| | - Villar Perosa
- (from the article "submachine gun") ...II because of the need to increase the individual soldier's firepower at close quarters. The Germans developed the first such weapons, modeling them to some extent after the Italian double-barreled ...
- Villard De Honnecourt
- French architect remembered primarily for the sketchbook compiled while he travelled in search of work as a master mason. The book is made up of sketches and writings concerning architectural ... [3 Related Articles]
- Villard, Henry
- U.S. journalist and financier, who became one of the major United States railroad and electric utility promoters. [2 Related Articles]
- Villard, Oswald Garrison
- (from the article "Nation, The") In 1918 Oswald Garrison Villard became editor, and The Nation ended its affiliation with the New York Evening Post and began moving steadily toward ...
- Villard, Paul
- (from the article "atom") A third kind of radiation was identified by the French chemist Paul Villard in 1900. Designated as the gamma ray, it is not deflected by magnets and is much more ...
- Villaricos
- (from the article "Spain") ...and manufacturers who had their base in Tyre or Byblos and placed their representatives abroad. This accounts for the rich tombs of Phoenician pattern found at Almunecar, Trayamar, and Villaricos, ...
- Villaroel, Gualberto
- (from the article "Bolivia") ...was overthrown by a secret military group, Reason for the Fatherland (Razon de Patria; RADEPA). RADEPA allied itself with the MNR and tried to create a new-style government under Colonel ...
- Villarreal
- city, Castellon provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. The city is northeast of Valencia city on the Mijares ...
- Villarrica
- town, southern Paraguay. Founded in 1576 on the Parana River, the settlement was moved in 1682 to its present site at the edge of the westward extension of the Brazilian ...
- Villars, Claude-Louis-Hector, duc de
- (duke of) French soldier, King Louis XIV's most successful commander in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14). [1 Related Articles]
- Villas Boas, Claudio
- Brazilian anthropologist and activist whose life was dedicated to the search for and protection of the country's indigenous people as their lands were taken over and developed; he and his ...
- Villas Boas, Orlando
- Brazilian explorer and Indian rights activist (b. Jan. 12, 1914, near Botucatu, Braz.-d. Dec. 12, 2002, Sao Paulo, Braz.), was a leading advocate of the rights of indigenous Brazilians. In ...
- Villaverde, Cirilo
- (from the article "Latin American literature") ...of this group of novels was Cecilia Valdes (1882; Cecilia Valdes; or, Angel's Hill: A Novel of Cuban Customs), by the Cuban exile Cirilo ...
- Villavicencio
- capital of Meta departamento, central Colombia, situated on the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera (mountains) Oriental. Founded in 1840, the city was named after Antonio Villavicencio, who was an ... [1 Related Articles]
- Villavicencio, Antonio
- (from the article "Villavicencio") capital of Meta departamento, central Colombia, situated on the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera (mountains) Oriental. Founded in 1840, the city was named after Antonio Villavicencio, who was an ...
- Villaviciosa
- port town, Asturias provincia (province) and comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northwestern Spain, in the Costa Verde resort area. The town is a fishing port ...
- Villaviciosa, Battle of
- (from the article "Spain") ...in 1647 and 1653. Once more the Council of Finance issued a debased coinage to pay for the Portuguese campaign. But the Portuguese routed the last Spanish armies at Ameixial ...
- Ville Basse
- (from the article "Carcassonne") The Ville Basse was founded in 1240 when rebellious citizens of the Cite were banished beyond the walls. It was burned by Edward the Black Prince in 1355 when he ...
- ville neuf
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") The opening up of extensive areas of wood and heathland led to the foundation of new settlements (known in the French-speaking areas as villes neuves), to which colonists were attracted ...
- Ville, Hotel de
- (from the article "Blondel, Jacques-Francois") ...German architect Christian Weinlig, a member of the Dresden Neoclassical school. In this period Blondel designed a comprehensive plan for the decoration of the centre of Metz (1764), including the ...
- Ville, Theatre de la
- (from the article "Bernhardt, Sarah") ...which she renamed the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt and managed until her death in 1923. The theatre retained her name until the German occupation of World War II and is now ...
- Ville-de-Paris
- (from the article "Ile-de-France") ...region of France encompassing the north-central departements of Val-d'Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, Ville-de-Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, and Yvelines. Ile-de-France is bounded by the regions of ...
- Villefranche-sur-Mer
- harbour town and Mediterranean resort, Alpes-Maritimes departement, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur region, southeastern France. Situated on the wooded slopes surrounding the magnificent roadsteads immediately east of Nice, the town is dominated by ...
- Villefranche-sur-Saone
- town, Rhone departement, Rhone-Alpes region, east-central France, located 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the Saone River. Founded in the 12th century, the town became the capital of the Beaujolais ...
- Villegagnon Island
- island in Guanabara Bay, southeastern Brazil, connected by a causeway to Rio de Janeiro's Santos Dumont Airport on the mainland. In 1555 French Huguenots from nearby Laje Island under Nicolas ...
- Villegas, Esteban Manuel de
- Spanish lyric poet who achieved great popularity with an early book of poems, Poesias eroticas y amatorias (1617-18).
- Villehardouin, Geoffrey of
- French soldier, chronicler, marshal of Champagne, and one of the leaders of the Fourth Crusade (1201-04), which he described in his Conquest of Constantinople. He was the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Villejuif
- town, Val-de-Marne departement, Paris region, southern suburb of Paris, France. It has a psychiatric hospital and a cancer research institute and manufactures glass, sheet metal, and aircraft parts. Pop. (1999) ...
- Villele, Joseph, comte de
- French conservative politician and prime minister during the reign of Charles X. [1 Related Articles]
- Villella, Edward
- American ballet dancer who in 1986 became the founding artistic director of the Miami City Ballet. As a dancer, he was one of the principal performers of the New York ...
- Villemaire, Yolande
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...of works; of note in this endeavour was the work of Madeleine Gagnon (Lueur [1979; "Glimmer"]), France Theoret (Une Voix pour Odile [1978; "A Voice for Odile"]), and Yolande Villemaire ...
- Villemin, Jean Antoine
- French physician who proved tuberculosis to be an infectious disease, transmitted by contact from humans to animals and from one animal to another. [1 Related Articles]
- Villena
- city, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. It lies about 45 miles (70 km) northeast of Murcia. ...
- Villena, Juan Pacheco, marques de
- (from the article "Henry IV") Although much that was published about Henry IV may be discounted as propaganda, he suffered from the quarrels of his favourites, Juan Pacheco, marques de Villena, and Beltran de la ...
- Villena, Luis Antonio de
- (from the article "Spanish literature") ...theme of death; Jaime Siles, whose abstract, reflexive poetry belongs to Spain's so-called poesia de pensamiento ("poetry of thought"); and Luis Antonio de Villena, an outspoken representative ...
- villenage
- (from the article "feudal land tenure") The main type of unfree tenancy was villenage, initially a modified form of servitude. Whereas the mark of free tenants was that their services were always predetermined, in unfree tenure ...
- Villeneuve, Jacques
- In 1994, his first year as a driver on the IndyCar racing circuit, Jacques Villeneuve placed second in the Indianapolis 500 race. He finished the season in sixth place in ...
- Villeneuve, Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de
- French admiral who commanded the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805). [3 Related Articles]
- Villeroi, Francois de Neufville, duc de (duke of)
- French courtier, a lifelong favourite of King Louis XIV, who became marshal of France in 1693. His ducal father, Nicolas de Neufville, had been governor (educational supervisor) of the infant ... [1 Related Articles]
- Villers-Cotterets, Edict of
- (from the article "Romance languages") ...developed in Britain as Anglo-Norman, widely used until the 14th century) and northern dialects (such as Picard), had more prestige, especially in the literary sphere. The legal reform known as ...
- Villeurbanne
- city, Rhone departement, Rhone-Alpes region, east-central France. Villeurbanne forms the eastern part of the metropolitan agglomeration of Lyon. It is located on the right bank of the Rhone River. The ...
- Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Auguste, comte de
- French poet, dramatist, and short-story writer whose work reflects a revolt against naturalism and a combination of Romantic idealism and cruel sensuality. His hatred of the mediocrity of a materialistic ... [1 Related Articles]
- Villon, Francois
- one of the greatest French lyric poets. He was known for his life of criminal excess, spending much time in prison or in banishment from medieval Paris. His chief works ... [2 Related Articles]
- Villon, Jacques
- French painter and printmaker who was involved in the Cubist movement; later he worked in realistic and abstract styles. [3 Related Articles]
- Villoresi, Luigi
- Italian race-car driver for Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia teams during the 1930s, '40s, and '50s who was considered the most elegant racer of his time (b. May 16, 1909--d. Aug. ...
- villota
- type of 16th-century Italian secular song similar to the villanella but having its origins in folk music. The villota has no structural uniformity and usually weaves a ...
- villous adenoma
- (from the article "digestive system disease") ...diagnosis is made. The rectum may be left, but a visual examination of the residual mucosa must be made twice yearly to detect signs of early cancerous change. Another peculiar ...
- villus
- in anatomy any of the small, slender, vascular projections that increase the surface area of a membrane. Important villous membranes include the placenta and the mucous-membrane coating of the small ... [4 Related Articles]
- Vilner, Meir
- Lithanian-born Israeli politician (b. Oct. 23, 1918, Vilnius, Lithuania-d. June 5, 2003, Tel Aviv, Israel), was a member of the Israeli Knesset (parliament) for nearly 42 years (1949-90), secretary-general (1965-90) ...
- Vilnius
- city, capital of Lithuania, at the confluence of the Neris (Russian Viliya) and Vilnia rivers. [10 Related Articles]
- Vilnius Conference
- (from the article "Lithuania") Lithuania continued its promotion of democracy in Eastern Europe during 2006. Together with his Polish counterpart, Pres. Valdas Adamkus organized the Vilnius Conference in May, inviting leaders of the neighbouring ...
- Vilnius dispute
- post-World War I conflict between Poland and Lithuania over possession of the city of Vilnius (Wilno) and its surrounding region.
- Vilnius, Treaty of
- (from the article "Wladyslaw II Jagiello") ...to pass before a second event turned his leadership to good advantage. The Teutonic Order had been successfully exploiting further dissension between him and Vytautas, but this subsided when, by ...
- Vilnius, Union of
- (from the article "Sigismund II Augustus") ...offered protection. The Polish king intervened, but, as Livonia continued to be menaced by Muscovy as well as Sweden and Denmark, the Livonian Order and Sigismund II Augustus concluded the ...
- Vilyuy River
- river in east-central Siberia, flowing mainly through Sakha (Yakutiya) in eastern Russia. The longest tributary of the Lena, it has a length of 1,647 miles (2,650 km) and a drainage ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vima
- (from the article "India") Kujula Kadphises, the Yuezhi chief, conquered northern India in the 1st century CE. He was succeeded by his son Vima, after whom came Kanishka, the most powerful among the Kushan ...
- vimala
- (from the article "bhumi") ...superior stages as: (1) pramudita ("joyful," with the thought that, having begun the career of a bodhisattva, he will attain enlightenment and will help others), (2) vimala ("free from impurities"), ...
- Vimala Dharma Surya
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") ...ruler. They were accompanied by an ambitious and distinguished Sinhalese military nobleman, Konnappu Bandara. Dom Philip was installed as king but died under suspicious circumstances, and Konnappu Bandara enthroned himself, ...
- Vimala Vasahi
- (from the article "Abu") ...built of white marble, are famous. Tejpal temple, built about AD 1200, is known for the delicacy and richness of its carving, especially for that on the underside of its ...
- Vimalakirti
- (from the article "Bunsei") ...Kyoto. They were painted about 1450 and are located in the temple. The other three paintings are a landscape in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; an ink painting of ...
- Viminal
- (from the article "Rome") Like much of the Esquiline, the Viminal and Quirinal lie in the heart of modern Rome. Heavily built upon and sclerotic with traffic, the former seems almost flattened under the ...
- vina
- any of several stringed musical instruments of India, including arched harps (before AD 1000), stick zithers, and lutes. [4 Related Articles]
- Vina del Mar
- city and Pacific Ocean resort, central Chile, just northeast of Valparaiso. A large municipal gaming casino, beaches, and a pleasant summer climate attract substantial numbers of domestic and foreign vacationers. ...
- vina saule
- (from the article "Baltic religion") ...The two-region hypothesis seems to be more plausible and is supported by a dualism found frequently in the dainas: si saule (literally "this sun") and vina saule (literally "the other ...
- vinaigrette
- small metal perfume container usually made of gold or silver and containing a pierced metal tray beneath which was placed a piece of sponge soaked in an aromatic substance such ...
- vinaigrette
- (from the article "vinegar") ...and vegetables. For use as a condiment, vinegar is often flavoured with garlic, onions, tarragon, or other herbs and spices. Mixed with oil and seasonings it becomes a classic cold ...
- vinal
- (from the article "Gran Chaco") ...by another quebracho tree that has a lower tannin content and is used most often for lumber. There is also a marked increase in the number and density of thorny ...
- Vinales valley
- (from the article "Cuba") Cuba has numerous protected areas, including national parks at Turquino Peak, Cristal Peak, Romano Caye, part of Juventud Island, and the Vinales valley. Desembarco del Granma National Park features a ...
- Vinas, David
- (from the article "Literature") In the Rio de la Plata, veteran Argentine writer David Vinas published Tartabul, a novel that was challenging and difficult to follow because it combined several story lines, a multitude ...
- Vinaver, Michel
- (from the article "French literature") ...Paris and the provinces and gave great scope to actors for developing their own stagecraft and improvisatory skills) had marginalized new writing. Ministry of Culture subsidies supported the work of ...
- Vinay, Ramon
- Chilean opera singer (b. Aug. 31, 1912, Chillan, Chile--d. Jan. 4, 1996, Puebla, Mexico), achieved his greatest recognition as a heroic tenor, most notably in the title role in Giuseppe ...
- vinaya
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...Sanskrit: Tripitaka). Its arrangement reflects the importance that the early followers attached to the monastic life (Pali and Sanskrit: Vinaya), to the discourses of ...
- Vinaya Pitaka
- (Pali and Sanskrit: "Basket of Discipline"), the oldest and smallest of the three sections of the Buddhist canonical Tipitaka ("Triple Basket") and the one that regulates monastic life and the ... [4 Related Articles]
- vinblastine
- (from the article "drug") ...replication. The first compound in this class was isolated from the Chinese camptotheca tree. Irinotecan and topotecan are used in the treatment of colorectal, ovarian, and small-cell lung cancer. Vinblastine ...
- Vincennes
- city, Val-de-Marne departement, Paris region, eastern residential suburb of Paris, France, immediately outside the city limits. It is connected to Paris by the Metro (subway).
- Vincennes
- city, seat (1790) of Knox county, southwestern Indiana, U.S., on the Wabash River, 51 miles (82 km) north of Evansville. Indiana's oldest city, Vincennes figured prominently in early American history ...
- Vincennes ware
- pottery made at Vincennes, near Paris, from c. 1738, when the factory was probably founded by Robert and Gilles Dubois, until 1756 (three years after it had become the royal ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vincennes, Bois de
- (from the article "Paris") ...by London's parks while living in Britain, two ancient royal military preserves at the approaches to Paris were made into "English" parks-the Bois de Boulogne to the west and the ...
- Vincent Astor Foundation
- (from the article "Astor, Brooke Russell") ...and Garden magazine. She married Vincent Astor, heir to the fortune of fur magnate and financier John Jacob Astor, in 1953. When he died in 1959, Brooke Astor became the ...
- Vincent De Paul, Saint
- French saint, founder of the Congregation of the Mission (Lazarists, or Vincentians) for preaching missions to the peasantry and for educating and training a pastoral clergy. [6 Related Articles]
- Vincent Ferrer, Saint
- Aragonese friar and renowned preacher who helped to end the Great Western Schism.
- Vincent gingivitis
- acute and painful infection of the tooth margins and gums that is caused by the symbiotic microorganisms Bacillus fusiformis and Borrelia vincentii. The chief symptoms are painful, swollen, bleeding gums; ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vincent Of Beauvais
- French scholar and encyclopaedist whose Speculum majus ("Great Mirror") was probably the greatest European encyclopaedia up to the 18th century. [4 Related Articles]
- Vincent of Lerins, Saint
- Gallo-Roman saint, the chief theologian of the Abbey of Lerins, known especially for his heresiography Commonitoria ("Memoranda"). [5 Related Articles]
- Vincent van Gogh Biennial Award for Contemporary Art
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...filmmaker Wilhelm Sasnal edged out four other artists-Urs Fischer (Switzerland), Andrey Monastyrsky (Russia), Dan Perjovschi (Romania), and Cerith Wyn Evans (U.K.)-for the Vincent, the Vincent van Gogh Biennial Award for ...
- Vincent, Fay
- (from the article "baseball") ...each club. Later commissioners included Ford C. Frick (1951-65), William D. Eckert (1965-69), Bowie Kuhn (1969-84), Peter Ueberroth (1984-89), A. Bartlett Giamatti (1989), Fay Vincent (1989-92), and Allan H. ("Bud") ...
- Vincent, Gene
- American rockabilly singer whose swaggering, black-leather-clad image defined the look of the rock rebel. Discharged from the U.S. Navy in 1955 following a motorcycle accident in which his leg was ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vincent, Stenio Joseph
- (from the article "Haiti") In October 1930 Haitians chose a national assembly for the first time since 1918. It in turn elected as president Stenio Joseph Vincent. In August 1934 U.S. President Franklin D. ...
- Vincentian
- a Roman Catholic society of priests and brothers founded at Paris in 1625 by St. Vincent de Paul for the purpose of preaching missions to the poor country people and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vincentio
- (from the article "Measure for Measure") The play opens with Vincentio, the benevolent duke of Vienna, commissioning his deputy Angelo to govern the city while he travels to Poland. In actuality, the duke remains in Vienna ...
- Vincenzo I Gonzaga
- (from the article "Rubens, Peter Paul") ...before setting off on a sojourn in Italy in May 1600. In Venice he absorbed the luminosity and dramatic expressiveness of the Renaissance masterpieces of Titian, Tintoretto, and Veronese. Hired ...
- Vinci, Charles T.
- American weightlifter who won two Olympic gold medals.
- Vinci, Leonardo
- Italian composer who was one of the originators of the Neapolitan style of opera; along with Nicola Porpora, his followers included Giovanni Battista Pergolesi and Johann Adolph Hasse.
- vincristine
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...from Cinchona (Rubiaceae) bark. Some angiosperm compounds that are highly toxic to humans have proved to be effective in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, such as acute leukemia ...
- Vincy, battle of
- (from the article "France") The situation was rectified by Pippin's illegitimate son, Charles Martel. Defeating the Neustrians at Ambleve (716), Vincy (717), and Soissons (719), he made himself master of northern Francia. He then ...
- Vindemiatrix
- (from the article "astronomical map") ...names those two as well as Procyon ("Forerunner of the Dog"), Stachys ("Ear of Corn"?, now Spica), and Protrugater ("Herald of the Vintage," now Latinized to Vindemiatrix).
- Vindex, Gaius Julius
- governor of the Roman province of Lugdunensis (east-central and northern Gaul) who led a revolt in Gaul against the emperor Nero. His rebellion, begun in March 68, was followed by ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vindhya Neolithic
- (from the article "India") In the hills to the south of the Ganges (Ganga) valley, a group of sites has been assigned to the "Vindhya Neolithic"; for at least one of these, Koldihwa, dates ...
- Vindhya Range
- broken range of hills forming the southern escarpment of the central upland of India. From Gujarat state on the west, it extends about 675 miles (1,086 km) across Madhya Pradesh ... [5 Related Articles]
- Vindhyachal
- (from the article "Mirzapur-Vindhyachal") ...a centre of industry, including cotton milling, sandstone dressing, and brassware and carpet manufacture. There are temples and ghats, or bathing stairs, along the river; in Vindhyachal is an old ...
- Vindhyasakti
- (from the article "India") In the Deccan the Vakataka dynasty was closely tied to the Guptas. With a nucleus in Vidarbha, the founder of the dynasty, Vindhyashakti, extended his power northward as far as ...
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