| | - virelai
- one of several formes fixes ("fixed forms") in French lyric poetry and song of the 14th and 15th centuries (compare ballade; rondeau). It probably did not originate in France, and ... [4 Related Articles]
- Viren, Lasse
- Finnish distance runner, who was the first athlete to win gold medals for both the 5,000- and 10,000-metre races at consecutive Olympic Games: at Munich, West Germany, in 1972 and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Virenque, Richard
- (from the article "Cycling") ...of the Pyrenees and Alps, where Armstrong won four of the five stages before sealing overall victory by winning the 55-km individual time trial at Besancon, France, on the penultimate ...
- vireo
- any of about 50 species of New World birds in the order Passeriformes. These include peppershrikes and, according to some authorities, the shrike-vireos. About 15 tropical forms are called greenlets, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Viret, Pierre
- champion of the Reformation in the Swiss canton of the Vaud and the most important native religious Reformer of French-speaking Switzerland.
- virga
- (from the article "thunderstorm") ...be accompanied by intense rainfall at the ground. If the storm forms in a dry environment, however, the precipitation may evaporate before it reaches the ground (such precipitation is referred ...
- Virgil
- Roman poet, best known for his national epic, the Aeneid (from c. 30 BC; unfinished at his death). [29 Related Articles]
- Virgilia
- (from the article "Coriolanus") ...with his enemy Aufidius, a Volscian, against Rome. Leading the enemy to the edge of the city, Coriolanus is ultimately persuaded by his mother, Volumnia-who brings with her Coriolanus's wife, ...
- Virgilian series
- major division of Late Carboniferous rocks and time in the United States (the Late Carboniferous epoch, approximately equivalent to the Pennsylvanian period, began about 318 million years ago and ended ...
- Virgin and Idle Lands project
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...the 20th century. The immigrants crowded Kazakhs off the best pastures and watered lands, rendering many tribes destitute. Another large influx of Slavs occurred from 1954 to 1956 as a ...
- Virgin Atlantic Airways
- (from the article "Branson, Sir Richard") ...record store. In 1973 he helped form Virgin Records, which quickly became the principal label worldwide for punk and new wave. In 1984 he became the majority backer of the ...
- Virgin Birth
- doctrine of traditional Christianity that Jesus Christ had no natural father but was conceived by Mary through the power of the Holy Spirit. The doctrine that Mary was the sole ... [5 Related Articles]
- Virgin Gorda Island
- one of the British Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, lying 80 miles (130 km) east of Puerto Rico. It forms two rectangles joined by a spit, or point, of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Virgin Islands
- group of about 90 small islands, islets, cays, and rocks in the West Indies, situated some 40 to 50 miles (64 to 80 kilometres) east of Puerto Rico. The islands ...
- Virgin Islands Council of the Arts
- (from the article "Virgin Islands") The Virgin Islands have little in the way of a national culture. There is no typical music and little folklore. In 1965, however, the Virgin Islands Council of the Arts ...
- Virgin Islands National Park
- conservation area covering nearly two-thirds of the island of St. John, in the U.S. Virgin Islands, West Indies. The park (area 14,696 ac [5,947 ha]) has steep mountains, deep valleys, ...
- Virgin Islands of the United States
- organized unincorporated island territory of the United States, at the eastern end of the Greater Antilles, about 40 miles (64 km) east of Puerto Rico, in the northeastern Caribbean Sea. ... [8 Related Articles]
- Virgin Islands of the United States, flag of
- U.S. territorial flag consisting of a white field (background) on which is centred a yellow eagle grasping in its right and left talons, respectively, a green branch and three light ...
- Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority
- (from the article "Virgin Islands") ...growth. Only Road Town in the British group has a piped supply. The first flash-type evaporator for the desalination of seawater in the Western Hemisphere was installed in St. Thomas, ...
- Virgin Mary, Presentation of the
- feast celebrated in the Roman Catholic and Eastern churches on November 21. Based on a legend contained in the Protevangelium of James, a 2nd-century work not included in the Bible, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Virgin of Pilar
- (from the article "jewelry") ...of the body, even extending under the armpits, this jewel usually contained no fewer than 50 precious stones of different sizes. A famous example is the one in emeralds from ...
- Virgin Peak
- (from the article "Virgin Gorda Island") ...The peninsula in the southwest is flat and strewn with enormous granite boulders, some more than 30 feet (9 metres) high. The north rises straight from the water to hills, ...
- Virgin Records
- (from the article "Carey, Mariah") In 2001 Carey signed an $80 million contract with Virgin Records that made her the highest-paid recording artist. Her career quickly took a downturn, however, as she suffered a breakdown ...
- virgin wool
- (from the article "wool") ...from longer fibre, are fine, smooth, firm, and durable. They are used for fine dress fabrics and suitings. Wool that has had no previous use is described as new wool, ...
- virgin's bower
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...virginiana; Ebenaceae), in contrast to the more short-lived petals and stamens. Sepals may be brightly coloured and function as petals when true petals are missing-for example, the virgin's bower (Clematis; ...
- virginal
- musical instrument of the harpsichord family, of which it may be the oldest member. The virginal may take its name from Latin virga ("rod"), referring to the jacks, or wooden ... [3 Related Articles]
- Virginia
- (from the article "naval ship") ...cruiser and the first surface warship to steam under atomic energy. This 14,000-ton ship was followed by a series of nuclear-powered U.S. cruisers that ended, in the 1970s, with the ...
- Virginia
- city, St. Louis county, northeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies in the Mesabi Range, about 60 miles (95 km) northwest of Duluth. Iron ore was discovered in 1890 by Leonidas Merritt ...
- Virginia
- town and gold-mining centre, north-central Free State province, South Africa, in one of the world's richest goldfields. Virginia was a former whistle stop (named, 1892) on the line between Johannesburg ...
- Virginia
- constituent state of the United States of America, one of the original 13 colonies. It is bordered by Maryland to the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, North Carolina ... [31 Related Articles]
- Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
- (1798 and 1799), in U.S. history, measures passed by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky as a protest against the Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts. The resolutions were written by ... [7 Related Articles]
- Virginia and Truckee Railroad
- (from the article "Carson City") ...stimulated Carson City's economy. At nearby Empire, on the Carson River, mills treated the ore of the Comstock Lode (one of the world's richest deposits), brought down from Virginia City ...
- Virginia Beach
- independent city, southeastern Virginia, U.S., on the Atlantic coast and Chesapeake Bay, adjacent to the cities of Norfolk and Chesapeake in the Hampton Roads region. The city extends 28 miles ... [1 Related Articles]
- Virginia Capes, Battle of
- (September 5, 1781), in the American Revolution, French naval victory over a British fleet that took place outside Chesapeake Bay. The outcome of the battle was indispensable to the successful ...
- Virginia City
- town, seat (1876) of Madison county, southwestern Montana, U.S., on the Ruby River. Founded as Verona (after Varina Davis, wife of the president of the Confederate States of America) in ...
- Virginia City
- unincorporated town, seat (1861) of Storey county, western Nevada, U.S., on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada range, 20 miles (32 km) south of Reno. Settled in 1859 and ...
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Richmond, Virginia, U.S. It comprises the College of Humanities and Sciences and 12 other schools, including the School of Medicine on the Medical ...
- Virginia Company
- commercial trading company, chartered by King James I of England in April 1606 with the object of colonizing the eastern coast of North America between latitudes 34° and 41° N. ... [14 Related Articles]
- Virginia Convention
- (from the article "Henry, Patrick") ...government. He was a member of the first Virginia Committee of Correspondence, which aided intercolonial cooperation, and a delegate to the Continental congresses of 1774 and 1775. At the second ...
- Virginia cowslip
- (from the article "Mertensia") genus of about 50 temperate North American and Eurasian species of plants in the family Boraginaceae, including the Virginia cowslip, or Virginia bluebell (M. virginica), a popular spring-blooming garden and ...
- Virginia creeper
- woody vine, in the grape family (Vitaceae), that climbs by means of disk-tipped tendrils. It is commonly found in eastern North America and is often grown as a covering vine ... [1 Related Articles]
- Virginia Declaration of Rights
- in U.S. constitutional history, declaration of rights of the citizen adopted June 12, 1776, by the constitutional convention of the colony of Virginia. It was a model for the Bill ...
- Virginia Falls
- cataract on the South Nahanni River, a tributary of the Liard, in Nahanni National Park (1,840 square miles [4,766 square km]), Northwest Territories, Canada, 76 miles (120 km) east of ...
- Virginia ham
- (from the article "ham") Virginia hams, prized for their sweetness, are cut from razorback hogs fed on peanuts and peaches. They are cured, then smoked over apple and hickory wood fires, and hung to ...
- Virginia Military Institute
- , public institution of higher learning in Lexington, Virginia, U.S. It is a state military college modeled on the U.S. service academies. Students are referred to as cadets; all cadets ...
- Virginia Museum of Fine Arts
- (from the article "Virginia") The fine arts are an active concern of the state government, as well as of private patrons. The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond was the first state museum ...
- Virginia peppergrass
- (from the article "peppergrass") ...greenish or whitish, four-petalled flowers. Each seed is in a flat, round, dry fruit. Garden cress (L. sativum), a North African annual, is sometimes cultivated for its piquant basal leaves. ...
- Virginia plan
- (from the article "Constitutional Convention") ...delegates from small states (those without claims to unoccupied western lands) opposing those from large states over the apportionment of representation. Edmund Randolph offered a plan known as the Virginia, ...
- Virginia rail
- (from the article "rail") Rails hunted as game in the United States are the king rail (Rallus elegans), a reddish brown bird the size of a small chicken; the clapper rail (R. longirostris), a ...
- Virginia reel
- spirited American country dance for couples. It stems from the rinnce fadha, a pre-Christian Irish dance that evolved into the English dance called the Sir Roger de Coverley. Brought to ...
- Virginia State University
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. The historically African-American university consists of schools of agriculture, business, liberal arts and education, science and technology, and graduate studies ...
- Virginia Statute for Religious Liberty
- (from the article "Jefferson, Thomas") ...most talented; third, he advocated a law prohibiting any religious establishment and requiring complete separation of church and state. The last two proposals were bitterly contested, especially the statute for ...
- Virginia Tech
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S. Virginia Tech is a comprehensive, land-grant university, consisting of colleges of agriculture and life sciences, architecture and urban studies, arts ... [2 Related Articles]
- Virginia waterleaf
- (from the article "waterleaf") ...to damp woodlands of North America. Light-greenish mottling on the leaves, suggesting watermarks on paper, gives the genus its name. Notable members of the genus are the 75-cm- (2.5-foot-) tall ...
- Virginia wild rye
- (from the article "wild rye") any of a group of about 50 species of perennial forage grasses in the family Poaceae that are native to temperate and cool parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Giant wild ...
- Virginia, flag of
- U.S. state flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) with the state seal in the centre.
- Virginia, University of
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S., on a campus of 1,000 acres (405 hectares) near the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Founded by Thomas Jefferson, ... [9 Related Articles]
- Virginio
- (from the article "caricature and cartoon") The middle and late century produced in Italy the brilliant political caricaturist Virginio, who was to the rise of Italian nationalism what Nast had been to the North in the ...
- virginitas in partu
- (from the article "Mary") ...could be deduced from the New Testament's assertion of Mary's virginity in the conception of Jesus, including the doctrine that she had remained a virgin in the course of his ...
- virginitas post partum
- (from the article "Mary") ...that she had remained a virgin in the course of his birth (the virginitas in partu) and the doctrine that she had remained a virgin after his birth and until ...
- virginity
- (from the article "celibacy") Institutional celibacy for women is also typically conceived of as an aid to spiritual advancement. Virginity and celibacy are regarded as assets in the attainment of spiritual goals. Most institutional ...
- Virginius affair
- (1873), seizure of the Cuban ship Virginius (fraudulently flying the U.S. flag and carrying U.S. registration) by Spanish authorities and the summary execution of 53 of its passengers and crew, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Virgo
- in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying between Leo and Libra, at about 13 hours right ascension (the coordinate on the celestial sphere analogous to longitude on the Earth) and 2° south ...
- Virgo A
- giant elliptical galaxy in the constellation Virgo whose nucleus provides the strongest observational evidence for the existence of a black hole. Virgo A is the most powerful known source of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Virgo cluster
- (from the article "star cluster") Beyond the Local Group, at a distance of 45 million light-years, the giant elliptical galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster of galaxies is surrounded by an estimated 13,000 globular star ...
- Virgo, Aqua
- (from the article "Rome") ...not his work but was discovered in the piazza in Campo Marzio in 1778 and erected in 1857 to commemorate the 1854 promulgation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. ...
- virgule
- (from the article "punctuation") ...representing c for capitulum ("chapter") is freely used at the beginning of sentences. Within the same period the plain point and punctus elevatus are joined by the virgule (/) as ...
- viri novi
- (from the article "mystery religion") ...which gives an interpretation of the Isis Mysteries. Arnobius, a 3rd-century Christian apologist, described an interesting semiphilosophical, semireligious mystery community known as the viri novi ("the new men"). Arnobius seems ...
- virial coefficient
- (from the article "gas") where B(T), C(T), . . . are called the second, third, . . . virial coefficients and depend only on the temperature and the particular gas. The virtue of this ...
- virial equation of state
- (from the article "gas") ...state has been found, though important advances occurred in the 1970s and '80s. The only rigorous theoretical result available is an infinite-series expansion in powers of 1/v, known as the ...
- Viriathus
- (from the article "Portugal") ...Peninsula, and Celtic peoples who had partially absorbed the indigenous population occupied the west. A Celtic federation, the Lusitani, resisted Roman penetration under the brilliant leadership of Viriathus; however, after ...
- virilist
- (from the article "Budapest") ...The influence of wealth was ensured by a provision of the law (Prussian in origin) that half the council was to be elected from among the 1,200 highest taxpayers of ...
- virilization
- (from the article "congenital adrenal hyperplasia") ...hyperplasia is deficiency of 21-hydroxylase, an enzyme that stimulates one of the last steps in cortisol synthesis. Excess androgen produced to overcome this deficiency during fetal life results in virilization-the ...
- virilocal residence
- (from the article "South American nomad") The southern hunters of Patagonia and the Pampas were patrilineal (descent was reckoned in the male line) and patrilocal (a wife resided with her husband's lineage and band).types of marital ...
- virion
- an entire virus particle, consisting of an outer protein shell called a capsid and an inner core of nucleic acid (either ribonucleic or deoxyribonucleic acid-RNA or DNA). The core confers ... [4 Related Articles]
- viroid
- an infectious particle smaller than any of the known viruses, an agent of certain plant diseases. The particle consists only of an extremely small circular RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule, lacking ... [2 Related Articles]
- Virola guatemalense
- (from the article "Myristicaceae") The 30-metre (100-foot) Central American tree known as Virola guatemalense produces seeds used in flavouring and in the manufacture of candles; the whorled young branches are utilized as eggbeaters. Many ...
- virology
- branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses. [1 Related Articles]
- Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari
- Finnish biochemist whose investigations directed toward improving the production and storage of protein-rich green fodder, vitally important to regions characterized by long, severe winters, brought him the Nobel Prize for ...
- Virtanen, Kai
- (from the article "Bowling") ...and 74 women) from 95 countries participated. American Shannon Pluhowsky celebrated her second victory in three years, defeating Canada's Kerrie Ryan-Ciach in the women's final, while 35-year-old Kai Virtanen of ...
- virtu
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...politics divorced from ethics. His own political experience was at the basis of his ideas, which he developed according to such general principles as the concepts of
- Virtual Case File
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") The FBI said that it had lost about $104 million on a major computer-system upgrade project that failed and that a replacement computer system would not be ready until the ...
- virtual displacement
- (from the article "mechanics") According to the principle of virtual work, any infinitesimal virtual displacement in configuration space, consistent with the constraints, requires no work. A virtual displacement means an instantaneous change in coordinates ...
- Virtual Earth
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...satellite images of major cities and overlay them with information as diverse as street names, crime statistics, or coffee-shop locations. Microsoft later introduced a similar online service called Virtual Earth. ...
- virtual economy
- (from the article "Internet") ...skill sets are also available for sale. What does it mean that one can own virtual property and that someone is willing to pay for this property with real money? ...
- Virtual Environment Workstation project
- (from the article "virtual reality") By 1985, Fisher had also left Atari to join NASA's Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, California, as founding director of the Virtual Environment Workstation (VIEW) project. The VIEW project ...
- virtual image
- (from the article "optical image") the apparent reproduction of an object, formed by a lens or mirror system from reflected, refracted, or diffracted light waves. There are two kinds of images, real and virtual. In ...
- virtual memory
- (from the article "computer memory") ...CPU to small, fast cache memory; larger DRAM; very large hard disks; and slow and inexpensive nonvolatile backup storage. Memory usage by modern computer operating systems spans these levels with ...
- virtual museum
- a collection of digitally recorded images, sound files, text documents, and other data of historical, scientific, or cultural interest that are accessed through electronic media. A virtual museum does not ... [1 Related Articles]
- virtual photon
- (from the article "quantum electrodynamics") ...QED rests on the idea that charged particles (e.g., electrons and positrons) interact by emitting and absorbing photons, the particles that transmit electromagnetic forces. These photons are "virtual"; that is, ...
- virtual reality
- the use of computer modeling and simulation that enables a person to interact with an artificial three-dimensional (3-D) visual or other sensory environment. VR applications immerse the user in a ... [3 Related Articles]
- virtual state
- (from the article "globalization, cultural") The idea of a borderless world is reflected in theories of the "virtual state," a new system of world politics that is said to reflect the essential chaos of 21st-century ...
- virtual work
- (from the article "mechanics") A special class of problems in mechanics involves systems in equilibrium. The problem is to find the configuration of the system, subject to whatever constraints there may be, when all ...
- Virtual World Entertainment
- (from the article "virtual reality") In 1990, Virtual World Entertainment opened the first BattleTech emporium in Chicago. Modeled loosely on the U.S. military's SIMNET system of networked training simulators,
- virtue
- in Christianity, any of the seven virtues selected as being fundamental to Christian ethics. They consist of the four "natural" virtues, those inculcated in the old pagan world that spring ... [2 Related Articles]
- virtue
- (from the article "ethics") How should we live? Shall we aim at happiness or at knowledge, virtue, or the creation of beautiful objects? If we choose happiness, will it be our own or the ...
- virtue ethics
- (from the article "bioethics") Unlike these traditional approaches, both virtue ethics and the ethics of care focus on dimensions of moral theorizing other than determining the rightness or wrongness of particular actions. Virtue ethics ...
- virtuoso
- (from the article "concerto") ...are secondary to the dialogue inherent in the concerto's interrelationship of soloist and orchestra. This dialogue influences the very nature of the solo part by almost forcing the soloist into ...
- Virudhaka
- (from the article "lokapala") ...also referred to as Vaisravana, is common to both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The other Buddhist lokapalas are Dhrtarastra (east), Virudhaka (south), and Virupaksa (west).
- Virues, Cristobal de
- (from the article "Vega, Lope de") ...in Valencia in 1589-90, during which he was writing for a living, seem to have been decisive in shaping his vocation and his talent. The influence in particular of the ...
- virulence
- (from the article "bacteria") ...of antibacterial antibiotics, the incidence of bacterial disease has been reduced. Bacteria have not disappeared as infectious agents, however, since they continue to evolve, creating increasingly virulent strains and acquiring ...
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