| | - Vieira, Luandino
- Angolan writer of short fiction and novels. [1 Related Articles]
- Viele-Griffin, Francis
- American-born French poet who became an important figure in the French Symbolist movement. [2 Related Articles]
- Vien, Joseph-Marie
- (from the article "David, Jacques-Louis") ...killed in a duel in 1757, and the boy was subsequently raised, reportedly not very tenderly, by two uncles. After classical literary studies and a course in drawing, he was ...
- Vienna
- city and Bundesland (federal state), the capital of Austria. Of the country's nine states, Vienna is the smallest in area but the largest in population. [25 Related Articles]
- Vienna Award
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...according to the Munich timetable were not Czechoslovakia's only territorial losses. Poland obtained the Duchy of Teschen as a reward for its menacing attitude during the Munich crisis. By the ...
- Vienna Award
- (from the article "Hungary") ...the Soviet Union had occupied Bessarabia in June 1940, the Hungarian leaders compelled a reluctant Germany (but a willing Italy) to cede to Hungary northern Transylvania under the "Second Vienna ...
- Vienna Basin
- (from the article "Niederosterreich") ...and extends southward to cross the Danube. The Weinviertel ("Wine District") in the northeast is low, hilly country with extensive loess soil cover and a favourable climate. The Vienna Basin, ...
- Vienna Boys' Choir
- (from the article "Vienna") The Vienna Boys' Choir, founded in 1498 (Haydn and Schubert were its most famous boy members), sings on Sunday mornings at the mass in the Hofburg Chapel. The Vienna Philharmonic ...
- Vienna Catholic Academy
- (from the article "Innitzer, Theodor") ...Nazism. His home subsequently became a refuge for Jews, while he strove to alleviate public distress and to restore the Austrian Church, disassociating himself from politics. In 1945 he founded ...
- Vienna Circle
- a group of philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians formed in the 1920s that met regularly in Vienna to investigate scientific language and scientific methodology. The philosophical movement associated with the Circle ... [16 Related Articles]
- Vienna Codex
- (from the article "codex") ...pictographs and ideograms rather than written script. They dealt with the ritual calendar, divination, ceremonies, and speculations on the gods and the universe. Among these codices are the Vienna Codex, ...
- Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
- (from the article "environmental law") ...to develop universal standards. Consequently, such laws and regulations usually are designed to be flexible enough to accommodate changes in scientific understanding and technological capacity. The Vienna Convention for the ...
- Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
- (from the article "ambassador") ...recognized. Ambassadors were deemed to represent the person and dignity of the sovereign (or head of state) and were entitled to personal access to the sovereign to whom they were ...
- Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
- (from the article "international agreement") A treaty, the typical instrument of international relations, is defined by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties as an "agreement concluded between States in written form and ...
- Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations
- (from the article "international law") ...is directly referred to in many international agreements governing treaties, including the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), which concerns treaties between states, and the Vienna Convention on ...
- Vienna coup
- (from the article "bridge") The characteristic of the Vienna coup is that a high card must be played early, apparently establishing a card in an opponent's hand but actually subjecting him to a squeeze ...
- Vienna General Hospital
- (from the article "Europe, history of") ...trade and slavery. Meanwhile, the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II had harnessed new funds for orphanages, hospitals, medical schools, and special institutions for the blind and the insane. In 1785 ...
- Vienna Genesis
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...of the Iliad at Milan may perhaps have been copied and illustrated in a Byzantine scriptorium. Of the religious manuscripts, the most important is a copy of the book of ...
- Vienna Group
- (from the article "concrete poetry") ...contemporary with those of musique concrete, an experimental technique of musical composition. Max Bill and Eugen Gomringer were among the early practitioners of concrete poetry. The Vienna Group of Hans ...
- Vienna Holding
- (from the article "Vienna") The government not only runs the city but also operates a major business, the Vienna Holding, a combination of state and private enterprise. Its firms include low-cost restaurants, a major ...
- Vienna International Centre
- (from the article "Vienna") ...world organizations. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) moved its headquarters to Vienna in 1965. On the outskirts of Vienna, across the Danube, the modern buildings of the ...
- Vienna International Exhibition
- (from the article "Austria") The political victory of German capitalism took place at the very moment of a severe economic crisis. The opening of the Vienna International Exhibition of 1873 was seen as a ...
- Vienna Museum of Natural History
- (from the article "Endlicher, Stephan") Endlicher turned from the study of theology to that of natural history and medicine while at the Universities of Budapest and Vienna (M.D., 1840). In 1836 he became curator of ...
- Vienna porcelain
- ceramic ware made at the Vienna factory in Austria between 1719 and 1864. Claudius Innocentius du Paquier (d. 1751), a Dutchman, began making porcelain there with the help of two ...
- Vienna Psychoanalytical Society
- (from the article "Freud, Sigmund") Although Freud's theories were offensive to many in the Vienna of his day, they began to attract a cosmopolitan group of supporters in the early 1900s. In 1902 the Psychological ...
- Vienna school of ethnology
- (from the article "totemism") The first theoretician of the Vienna school of ethnology, Fritz Graebner, attempted to explain the forms of both individual totemism and group totemism and designated them as a moderately creedal ...
- Vienna Sezession
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...Nouveau decoration in his Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station (1899-1901) and in the Postal Savings Bank (1904-06), both in Vienna. Wagner's pupils broke free of his classicism and formed the Sezessionists. Joseph ...
- Vienna State Opera
- theatre in Vienna, Austria, that is one of the world's leading opera houses, known especially for performances of works by Richard Wagner, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Richard Strauss. The original ... [5 Related Articles]
- Vienna Stock Exchange
- (from the article "Austria") ...owned and foreign banks, the Austrian Post Office Savings Bank (Osterreichische Postsparkasse), smaller local savings banks, and commercial credit and agricultural credit cooperatives. The Vienna Stock Exchange (Wiener Borse), founded ...
- Vienna summit
- (from the article "international relations") Kennedy and Khrushchev held a summit meeting in Vienna in June 1961. With Berlin and the Third World uppermost in his mind, Kennedy proposed that neither superpower attempt to upset ...
- Vienna Woods
- (from the article "Klosterneuburg") town, northeastern Austria. It lies on the west bank of the Danube River at the foot of the Leopoldsberg (1,394 feet [425 metres]) and at the north edge of the ...
- Vienna, Congress of
- assembly in 1814-15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Having begun in September 1814, five months after Napoleon's first abdication, it completed its "Final Act" in June 1815, shortly ... [34 Related Articles]
- Vienna, Siege of
- (from the article "Ottoman Empire") ...them to Austria before undertaking to conquer the remainder of Hungary in 1527-28. In response Suleyman returned from Anatolia to drive the Habsburgs from all of Hungary and besieged Vienna ...
- Vienna, Siege of
- (July 17-Sept. 12, 1683), expedition by the Turks against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Leopold I that resulted in their defeat by a combined force led by John III Sobieski ... [5 Related Articles]
- Vienna, Treaty of
- (from the article "Austria") ...Bela IV of Hungary received Steiermark. Troubles in Salzburg, stemming from a conflict between Bohemia and Hungary, inspired a rising among Steiermark's nobles. Otakar intervened and in the Treaty of ...
- Vienna, University of
- state-financed coeducational institution for higher learning at Vienna. Founded in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. [1 Related Articles]
- Vienne
- (from the article "Poitou-Charentes") region of France encompassing the western departements of Vienne, Charente, Charente-Maritime, and Deux-Sevres. Poitou-Charentes is bounded by the regions of Pays ...
- Vienne
- town, Isere departement, Rhone-Alpes region, southeastern France. It lies along the Rhone River where the latter is joined by the Gere River. In ancient times Vienne was the capital of ...
- Vienne River
- river, western France, 217 mi (350 km) in length, a left-bank tributary of the Loire. Rising on the Plateau de Millevaches, the Vienne winds through the agricultural regions of five ...
- Vienne River Bridge
- (from the article "bridge") The most prolific designers first using reinforced concrete were Hennebique and the German engineer G.A. Wayss, who bought the Monier patents. Hennebique's Vienne River Bridge at Chatellerault, France, built in ...
- Vienne, Council of
- 15th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church (1311-12), convoked by Pope Clement V at the insistence of Philip IV of France, who demanded the posthumous trial of Pope Boniface ... [2 Related Articles]
- Viennese waltz
- (from the article "Strauss, Johann, The Elder") ...music. Later he conducted the orchestra of Josef Lanner and in 1826 performed at the gardens of the "Zwei Tauben" the Tauberl-walzer, the first of many sets of Viennese waltzes ...
- Vientiane
- largest city and capital of Laos, situated on a plain just northeast of the Mekong River. The city's central river port location in a country relying heavily on its rivers ... [15 Related Articles]
- Vientiane Action Programme
- (from the article "Laos") The importance of these international meetings for Laos lay not just in the agreements signed-notably the Vientiane Action Programme (VAP), designed to reduce the socioeconomic gap between the wealthier ASEAN ...
- Vientiane Agreement
- (from the article "Laos") ...called for a cease-fire in each of the countries of mainland Southeast Asia, but only in Laos was there peace. In February, just a month following the agreement, the Laotian ...
- Vientiane, kingdom of
- (from the article "Thailand") ...in the south Rama III strengthened Siamese control over tributary states of the Malay Peninsula. Rama III also put down a major uprising in the north led by Chao Anou, ...
- Vieques Island
- island and municipio ("municipality"), Puerto Rico. It lies 13 miles (21 km) east of the main island, fronting south on the Caribbean Sea and north on the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Viereck, Peter Robert Edwin
- American poet, historian, and theorist (b. Aug. 5, 1916, New York, N.Y.-d. May 13, 2006, South Hadley, Mass.), helped usher in the mid-20th-century conservative movement as the author of Conservatism ...
- Vierge Doree, Master of the
- (from the article "Western sculpture") Late sculptural developments of the early Gothic period were of great importance for the High Gothic period. The Joseph Master at Reims and the Master of the Vierge Doree at ...
- Vierne, Louis
- (from the article "Widor, Charles-Marie") Among Widor's students at the Paris Conservatory were many of the most distinguished European organists active around the turn of the century, including Louis Vierne and Marcel Dupre. Albert Schweitzer ...
- Viertel, Peter
- German-born novelist and screenwriter was wholly or partly responsible for the scripts of such films as Alfred Hitchcock's Saboteur (1942); The African Queen (1951), for which he wrote the dialogue; ...
- Vierzehnheiligen, church of
- (from the article "Neumann, Balthasar") ...for the Schonborns, including those for the prince-bishops at Bruchsal (1728-50) and Werneck (c. 1733-45). In the 1740s he designed his masterpiece, the pilgrimage church at Vierzehnheiligen (1743-53), as well ...
- Vierzon
- city, Cher departement, Centre region, central France. It lies along the Canal du Berry, at the confluence of the Cher and Yevre rivers, northwest of Bourges. The city grew from ...
- Viet Cong
- the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973). The name is said to have ... [11 Related Articles]
- Viet Minh
- organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. Although led primarily by Communists, ... [13 Related Articles]
- Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang
- the first large-scale revolutionary nationalist organization in Vietnam. Founded officially in 1927, the VNQDD was modeled after the revolutionary Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) of China. Its aim, like that of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Viet-Muong
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...the islands by the Austroasiatics. At present, peoples of Austronesian origin occupy Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. There were three main Austroasiatic groups, the Mon, the Khmer, and the Viet-Muong. ...
- Viet-Muong languages
- subbranch of the Vietic branch of the Mon-Khmer family of languages, itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Vietnamese, the most important language of the group and of the entire ... [1 Related Articles]
- Viete, Francois, Seigneur De La Bigotiere
- mathematician who introduced the first systematic algebraic notation and contributed to the theory of equations. [6 Related Articles]
- Vieth v. Jubelirer
- (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") ...legislature, had the effect of displacing Democratic incumbents. Although the court had previously rejected districting plans on the basis of racial gerrymandering, the plurality for the case of Vieth v. ...
- Vieth-Muller horopter circle
- (from the article "eye, human") ...of these pairs. One may represent this approximately by a sphere passing through the fixation point, or, if one confines attention to the fixation plane, it may be represented by ...
- Vietnam
- country occupying the eastern portion of mainland Southeast Asia. [55 Related Articles]
- Vietnam Veterans Memorial
- monument in Washington, D.C., honouring members of the U.S. armed forces who served and died in the Vietnam War (1955-75). The memorial, located near the western end of the Mall, ... [4 Related Articles]
- Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation
- (from the article "International Campaign to Ban Landmines") ...1992 Williams coordinated the launch of the ICBL with the organizations Handicap International, Human Rights Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, Medico International, Mines Advisory Group, and Vietnam Veterans of America ...
- Vietnam War
- (1954-75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and ... [71 Related Articles]
- Vietnam, Army of the Republic of
- (from the article "Vietnam War") Despite its American training and weapons, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, usually called the ARVN, was in many ways ill-adapted to meet the insurgency of the Viet Cong, ...
- Vietnam, Associated State of
- (from the article "Vietnam") ...unity and independence for their country. French efforts to deal with those issues were devious and ineffective. The French reunited Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam in 1949, proclaiming the ...
- Vietnam, flag of
- national flag consisting of a red field (background) with a large yellow star in the centre. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3.
- Vietnam, history of
- (from the article "Vietnam") Historyanarchist movementanarchismAnarchism in Vietnam and KoreaAnarchist ideas entered Vietnam through the activities of the early Vietnamese nationalist leade
- Vietnamese
- (from the article "Cambodia") The Vietnamese minority occupied a somewhat lower status than the Chinese, and most of them fled or were repatriated to Vietnam after 1970. In the 1980s, however, a large number ...
- Vietnamese Communist Party
- (from the article "Vietnam") On the domestic front, the Central Committee of the Vietnam Communist Party held two meetings. At the fourth plenum in January, the number of Central Committee commissions was reduced from ...
- Vietnamese language
- official language of Vietnam, spoken in the early 21st century by more than 70 million people. It belongs to the Viet-Muong subbranch of the Vietic branch of the Mon-Khmer family, ... [6 Related Articles]
- Vietnamese literature
- body of literature produced by Vietnamese-speaking people, primarily in Vietnam. [1 Related Articles]
- Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Association
- (from the article "Ho Chi Minh") ...1924, under the assumed name of Ly Thuy, Ho went to Canton, a Communist stronghold, where he recruited the first cadres of the Vietnamese nationalist movement, organizing them into the ...
- Vietnamese Workers' Party
- (from the article "Ho Chi Minh") ...regime of Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam. Their leaders, veterans of the Viet Minh, appealed to North Vietnam for aid. In July 1959, at a meeting of the central ...
- Vietnamization
- (from the article "international relations") Before the Nixon Doctrine could be credible, however, the President had to extricate the United States from Vietnam. In March 1969 he outlined a policy of Vietnamization, comprising a phased ...
- Vieux Carre
- (from the article "Anthropology and Archaeology") In New Orleans archaeologists were asked to investigate a site in the French Quarter that was slated for new construction. Accounts of the investigation in early 2005 indicated that the ...
- Vieux Fort
- town and former capital of St. Lucia island in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies 19 miles (30 km) south of the harbour of Castries and is situated near the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vieux-Colombier, Theatre of the
- French theatre founded in Paris in 1913 by the writer and critic Jacques Copeau to present alternatives to both the realistic "well-made" plays of the time and the star system ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vieuxtemps, Henry
- Belgian violinist and composer who was one of the most influential figures in the development of violin playing.
- view camera
- (from the article "photography, technology of") For studio and commercial photography the view, or technical, camera takes single exposures on sheet films (formerly plates) usually between 4 × 5 inches and 8 × 10 inches. A ...
- viewfinder
- camera component that shows the area of the subject to be included in a photograph. In modern cameras it usually is part of a direct visual or range finder focusing ... [3 Related Articles]
- Vigano, Salvatore
- Italian dancer and choreographer whose innovations included the synthesis of dance and pantomime, which he called "coreodramma," in highly dramatic ballets based on historical and mythological themes and Shakespearean plays. [1 Related Articles]
- Vigarani, Gaspare
- (from the article "Torelli, Giacomo") ...of Andromede (1650) by Pierre Corneille. Torelli later returned to Italy (c. 1662) and built an elaborately equipped theatre at Fano. His successor at the Petit-Bourbon, Gaspare Vigarani, destroyed his ...
- Vigee-Lebrun, Elisabeth
- French painter, one of the most successful women artists (unusually so for her time), particularly noted for her portraits of women.
- Vigeland, Gustav
- Norwegian sculptor who was best known for creating an outdoor sculpture complex in Frogner Park, Oslo. [1 Related Articles]
- Vigenere system
- (from the article "cryptology") The best-known polyalphabetics are the simple Vigenere ciphers, named for the 16th-century French cryptographer Blaise de Vigenere. For many years this type of cipher was thought to be impregnable and ...
- vigesimal number system
- (from the article "numerals and numeral systems") ...system with base five, is very old, but in pure form it seems to be used at present only by speakers of Saraveca, a South American Arawakan language; elsewhere it ...
- Vigevano
- town, Lombardia (Lombardy) region, northern Italy, on the right bank of the Ticino River, southwest of Milan. An old silk-manufacturing town, it was the site during the Renaissance of a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Vigfusson, Gudbrandur
- one of the 19th century's foremost scholars of Old Norse, who completed the Richard Cleasby Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874; 2nd ed., 1957) and published editions of a number of Icelandic sagas ...
- Vigil Day
- (from the article "dietary law") ...greatly modified in recent years. Ember Days-a Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday at each of the four seasons-seem to be survivals of full weekly fasts formerly practiced four times a year. ...
- vigilance
- (from the article "attention") Sustained attention, or vigilance, as it is more often called, refers to the state in which attention must be maintained over time. Often this is to be found in some ...
- vigilante
- (from the article "police") In the frontier regions of the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there arose a novel form of the Saxon tradition of frankpledge: the vigilante. In ...
- vigiles
- (from the article "police") ...for fire protection and other administrative and religious duties. In AD 6, after a particularly bad fire, Augustus expanded the city's fire brigade into a corps of
- Vigilius
- pope from 537 to 555, known for his major role in what later was called the "Three Chapters Controversy," a complex theological dispute between the Eastern and Western churches. [5 Related Articles]
- Vigilius, Saint
- (from the article "Trento") ...the classical savant Pliny the Elder and the geographer Strabo of Amaseia, by the Raetians, and became a Roman colony and military base on the road north to the Brenner ...
- Vigna unguiculata catjang
- (from the article "cowpea") ...have three leaflets. The white, purple, or pale-yellow flowers usually grow in pairs or threes at the ends of long stalks. The pods are long and cylindrical. Those of V. ...
- Vigna unguiculata sinensis
- (from the article "cowpea") ...long stalks. The pods are long and cylindrical. Those of V. unguiculata, variety catjang grow 7.5-12.5 centimetres (3-5 inches) long; those of V. unguiculata, variety sinensis grow 20-30 cm (7 ...
- Vigne, Godfrey Thomas
- (from the article "Karakoram Range") ...Baltistan and its principal town, Skardu, appear on F.J. Visscher's 1680 map. Early 19th-century European travelers such as the Englishmen William Moorcroft, George Trebeck, and Godfrey Thomas Vigne plotted the ...
- Vigneault, Gilles
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...first recited at a 1968 show and again at the Montreal cultural event Nuit de la Poesie ("Night of Poetry") in 1970 and was published in 1974. With chansonniers (singer-songwriters) ...
- Vignoble, Le
- (from the article "Neuchatel") ...central Jura Mountains and is drained by Lake Neuchatel (leading to the Rhine) and Le Doubs River (leading to the Rhone). Its three regions are a low-lying strip along the ...
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