America
- radio broadcasting network of the U.S. government, a unit of the United States Information Agency (USIA). Its first broadcast, in German, took place on Feb. 24, 1942, and was intended ... [1 Related Articles]
- Voice of Love and Peace
- (from the article "Media and Publishing") Palestinian radio station Voice of Love and Peace (VOLP) planned to sue Radio Sawa, the U.S. government's Arabic network, for using 94.2 FM. Assigned to VOLP since 1996, the frequency ...
- Voice over Internet Protocol
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") SunRocket, an Internet phone service provider that used VoIP technology, closed suddenly. The action left customers without service and, in some cases, likely to lose money on their two-year contracts. ...
- voice transmission
- (from the article "telecommunication") ...depending on the degree of precision required. In Figure 2, for simplicity of illustration, an analog waveform is shown being quantized on an 8-level scale (0 through 7). In digital ...
- voice type
- (from the article "musical variation") In Renaissance vocal music there were two principal variation techniques: contrapuntal variations following the stanzas of strophic chants; and sets of variations over a single, often quite lengthy, foundation voice ...
- voice-stress analyzer
- (from the article "police") Voice-stress analyzers (VSAs), which became commercially available in the 1970s, rely on the detection of minute variations in the voice of the subject. Advocates of voice-stress analysis contend that inaudible ...
- voiceband modem
- (from the article "Voiceband modem operating standards") Most modems are "voiceband"; i.e., they enable digital terminal equipment to communicate over telephone channels, which are designed around the narrow bandwidth requirements of the human voice. So-called cable modems, ...
- voicing
- (from the article "stringed instrument") ...emphasizes the fundamental pitch. The relative hardness of the hammer on the piano is thus of critical importance to the sound of the instrument, and the final process in piano ...
- void
- (from the article "Democritus") ...cosmological doctrines were an elaborated and systematized version of those of his teacher, Leucippus. To account for the world's changing physical phenomena, Democritus asserted that space, or the Void, had ...
- Voie Triomphale, la
- (from the article "Paris") Northwest from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (Carrousel Triumphal Arch), located in the courtyard between the open arms of the Louvre, extends one of the most remarkable perspectives to ...
- Voight, Henry
- (from the article "ship") ...much difficulty in securing financial backers and in finding a steam engine in America, Fitch built a boat that was given a successful trial in 1787. By the summer of ...
- Voight, Jon
- (from the article "1978: Best Actor") Other Nominees
- Voigt, Deborah
- (from the article "Performing Arts") Great Britain, however, was the stage for the year's most celebrated musical flap. In March world-renowned American soprano Deborah Voigt was dropped from an English National Opera production of Richard ...
- Voigtlander, Friedrich
- (from the article "photography, history of") ...1840, when Alexander Wolcott opened a "Daguerrean Parlor" for tiny portraits, using a camera with a mirror substituted for the lens. During this same period, Jozsef Petzval and Friedrich Voigtlander, ...
- Voillaume, Rene
- (from the article "Little Brothers of Jesus and Little Sisters of Jesus") The Little Brothers were founded in 1933 by Rene Voillaume in southern Oran, Alg.; the Little Sisters were founded in September 1939 at Touggourt, Alg., by Sister Madeleine of Jesus. ...
- voir dire
- in law, process of questioning by which members of a jury are selected from a large panel, or venire, of prospective jurors. The veniremen are questioned by the judge or ... [1 Related Articles]
- Voirier, Jean
- (from the article "Erasmus, Desiderius") On a visit to Artois, Fr. (1501), Erasmus met the fiery preacher Jean Voirier, who, though a Franciscan, told him that "monasticism was a life more of fatuous men than ...
- Voisin
- (from the article "automobile") Other motorcars of this type included the Hispano-Suiza of Spain and France; the Bugatti, Delage, Delahaye, Hotchkiss, Talbot (Darracq), and Voisin of France; the Duesenberg, Cadillac, Packard, and Pierce-Arrow of ...
- Voisin
- (from the article "bomber") ...which carried two tons of bombs. Bomber airplanes were soon developed by the other major combatant nations. Tactical bombing was carried out on the battlefield by smaller aircraft such as ...
- Voisin, Gabriel
- French aviation pioneer and aircraft manufacturer. [1 Related Articles]
- Voisin, La
- (from the article "Poisons, Affair of the") ...known as the chambre ardente, was created in April 1679. It held 210 sessions at the Arsenal in Paris, issued 319 writs of arrest, and sentenced 36 persons to death, ...
- Voisin-Farman I
- aircraft built by the French aeronautical pioneer Gabriel Voisin for the French aviator Henri Farman in 1907. See table of pioneer aircraft. [2 Related Articles]
- Voit, Carl von
- German physiologist whose definitive measurements of gross metabolism in mammals, including humans, helped establish the study of the physiology of metabolism and laid much of the foundation for modern nutritional ...
- Voiture, Vincent
- French poet, letter writer, and animating spirit of the group that gathered at the salon of the marquise de Rambouillet. [1 Related Articles]
- voivodate
- (from the article "Romania") ...Carpathian-Danube region. The Hungarians, who had settled in Pannonia at the end of the 9th century and who entered Dacia in the 10th century, overwhelmed the Slavic-Romanian duchies, or voivodates, ...
- voivode
- (from the article "Rom") ...dealings with local nationals were probably no more than chieftains of bands, who moved in groups of anything from 10 to a few hundred households. These chieftains (
- voix celeste
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") ...a principal rank found only in the treble and tuned sharp so that when it is played together with the principale one hears an audible beat. It was the forerunner ...
- Vojna Krajina
- (from the article "Serbia") ...Serbia" and southern Bosnia across the Danube and Sava. There they were settled and became the basis of the Austrian Militargrenze, or Military Frontier. (The Slavic name for the region, ...
- Vojtech, Zdenek
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") By a succession of new appointments, Catholic radicals about 1600 occupied the key positions in the provincial administration of Bohemia; their head, Zdenek VojtehH of Lobkovice, served as the supreme ...
- Vojvodina
- autonomous province in Serbia. It is the northernmost part of Serbia, bordered by Croatia to the west, Hungary to the north, and Romania to the east. The Vojvodina includes the ... [6 Related Articles]
- vokil
- (from the article "playa") ...in such a playa are primarily lacustrine, rather than derived from modern depositional processes. The second type of playa has no paleolacustrine heritage. Small salt pans in South Africa, called ...
- Vokoun, Tomas
- (from the article "Ice Hockey") ...for the Czechs, whom the United States had eliminated in a quarterfinals shoot-out a year earlier in Prague. In 2005 it was the Czechs who beat the U.S. in the ...
- voladores, juego de los
- (Spanish: "game of the fliers"), ritual dance of Mexico, possibly originating among the pre-Columbian Totonac and Huastec Indians of the region now occupied by Veracruz and Puebla states, where it ... [2 Related Articles]
- volante
- Spanish one- or two-passenger carriage, having two wheels and an open, hooded body. The body was set in front of the wheels and attached to the long shafts. The carriage ...
- volapie
- (from the article "bullfighting") ...the basic cape pass called the veronica, the matador's tradition of wearing an elaborately embroidered costume, and the most common method of killing the bull-the volapie, in ...
- Volapuk
- artificial language constructed in 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a German cleric, and intended for use as an international second language. Although its vocabulary is based on English and the ...
- Volaticotherium antiquum
- (from the article "Life Sciences") A newly described Mesozoic mammal from northeastern China, Volaticotherium antiquum, represented a new group of insectivorous gliding mammals. The discovery not only pushed back the known origin of gliding by ...
- volatile component
- (from the article "Table 6: Estimate of Excess Volatiles") The combustion of a coal particle occurs primarily in two stages: (1) evolution of volatile matter during the initial stages of heating, with accompanying physical and chemical changes, and (2) ...
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