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Vindija ... Virdung, Sebastian

Vindija: site of paleoanthropological excavations in the Hrvatsko Zagorje region of Croatia, known for Neanderthal remains found there in the 1970s; Neanderthal DNA has since been successfully isolated from some specimens. ...
vine: (from the article "gardening") Climbers are often useful in softening the sharp lines of buildings, fences, and other structures. They can provide shade as an awning or cover on an arbour or garden house. ...
vine maple: (from the article "maple") ...Japanese maple (A. palmatum), developed over centuries of breeding, provides numerous attractive cultivated varieties with varying leaf shapes and colours, many useful in small gardens. The vine maple (A. circinatum), ...
vine mesquite grass: (from the article "panicum") Witchgrass (P. capillare), a tufted annual, is a common weed in fields and disturbed areas. Its large, purplish flower clusters break off and are blown by the wind. Vine mesquite ...
vine snake: any of several venomous, rear-fanged snakes of the family Colubridae that have slender bodies, narrow heads, and pointed snouts. Vine snakes typically belong to the genera Ahaetulla ... [1 Related Articles]
Vine, Frederick J.: (from the article "plate tectonics") Assuming that the oceanic crust is indeed made of basalt intruded in an episodically reversing geomagnetic field, Drummond H. Matthews of the University of Cambridge and a research student, Frederick ...
Vine-Matthews hypothesis: (from the article "plate tectonics") The Vine-Matthews hypothesis
Vineberg, Arthur Martin: Canadian heart surgeon, noted chiefly for his development, in 1950, of a surgical procedure for correction of impaired coronary circulation.
vinegar: sour liquid that is made by the fermentation of any of numerous dilute alcoholic liquids into a liquid containing acetic acid. Vinegar may be produced from a variety of materials: ... [6 Related Articles]
vinegar fly: any member of a genus in the small fruit fly family, Drosophilidae (order Diptera). Drosophila species number about 1,500. Some species, particularly D. melanogaster, are used extensively in laboratory and ... [2 Related Articles]
vinegarroon: (from the article "vinegarroon") species of whip scorpion (q.v.).vinegarroonVinegarroon (Mastigoproctus giganteus).Clinton and Charles Robertson
Vineland: city, Cumberland county, southern New Jersey, U.S, about 35 miles (56 km) south of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It lies along the Maurice River (there dammed for flood control and drainage). The ...
Viner, Jacob: Canadian-born American economist who made major contributions to the theory of cost and production, international economics, and the history of economics. [1 Related Articles]
Vines, H. Ellsworth, Jr.: U.S. tennis player of the 1930s who bounced back after a series of losses at age 18 to win the Wimbledon and U.S. singles championships. [1 Related Articles]
Vinet, Alexandre-Rodolphe: French-Swiss theologian, moralist, and literary critic who was instrumental in establishing the Reformation in French-speaking Switzerland.
vineyard: (from the article "Guadalquivir River") ...environment is one of the richest and most varied areas of plant and animal life in Europe. Its irrigative capacity, particularly in its wide and fertile plain, supports the rich ...
Vingerhoedt, Rene: (from the article "Billiard Games") Three-cushion legend Rene Vingerhoedt of Belgium died on February 14 at age 83. Between 1939 and 1959 Vingerhoedt won three world, six European, and nine Belgian national championships.
Vingt, Les: group of artists who exhibited together in Belgium during the years 1891-93, having been brought together by a common interest in Symbolist painting. Like their French and German contemporaries, these ... [2 Related Articles]
vingt-quatre violons du Roi: (from the article "stringed instrument") ...so different in its effect from the chamber music of the preceding "golden age," owes its first organization, if not its invention, to the French at the court of Louis ...
vingtieme: (from the article "France") ...starts under the goad of immediate need. There were direct taxes, some of which were collected directly by the state: the taille (a personal tax), the capitation, and the
Vinh: city, north-central Vietnam, located on the Ca River delta, 160 miles (260 km) south of Hanoi. The Ca River enters the Gulf of Tonkin just northeast of Vinh. An important ...
Vinh Long: town, Mekong delta region, southern Vietnam. It is a river port on the right bank of the Tien River; it has a hospital and commercial airport. It also has served ...
Vinita: city, seat (1907) of Craig county, northeastern Oklahoma, U.S. It lies northeast of Tulsa along the old Osage Trace (later Texas Road), a route used by fur trappers and pioneers ...
Vinitaruci: (from the article "Buddhism") The first dhyana (Zen; Vietnamese: thien), or meditation, school was introduced by Vinitaruci, an Indian monk who had gone to Vietnam from China in ...
Vinje, Aasmund Olafson: poet and journalist who wrote some of the finest lyric poems in Norwegian literature.
Vinland: the wooded land in North America that was visited and named by Leif Eriksson about the year AD 1000. Its exact location is not known, but it was probably somewhere ... [2 Related Articles]
Vinnytsya: city, west-central Ukraine, lying along the Southern Buh river. It was first mentioned in historical records in 1363 as a fortress belonging to Prince Algirdas of Lithuania. Vinnytsya was often ...
Vinogradoff, Sir Paul Gavrilovitch: Anglo-Russian legal scholar and medievalist who was perhaps the greatest authority in his time on the feudal laws and customs of England.
Vinogradov, Ivan Matveyevich: Russian mathematician known for his contributions to analytic number theory, especially his partial solution of the Goldbach conjecture (proposed in 1742), that every integer greater than two can be expressed ... [1 Related Articles]
Vinokurov, Aleksandr: (from the article "Cycling") ...the Tour de France, he prevailed in the first of the three major national tours of the year, the Tour of Italy (Giro d'Italia). The Tour of Spain (Vuelta a ...
vinous-throated parrotbill: (from the article "parrotbill") A well-known garden bird in Chinese cities is the vinous-throated parrotbill (Paradoxornis webbianus). Ranging from Manchuria south through China and Korea to Myanmar (Burma), it frequents bamboo groves, tea plantations, ...
Vinson Massif: peak in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains of western Antarctica, overlooking Ronne Ice Shelf. Discovered in 1935 by the American explorer Lincoln Ellsworth, it is, at 16,050 feet ... [1 Related Articles]
Vinson, Fred M.: American lawyer and 13th chief justice of the United States, who was a vigorous supporter of a broad interpretation of federal governmental powers.
vint: trick-taking card game, popular around the Baltic Sea, and a significant contributor to the development of bridge. It developed from a game called Siberia, played in St. Petersburg in the ...
Vinter, Christiern: (from the article "biblical literature") Within two years of publication, Luther's New Testament had already influenced a Danish translation made at the request of the exiled king Christian II by Christiern Vinter and Hans Mikkelsen ...
Vintimille, Pauline de Mailly-Nesle, marquise de: (from the article "Louis XV") ...of scheming ministers and courtiers, Louis isolated himself at court and occupied himself with a succession of mistresses, several of whom exercised considerable political influence. Already Pauline de Mailly-Nesle, marquise ...
vinyl acetate: (from the article "vinyl acetate") colourless, liquid organic compound, the polymer of which is polyvinyl acetate (q.v.).polyvinyl acetate synthesispolyvinyl acetate a colourless, water-insoluble resin
vinyl chloride: a colourless, flammable, toxic gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds and used principally in making polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, a widely used plastic with numerous applications. [3 Related Articles]
vinyl compound: any of various organic chemical compounds, including acrylic compounds and styrene and its derivatives, that are useful in making plastic film; sheeting; upholstery; floor tile; inflatable and solid toys; buttons; ... [1 Related Articles]
vinyl copolymer: (from the article "industrial polymers, major") In addition to the copolymers mentioned in previous sections (e.g., fluoroelastomers, modacrylics), a number of important vinyl (carbon-chain) copolymers are manufactured. These include most of the important synthetic elastomers not ...
vinyl fluoride: a colourless, flammable, nontoxic, chemically stable gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds and used as the starting material in making polyvinyl fluoride, a plastic used in films for ...
vinyl polymer: (from the article "floor covering") ...the U.S. for this type of flooring. In the U.K. the term asphalt tile was used for a different product, and the somewhat misleading term thermo-plastic tile was applied to ...
vinylic halide: (from the article "organohalogen compound") any of a class of organic compounds that contain at least one halogen (fluorine [F], chlorine [Cl], bromine [Br], or iodine [I]) bonded to carbon. They are subdivided into alkyl, ...
vinylidene chloride: a colourless, dense, toxic, volatile, flammable liquid belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, used principally in combination with vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, or methyl methacrylate for the manufacture of ... [1 Related Articles]
vinylidene fluoride: (from the article "industrial polymers, major") A number of fluorinated polymers or copolymers having elastomeric properties are produced that incorporate the monomers vinylidene fluoride (CH₂&doublehorzbond;CF₂), hexafluoropropylene (CF₂&doublehorzbond;CFCF₃), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CF₂&doublehorzbond;CFCl) in addition to tetrafluoroethylene. These elastomers ...
Vinylite: (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...product was responsible for the commercial success of the polymer. Another route to a flexible product was copolymerization: in 1930 the Union Carbide Corporation introduced the trademarked polymer Vinylite, a ...
vinyltrichlorosilane: (from the article "silane") ...(CH₃)₂SiCl₂, is important as the starting material for the dimethylpolysiloxanes, members of the silicone family of polymers. Chlorotrimethylsilane and vinyltrichlorosilane are used to impart water repellency to numerous materials such ...
viol: bowed, stringed musical instrument used principally in chamber music of the 16th to the 18th century. The viol shares with the Renaissance lute the tuning of its six strings (two ... [6 Related Articles]
viola: stringed musical instrument, the tenor of the violin family. It is built in proportions similar to those of the violin but has a body length of 37 to 43 centimetres ... [3 Related Articles]
Viola: a shipwrecked young woman, later disguised as the young man Cesario, in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Viola-Cesario stands at the centre of the play as Shakespeare's example of ... [1 Related Articles]
Viola: genus of about 500 species of herbs or low shrubs, including the small, solid-coloured violets and the larger-flowered, often multicoloured violas and pansies. Viola occur naturally worldwide but are found ... [3 Related Articles]
Viola crassa: (from the article "mountain ecosystem") ...mountains of Japan, in places with marked soil instability associated with the effects of recent volcanic activity. While the plants surviving in such places are varied, some, like the violet ...
viola d'amore: (from the article "stringed instrument") ...sarangi, has from 35 to 40 sympathetic strings; the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle (Hardingfele) has 4 sympathetic strings, the viola d'amore 6 or more. Sympathetic strings are generally ...
viola da gamba: (from the article "viol") ...of complex solo divisions, or ornate variations on a melody, often played on a small bass called a division viol. When that fashion died out in the late 1600s, the ...
Viola odorata: (from the article "Malpighiales") ...Rinorea are used as chew sticks in West African markets. Viola is commonly grown as an ornamental (pansies, V. x wittrockiana, and other violets) in north temperate regions. Viola odorata ...
Viola, Bill: American video and sound artist who was one of the pioneering figures of a generation of artists in the 1970s employing video art and sound technologies. Known for his room-sized ... [1 Related Articles]
Viola, Roberto Eduardo: (from the article "Argentina") Videla was succeeded in March 1981 by General Roberto Viola, who, with the Dirty War near its end, was quite unable to control his military allies. In December he was ...
Violaceae: (from the article "Malpighiales") Violaceae, or the violet family, contains 23 genera and 800 species of herbs to trees with a few vines. The family is largely tropical to warm temperate, although there are ...
violation: (from the article "crime") ...category or the other, and it has been used as the basis for determining the court that will hear the case. In some jurisdictions, minor offenses were classified under a ...
violence: (from the article "Algeria") Political violence increased, owing to youth radicalization and attacks by the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), which claimed to have joined al-Qaeda in September 2006. Following the explosion ...
Violence Against Women Office: federal agency, part of the U.S. Department of Justice, that was established in March 1995 to help implement and coordinate some of the measures called for in the 1994 Violence ...
Violencia, La: (from the article "Colombia") Liberal hegemony continued through the 1930s and the World War II era, and Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo was reelected in 1942; however, wartime conditions were not favourable to social change. In ...
Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System: (from the article "police") ...to have been committed by the same offender, the system alerts the appropriate law enforcement agency. Other countries have developed systems similar to ViCAP; one of the most elaborate is ...
Violent Criminal Apprehension Program: (from the article "police") ...crimes, such as serial murder, because details may be gathered from more than one case. Many law enforcement agencies now use computerized systems to aid them in such investigations; the ...
violet wood sorrel: (from the article "Oxalis") ...Besides the wood sorrel, about 20 other species occur in North America, among which are the yellow wood sorrel (O. stricta), of the eastern United States and Canada, with yellow ...
Violette, Banks: (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...a 9 × 27-m (30 × 90-ft) barge landscaped with local earth and vegetation. Deterioration of society and material embodied the first American solo museum exhibition of Modern Gothic artist ...
violin: bowed, stringed musical instrument that evolved during the Renaissance from earlier bowed instruments: the medieval fiddle; its 16th-century Italian offshoot, the lira da braccio; and the rebec. The violin is ... [26 Related Articles]
violin family: (from the article "stringed instrument") The violin family at present comprises the violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass; it forms the backbone of the modern symphony orchestra. In addition, the violin and viola are widely ...
violino piccolo: (from the article "stringed instrument") Johann Sebastian Bach, along with other composers, occasionally wrote for the small high-pitched instrument known as the violino piccolo; now and then his works also require the ...
Violle, Jules: French physicist who at Mont Blanc in the French-Swiss Alps made the first high-altitude determination of the solar constant (1875). A graduate of the Ecole Normale Superieure at Paris, he ...
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene-Emmanuel: French Gothic Revival architect, restorer of French medieval buildings, and writer whose theories of rational architectural design linked the revivalism of the Romantic period to 20th-century Functionalism. [12 Related Articles]
violoncello piccolo: (from the article "stringed instrument") ...now and then his works also require the viola d'amore (a fretless hybrid shaped like a viol but sized and played like a viola with sympathetic strings) or the elusive ...
violone: (from the article "viol") ...two fourths) and the gut frets on its neck. It was made in three sizes: treble, tenor, and bass, with the bottom string tuned, respectively, to d, G (or A), ...
Viotti, Giovanni Battista: Italian violinist and composer, principal founder of the 19th-century school of violin playing.
Vioxx: (from the article "Business Overview") The livelihood of many drug manufacturers depended upon the decisions of governments and courts. Merck was fighting roughly 10,000 lawsuits that involved its withdrawn pain-relieving drug Vioxx. In April three ...
vipassana: (from the article "Buddhism") The second form of Theravada meditation is called vipassana (Pali: "inner vision" or "insight meditation"). This practice requires intense concentration, which is thought to lead to a ...
viper: any of more than 200 species of venomous snakes belonging to two groups: pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae) and Old World vipers (subfamily Viperinae), which are considered separate families by some ... [4 Related Articles]
viper's bugloss: (from the article "bugloss") Viper's bugloss (Echium vulgare), also known as blue devil, or blue weed, has bright-blue flowers and grows to a height of about 90 cm (35 inches). It is a bristly ...
viperfish: any of nine species of marine fishes belonging to the genus Chauliodus (order Stomiiformes). They are found in tropical regions of the major oceans. The viperfishes are deep-sea dwellers and ... [1 Related Articles]
Viphya Mountains: highlands in north-central Malawi. They comprise two main blocks, divided by a 15-mile- (24-km-) wide saddle (pass), and extend 130 miles (209 km) from Mount Champhila (5,971 feet [1,820 metres]) ... [1 Related Articles]
Vir Singh, Bhai: Sikh writer and theologian who was chiefly responsible for raising the Punjabi language to a literary level never before attained. [1 Related Articles]
Vira Narasimha: (from the article "India") Narasa's eldest son and successor, best known as Vira Narasimha (reigned 1503-09), ended the sham of regency. After ordering the by-then grown Immadi Narasimha's murder in 1505, he ascended the ...
Viracocha: creator deity originally worshiped by the pre-Inca inhabitants of Peru and later assimilated into the Inca pantheon. He was believed to have created the sun and moon on Lake Titicaca. ... [5 Related Articles]
Viracocha Inca: (from the article "Inca rulers and royal corporations") Before they were conquered by the Incas, the Aymara had a number of independent states, the most important being those of the Colla and the Lupaca. About 1430 the Inca ...
Viracocha, Temple of: (from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") ...by priests, their attendants, and the Chosen Women. In general, temples were not intended to shelter the celebrants, since most ceremonies were held outside the temple proper. The ruins of ...
Virag, Benedek: (from the article "Hungarian literature") ...end of the 18th century was a period of experiments with poetic language. The pioneers of the use of Greek and Latin metres in Hungarian verse (to which they are ...
virago sleeve: (from the article "dress") ...a short gown of durable material, with a full skirt over a homespun petticoat, covered by a long apron of white linen. The more stylish dress was longer and made ...
viral gastroenteritis: (from the article "gastroenteritis") Viral gastroenteritis, or viral diarrhea, is perhaps the most common type of diarrhea in the world; rotaviruses, caliciviruses, Norwalk viruses, and adenoviruses are the most common causes. Other forms of ...
viral genetics: (from the article "genetics") Viral genetics is another key part of microbial genetics. The genetics of viruses that attack bacteria were the first to be elucidated. Since then, studies and findings of viral genetics ...
viral hemorrhagic fever: any of a variety of highly fatal viral diseases that are characterized by massive external or internal bleeding or bleeding into the skin. Other symptoms vary by the type of ...
viral load: (from the article "AIDS") ...in the blood. This measurement, called the CD4 count, provides a good indication of the status of the immune system. Physicians also measure the amount of virus in the bloodstream-i.e., ...
viral meningitis: (from the article "diagnosis") Tests give clues to various disease processes. Viral meningitis can be differentiated from bacterial meningitis by the type of white blood cells identified, although a bacterial culture is the definitive ...
viral myositis: (from the article "muscle disease") An example of viral myositis is pleurodynia (also called Bornholm disease, epidemic myalgia, and devil's grip), which is caused by the Coxsackie virus. Affected persons recover completely after a brief ...
viral nerve deafness: (from the article "ear disease") Viral infections can cause severe degrees of sensorineural hearing loss in one ear, and sometimes in both, at any age. The mumps virus is one of the commonest causes of ...
viral pharyngitis: (from the article "pharyngitis") Viral pharyngitis infections also occur. They can produce raised whitish to yellow lesions in the pharynx that are surrounded by reddened tissue. They cause fever, headache, and sore throat that ...
viral rhinopneumonitis: (from the article "livestock farming") ...susceptible to tetanus or lockjaw but can be given two-year protection through the use of a commonly accepted toxoid. There are two common types of abortion in horses: virus abortion, ...
Viratesvara: (from the article "South Asian arts") ...most important of which is the Karna. Although generally of the 11th century, they are quite simple, lacking the rich sculptural decoration so characteristic of the period. By contrast, the ...
Virbius: (from the article "Diana") ...was a shrine common to the cities of the Latin League. Associated with Diana at Aricia were Egeria, the spirit of a nearby stream who shared with Diana the guardianship ...
Virchow, Rudolf: German pathologist and statesman, one of the most prominent physicians of the 19th century. He pioneered the modern concept of pathological processes by his application of the cell theory to ... [10 Related Articles]
Virden: city, Macoupin county, west-central Illinois, U.S. Virden lies about 20 miles (30 km) south of Springfield. Laid out in 1852 along the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, it was named for ...
Virdung, Sebastian: (from the article "percussion instrument") ...are nontonal; with the exception of bells and percussion beams, they form part of the musica irregularis decried by writers such as the German organologist Sebastian Virdung ...