| | - Vignola, Giacomo da
- also called Giacomo Barozzi or Giacomo Barozio architect who, with Andrea Palladio and Giulio Romano, dominated Italian Mannerist architectural design and stylistically anticipated the Baroque. [3 Related Articles]
- Vignoles, Charles
- (from the article "railroad") The modern railroad rail has a flat bottom, and its cross section is much like an inverted T. An English engineer, Charles Vignoles, is credited with the invention of this ...
- Vignon, Claude
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...the last great flowering of the Mannerist style in Europe. By comparison, painting in Paris during the first decades of the 17th century was relatively insignificant, with the exception of ...
- Vignon, Pierre-Alexandre
- (from the article "Madeleine") Paris church designed by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon in 1806. The Madeleine, in the form of a Roman temple surrounded by a Corinthian colonnade, reflects the taste for classical art and architecture ...
- Vigny, Alfred-Victor, comte de
- (count of ) poet, dramatist, and novelist who was the most philosophical of the French Romantic writers. [2 Related Articles]
- Vigo
- port city and naval station, Pontevedra provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. Vigo is one of the largest ...
- Vigo, Jean
- French film director whose blending of lyricism with realism and Surrealism, the whole underlined with a cynical, anarchic approach to life, distinguished him as an original talent. Although he completed ... [2 Related Articles]
- vihara
- early type of Buddhist monastery consisting of an open court surrounded by open cells accessible through an entrance porch. The viharas in India were originally constructed to ... [4 Related Articles]
- Vihari
- town, south-central Punjab province, Pakistan. The town lies on a flat alluvial plain bordered by the Sutlej River on the southeast. It is a market and processing centre for cotton ...
- vihuela
- stringed musical instrument that in Spanish Renaissance art music held the popularity accorded the lute elsewhere in Europe. Built like a large guitar, it had six, sometimes seven, double courses ... [3 Related Articles]
- VII
- (from the article "Nachtwey, James") ...photographer with Time magazine. He was a member of Magnum photography cooperative from 1986 to 2001, when he became one of the founding members of the photo ...
- VII Gemina Felix
- (from the article "Spain") ...reduced to three by the reign of his successor, Tiberius, and to one by the time of Galba's accession. From Vespasian's time to the end of the empire the legionary ...
- Viipuri Municipal Library
- (from the article "Aalto, Alvar") ...most advanced architect in Finland and brought him worldwide recognition as well. These were the Turun Sanomat Building (newspaper office) in Turku, the tuberculosis sanatorium at Paimio, and the Municipal ...
- Vijaya
- (from the article "Majapahit empire") the last Indianized kingdom in Indonesia; based in eastern Java, it existed between the 13th and 16th centuries. The founder of the empire was Vijaya, a prince of Singhasari (q.v.), ...
- Vijaya
- (from the article "India") The short reigns of Devaraya's two sons, Ramcandra and Vijaya, were disastrous. In a war against the Bahmanis, many temples were destroyed, and Vijaya was forced to pay a huge ...
- Vijaya
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") According to the Sinhalese tradition, as recorded in the Mahavamsa, the first Indian settlers on Sri Lanka were Prince Vijaya and his 700 followers, who landed on the west coast ...
- Vijayabahu
- (from the article "Anawrahta") ...Primarily through his efforts, Theravada Buddhism became the dominant religion of Myanmar and the inspiration for its culture and civilization. He maintained diplomatic relations with King Vijayabahu of Ceylon, who ...
- Vijayanagar
- (Sanskrit: "City of Victory"), great ruined city in southern India and also the empire ruled first from that city and later from Penukonda (in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh) between 1336 ... [14 Related Articles]
- Vijayawada
- city, east-central Andhra Pradesh state, southern India, on the Krishna River. The city is a centre for Hindu pilgrimages. It is also known for its toys, many of them miniatures. ...
- vijnana
- (from the article "vijnana") (Sanskrit), in the Buddhist chain of dependent origination, thought or knowledge giving rise to name and form. See pratitya-samutpada.aspects of samsara
- vijnana-skandha
- in Buddhist philosophy, one of the five skandhas, or aggregates, that constitute all that exists. Thought (vijnana/vinnana) is the psychic process that results from other psychological phenomena. The simplest form ... [2 Related Articles]
- Vijnanabhiksu
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") vrtti and Vijnanabhikyu (16th century) wrote the Samkhya-pravacana-bhasya ("Commentary on the Samkhya Doctrine"). Among independent works, mention may be made of Tattvasamasa ("Collection of Truths"; c. 11th century).
- vijnanamatra
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...with the other great Mahayana system, Madhyamika, where the emphasis is on logical analysis and dialectic. Its central doctrine, however, is that only consciousness (vijnanamatra; hence the ...
- vijnapti-karman
- (Sanskrit: "manifest activity"), in Buddhist philosophy, a kind of action that manifests itself outside of the actor and is capable of being recognized by others. Of the three kinds of ...
- vikalpa
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") An important contribution to epistemology was made by the writers on the Yoga: this concerns the key notion of vikalpa, which stands for mental states referring to pseudo-objects posited only ...
- Vike-Freiberga, Vaira
- On July 8, 1999, Vaira Vike-Freiberga took the oath of office as president of Latvia, the first woman to head a postcommunist Eastern European state. The selection of a psychology ... [4 Related Articles]
- Vikelas, Dimitrios
- (from the article "International Olympic Committee presidents") ...revival in Paris in June 1894 at a conference on international sport attended by 79 delegates representing 49 organizations from 9 countries. Coubertin himself wrote that, except for his coworkers ...
- Vikhren Peak
- (from the article "Bulgaria") ...Perelik Peak; the Rila Mountains, rising to 9,596 feet (2,925 metres) at Musala Peak, which is the highest point in the country and indeed in the whole Balkan Peninsula; the ...
- Viking
- member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These ... [54 Related Articles]
- Viking
- either of two robotic U.S. spacecraft launched by NASA for extended study of the planet Mars. The Viking project was the first planetary exploration mission to transmit pictures from the ... [5 Related Articles]
- Viking Brotherhood
- (from the article "Neo-Paganism") ...Pagan Way, a nature religion centred on goddess worship and the seasons; the Reformed Druids of North America; the Church of the Eternal Source, which has revived ancient Egyptian religion; ...
- Vikrama era
- (from the article "chronology") The Vikrama era (58 BC) is said in the Jain book Kalakacaryakatha to have been founded after a victory of King Vikramaditya over the Saka. But some ...
- Viktorshohe
- (from the article "Harz") ...of terraced plateaus (primarily of slates, sandstones, and limestones) that rise in places into rounded summits and are intersected by narrow, deep valleys. The Brocken (3,747 feet [1,142 m]) and ...
- Viktorsson, Stina
- (from the article "Curling") ...at 9-0 but was upset 10-2 by Canada in the semifinal and finished with a bronze medal. Switzerland's Tania Grivel captured the women's world junior title with a 10-2 victory ...
- Vila da Ribeira Brava
- (from the article "Sao Nicolau Island") Settled since the 15th century, the island's main economic activities are agriculture (coffee, oranges, beans, corn [maize]) and horse raising. The chief town, Vila da Ribeira Brava, is near the ...
- Vila do Porto
- (from the article "Santa Maria Island") The island's capital, Vila do Porto, founded in the 1430s, is the oldest town in the Azores; it has a 15th-century parish church and a commemorative stela, dedicated in 1432 ...
- Vila Velha
- coastal city, east-central Espirito Santo estado (state), eastern Brazil. It lies along Espirito Santo Bay, just southeast of Vitoria, the state capital, and forms part of the ...
- Vilakazi, Benedict Wallet
- Zulu poet, novelist, and educator who devoted his career to the teaching and study of the Zulu language and literature. [2 Related Articles]
- Vilamajo, Julio
- (from the article "Latin American architecture") The central figure in Montevideo was Julio Vilamajo, who designed the Faculty of Engineering there in 1937. The spatial sequences on the ground floor, the articulation of the different volumes, ...
- Vilanova i la Geltru
- city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain, southwest of Barcelona. The city was chartered by James I ...
- Vilar, Alberto
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...a fiefdom. The dispute ended acrimoniously in April, when Muti resigned, citing irreconcilable differences. One of opera's most generous and ostentatious benefactors, the Cuban-American investor Alberto Vilar, suffered a similarly ...
- Vilar, Jean
- French actor and director who revitalized the Theatre National Populaire as a forceful educational and creative influence in French life. [3 Related Articles]
- Vilarrubis, Juan
- (from the article "spearfishing") ...Beuchat that was propelled by a rubber elastic band. Other guns were designed that used gunpowder, carbon dioxide, or compressed air to propel the spear; one of the latter type, ...
- Vilas, William F.
- a leader of the U.S. Democratic Party in the late 19th century and a member of President Grover Cleveland's Cabinet.
- Vilatte, Joseph Rene
- (from the article "episcopus vagans") ...The first of these was Jules Ferrette, a former Roman Catholic priest who was consecrated in 1866 by the Jacobite bishop of Homs (Emesa) in Syria; he worked in England ...
- vilayat-e-faqih
- (from the article "Khomeini, Ruhollah") ...Behesht-e Zahra' cemetery has since become a shrine for his supporters. Ideologically, he is best remembered for having developed the concept of vilayat-e faqih ("guardianship of the ...
- Vilcabamba
- (from the article "Bingham, Hiram") Bingham was a member of the history faculty at Yale University from 1909 until 1924. In July 1911 he directed a Yale archaeological expedition whose main objective was to find ...
- Vilcabamba, Cordillera de
- small range of the Andes Mountains in south-central Peru, extending about 160 miles (260 km) northwestward from the city of Cuzco. The range, marked by the erosive action of rivers ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vilcanota Knot
- (from the article "Andes Mountains") As the Andes enter Peru, the Cordillera Occidental runs parallel to the coast, while the Cordillera Real from Bolivia ends in the rough mountain mass of the Vilcanota Knot at ...
- Vilcanota, Cordillera de
- (from the article "Andes Mountains") ...from Bolivia ends in the rough mountain mass of the Vilcanota Knot at latitude 15° S. From this knot (nudo), two lofty and narrow chains emerge northward, the Cordilleras de ...
- Vilde, Eduard
- (from the article "Estonian literature") ...criticism of Liiv's Kumme lugu (1893; "Ten Tales") and in Ernst Peterson's criticism of social injustice, Boils (1899-1901). An outstanding realist novelist was Eduard Vilde, who wrote a historical trilogy ...
- Vildrac, Charles
- French poet, playwright, and essayist whose idealistic commitment to humanitarianism characterized his artistic and personal life. [1 Related Articles]
- Vile, William
- English cabinetmaker of the 18th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Vilela
- (from the article "South American Indian") ...and the Tehuelche, Puelche (Guennakin), Charrua, and Querandi of mainland Argentina. The Gran Chaco region supported the Guaycuruan-speaking Indians, the Abipon, Wichi, Vilela, and others, all migratory peoples who roamed ...
- Vili
- (from the article "Askr and Embla") in Norse mythology, the first man and first woman, respectively, parents of the human race. They were created from tree trunks found on the seashore by three gods-Odin and his ...
- Vili
- (from the article "Loango, Kingdom of") former African state in the basin of the Kouilou and Niari rivers (now largely in southwestern Congo [Brazzaville]). Founded by the Vili people, (Bavili), probably before 1485, it was one ...
- Viljoen, Marais
- South African politician, who was the fifth state president (1979-84) of South Africa (a largely ceremonial post). [1 Related Articles]
- Vilkacis
- (from the article "Baltic religion") ...colonialized people in Europe who have preserved a large amount of folklore that in different variations and situations portrays the Devil as a German landlord. Another evil being is the ...
- Vilkitsky, Boris A.
- (from the article "Arctic") ...winter to Vladivostok. In 1913 they discovered an archipelago north of the Taymyr Peninsula, which was named Emperor Nicholas II Land (now Severnaya Zemlya). In 1914, under the command of ...
- villa
- country estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings. The term villa particularly applies to the suburban summer residences of the ancient Romans and their later Italian imitators. In Great ... [6 Related Articles]
- Villa
- (from the article "bee fly") The larvae of Bombylius major, the large bee fly of the Northern Hemisphere and one of the earliest to appear in spring, are parasitic on solitary bees. Larvae of several ...
- Villa d'Este
- estate in Tivoli, near Rome, with buildings, fountains, and terraced gardens designed (1550) by the Mannerist architect Pirro Ligorio for the governor Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este. Before being confiscated as ... [3 Related Articles]
- Villa Giulia, Museo Nazionale di
- (Italian: National Museum of Villa Giulia), museum in Rome principally devoted to antiquities of the pre-Roman period from ancient Umbria, Latium, and southern Etruria. It is housed in the Villa ... [1 Related Articles]
- Villa Giusti, Armistice of
- (from the article "Paris Peace Conference") ...end by a series of armistices between the Allies and their adversaries-that of Salonika (Thessalonika) with Bulgaria on Sept. 29, 1918, that of Mudros with Turkey on October 30, that ...
- Villa Imperiale
- (from the article "Pesaro") ...the fortress of Rocca Constanza (built 1474-1505 for Constanzo Sforza); the Palazzo Ducale (1450-1510; see photograph); the cathedral, with a 14th-century facade; and the nearby Villa Imperiale, built (1469-72) for ...
- Villa Karma
- (from the article "Loos, Adolf") ...(1924-28). Loos was opposed to both Art Nouveau and Beaux-Arts historicism, and as early as 1898 he announced his intention to avoid the use of unnecessary ornament. His first building, ...
- Villa Maria
- city, east central Cordoba provincia (province), north-central Argentina, on the Tercero River at the northwestern limits of the Pampa. Founded in 1867, it was nominated but rejected ...
- villa miserias
- (from the article "Argentina") ...inner cities-and assembled dwellings from corrugated iron and scraps of wood, cardboard, and other scavenged materials. The resulting shantytown communities, called villas miserias, lack amenities such as ...
- Villa morio
- (from the article "bee fly") ...others are parasitic on caterpillars. Anthrax anale is a parasite of tiger beetle larvae, and the European A. trifasciata is a parasite of the wall bee. Several African species of ...
- Villa Nueva
- suburb east of the city of Mendoza, in north Mendoza provincia (province), western Argentina. It lies in the intensively irrigated Mendoza River valley, at the base of ...
- Villa Obregon
- delegacion (legation), north-central Distrito Federal (Federal District), central Mexico, in the Valley of Mexico. Formerly known as San Angel and San Jacinto Tenanitla, the original settlement dates ...
- Villa Savoye
- (from the article "International Style") ...in the freer treatment of reinforced concrete but added the concept of modular proportion in order to maintain a human scale in his work. Among his well-known works in the ...
- Villa, Pancho
- Filipino professional boxer, world flyweight (112 pounds) champion. [2 Related Articles]
- Villa, Pancho
- Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader, who fought against the regimes of both Porfirio Diaz and Victoriano Huerta and after 1914 engaged in civil war and banditry. [10 Related Articles]
- Villa-Lobos, Heitor
- Brazilian composer and one of the foremost Latin American composers of the 20th century, whose music combines indigenous melodic and rhythmic elements with Western classical music. [3 Related Articles]
- villac umu
- (from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") ...title was umu, but in usage his title was geared to his functions as diviner of lungs, sorcerer, confessor, and curer. The title of the chief priest in Cuzco, who ...
- Villach
- city, southern Austria, on the Drava (Drau) River at the eastern foot of the Villacher Alps, west of Klagenfurt. It originated as the Roman town of Bilachinium and formed part ...
- Villafranca, Conference of
- meeting between French emperor Napoleon III and Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria that resulted in a preliminary peace (July 11, 1859) ending the Franco-Piedmontese war against Austria (1859); it ... [2 Related Articles]
- Villafranchian Stage
- (from the article "Africa") The oldest levels at which hominid remains have been found are known as the Villafranchian-Kaguerian Series and are recognized in Africa in Ethiopia and Kenya. These levels date to approximately ...
- village
- (from the article "political system") The village has traditionally been contrasted with the city: the village is the home of rural occupations and tied to the cycles of agricultural life, while the inhabitants of the ...
- Village Creek, Battle of
- (from the article "Arlington") ...victims of westward expansion. An early white settlement (1840), on an Indian council site, was called Bird's Fort. Continuing disputes between Indians and would-be settlers ultimately led to the Battle ...
- village group
- (from the article "Igbo") Before the advent of colonial administration, the largest political unit was the village group, a federation of villages averaging about 5,000 persons. Members of the group shared a common market ...
- Village Museum
- (from the article "Bucharest") ...the History of the City of Bucharest and the Art Museum of Romania, the latter maintaining large collections of national, European, and East Asian art. A highly original ethnographic collection, ...
- village prose
- (from the article "Russian literature") A movement called "village prose" cultivated nostalgic descriptions of rural life. Particularly noteworthy is Valentin Rasputin's elegiac novel Proshchaniye s Matyoroy (1976; Farewell to Matyora) about a ...
- Village Regulation
- (from the article "Graaff, Simon de") ...of the Indies. After de Graaff became colonial minister, he revived an old plan of his to create provinces and restructure the administrative hierarchy. De Graaff also enacted the paternalistic ...
- village weaver
- (from the article "weaver") ...with a bottom entrance, which may be a sort of tube. He attracts females by hanging upside down from the nest while calling and fluttering his wings. A familiar ploceine ...
- Village, The
- city, Oklahoma county, central Oklahoma, U.S. The Village was founded by local store owners in 1949 to prevent the then-rural area from being annexed by Oklahoma City. It comprises only ...
- villagization
- (from the article "eastern Africa") ...people for military service, forced labour on state farms, or resettlement elsewhere. To break down the isolation of the peasants and bring them under the control of the central government, ...
- Villahermosa
- city, capital of Tabasco estado (state), southeastern Mexico. Located some 30 miles (50 km) south of the Gulf of Mexico, the city sprawls across the gulf lowlands ... [1 Related Articles]
- Villalar, Battle of
- (from the article "Spain") ...movement and beginning to spread it to the nobles' estates did the nobles combine to raise an army and defeat the comunero forces at Villalar (April 23, ...
- Villamizar, Alberto
- Colombian politician and diplomat crusaded alongside the Liberal Party presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galan to limit the power, political influence, and wealth of the Medellin cocaine cartel headed by Pablo ...
- villancico
- genre of Spanish song, most prevalent in the Renaissance but found also in earlier and later periods. It is a poetic and musical form and was sung with or without ... [1 Related Articles]
- Villandry
- village in Indre-et-Loire departement, Centre region, France. It is situated along the Cher River southwest of Tours and is the site of a chateau built in 1532 by Jean Le ... [1 Related Articles]
- villanella
- 16th-century Italian rustic part-song, usually for three unaccompanied voices, having no set form other than the presence of a refrain. The villanella was most often written in chordal style with ...
- villanelle
- rustic song in Italy, where the term originated (Italian villanella from villano: "peasant"); the term was used in France to designate a short poem of popular character favoured by poets ... [1 Related Articles]
- Villani, Filippo
- (from the article "art criticism") ...and deliberate evaluation of artists began. Giovanni, Matteo, and Filippo Villani's Cronica (1308-64; "Chronicles") was the first important evaluation of this kind. In Filippo Villani's portion (1364) of the family's ...
- Villani, Giovanni
- Italian chronicler whose European attitude to history foreshadowed Humanism. [2 Related Articles]
- Villanova University
- private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Villanova, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is affiliated with the Augustinian order of the Roman Catholic church. It offers degree programs at the associate, bachelor's, ...
- Villanovan culture
- Early Iron Age culture in Italy, named after the village of Villanova, near Bologna, where in 1853 the first of the characteristic cemeteries was found. The Villanovan people branched from ... [8 Related Articles]
- Villanueva, Carlos Raul
- Venezuelan architect often credited with being the father of modern architecture in his country. [2 Related Articles]
- Villanueva, Juan de
- (from the article "Western architecture") In Spain the leading Neoclassical architect was Juan de Villanueva, who studied in Rome and returned to Spain in 1705 with a style similar to that evolved by the leading ...
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