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vivianite ... Volgograd
vivianite
phosphate mineral, hydrated iron phosphate [Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O], that occurs as colourless (when freshly exposed) or dark-blue (after long exposure), glassy crystals in the weathered zones of phosphate deposits and as concretions ...
Vivien, Renee
French poet whose poetry encloses ardent passion within rigid verse forms. She was an exacting writer, known for her mastery of the sonnet and of the rarely found 11-syllable line ...
viviparity
retention and growth of the fertilized egg within the maternal body until the young animal, as a larva or newborn, is capable of independent existence. The growing embryo derives continuous ...
Vizcaya
provincia, in the autonomous Basque Country (Pais Vasco), northern Spain; it has an area of 856 square miles (2,217 square km). Originally a tribal territory of the Vascones (4th century ...
Vizetelly Family
family of Italian descent active in journalism and publishing from the late 18th century in England and later in France (briefly) and the United States.
Vizianagaram
town, northeastern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. Situated in the heart of the Eastern Ghats, Vizianagaram is a rail junction and shipping centre for sunn hemp (jute substitute) and jute ...
vizier
(from old Iranian Pahlavi vcir, "judge"), originally the chief minister or representative of the 'Abbasid caliphs and later a high administrative officer in various Muslim countries, among Arabs, Persians, Turks, ...
vizsla
breed of sporting dog whose ancestors were probably brought to Hungary by the Magyars more than 1,000 years ago. The vizsla can generally work both as a pointer and a ...
Vlaardingen
gemeente (commune), Zuid-Holland provincie, southwestern Netherlands. It lies along the Nieuwe Waterweg, just west of Rotterdam. An early Dutch naval victory was won nearby when Dirk IV defeated Emperor Henry ...
Vlach
member of a European people constituting the major element in the populations of Romania and Moldova, as well as smaller groups located throughout the Balkan Peninsula, south and west of ...
Vladikavkaz
city and capital of North Ossetia republic, southwestern Russia. It lies along the Terek River and on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. Founded in 1784, Vladikavkaz was designed ...
Vladimir
oblast (province), western Russia. It is centred on Vladimir city and lies east of Moscow in the basin of the Oka River. The greater part is a low plain, with ...
Vladimir
city and administrative centre of Vladimir oblast (province), western Russia, situated on the Klyazma River. Vladimir was founded in 1108 by Vladimir II Monomakh, grand prince of Kiev. The community ...
Vladimir I
in full Vladimir Svyatoslavich, byname Saint Vladimir, or Vladimir The Great, Russian Svyatoy Vladimir, or Vladimir Veliky grand prince of Kiev and first Christian ruler in Kievan Rus, whose military ...
Vladimir II Monomakh
grand prince of Kiev from 1113 to 1125.
Vladimir-Suzdal school
school of Russian medieval mural and icon painting that flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries around the neighbouring cities of Vladimir and Suzdal in the Suzdal region of northeastern ...
Vladimirescu, Tudor
national revolutionary hero, leader of the popular uprising of 1821 in Walachia.
Vladislas II
king of Bohemia from 1471 and of Hungary from 1490 who achieved the personal union of his two realms.
Vladivostok
seaport and administrative centre of Primorsky kray ("territory"), extreme southeastern Russia. It is located around Zolotoy Rog ("Golden Horn Bay") on the western side of a peninsula that separates Amur ...
Vlaminck, Maurice de
French painter who was one of the creators of the painting style known as Fauvism.
Vlasov, Andrey Andreyevich
anti-Stalinist military commander who, captured by the Germans early in World War II, became a turncoat and fought with the Germans against the Soviet Union.
Vlissingen
gemeente (commune), Zeeland provincie, southwestern Netherlands. It is situated on the southern coast of Walcheren Island, at the mouth of the western Schelde (Scheldt) estuary. A medieval trading town with ...
Vlore
town that is the second seaport of Albania. It lies at the head of Vlores Bay, which is protected by the mountainous Karaburun (peninsula) and the island of Sazan (Italian ...
Vlore proclamation
(Nov. 28, 1912), declaration of Albanian independence from Ottoman rule. After the Turkish government adopted a policy of administrative centralization for the Ottoman Empire (1908), Albanian nationalist leaders led a ...
Vltava River
river, the longest in the Czech Republic, flowing 270 miles (435 km). Its drainage basin is 10,847 square miles (28,093 square km). The river rises in southwestern Bohemia from two ...
Vo Chi Cong
strongly anti-French Communist revolutionary who was among the earliest fighters for Vietnam's independence. He held key positions in South Vietnam's National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Provisional Revolutionary Government-both political ...
Vo Nguyen Giap
Vietnamese military and political leader whose perfection of guerrilla as well as conventional strategy and tactics led to the Viet Minh victory over the French (and to the end of ...
vocal cord
either of two folds of mucous membrane that extend across the interior cavity of the larynx and are primarily responsible for voice production. Sound is produced by the vibration of ...
vocal fry
in phonetics, a speech sound or quality used in some languages, produced by vibrating vocal cords that are less tense than in normal speech, which produces local turbulence in the ...
vocal music
any of the genres for solo voice and voices in combination, with or without instrumental accompaniment. It includes monophonic music (having a single line of melody) and polyphonic music (consisting ...
vocal pouch
in frogs and toads (amphibians of the order Anura), a sac that serves as a resonating chamber. Its opening into the floor of the mouth is partially closed by vocal ...
vocal-instrumental concerto
musical composition of the early Baroque era (late 16th and early 17th centuries) in which choirs, solo voices, and instruments are contrasted with one another. Although sometimes employing secular texts, ...
vocalization
any sound produced through the action of an animal's respiratory system and used in communication. Vocal sound, which is virtually limited to frogs, crocodilians and geckos, birds, and mammals, is ...
vocational education
instruction intended to equip persons for industrial or commercial occupations. It may be obtained either formally in trade schools, technical secondary schools, or in on-the-job training programs or, more informally, ...
Vocklabruck
town, Bundesland Oberosterreich (federal province of Upper Austria), north central Austria, on the Vockla River southwest of Wels. The fine town square has two old gate towers and a Baroque ...
Vocontii
a Celtic tribe of the Gallic province of Narbonensis; its members probably lived in the western foothills of the Alps. Subjugated by the Romans (125-124 BC), they were a civitas ...
Vodafone
telecommunications company based in the United Kingdom with interests in Europe and the United States. It originated as part of Racal, a British radar and electronics firm founded in 1950. ...
vodka
distilled liquor, clear in colour and without definite aroma or taste, ranging in alcoholic content from about 40 to 55 percent. Because it is highly neutral, with flavouring substances mainly ...
Vodou
an official religion of Haiti (together with Roman Catholicism). Vodou is a creolized religion forged by descendents of Dahomean, Kongo, Yoruba, and other African ethnic groups who had been enslaved ...
vodyanoy
in Slavic mythology, the water spirit. The vodyanoy is essentially an evil and vindictive spirit whose favourite sport is drowning humans. Anyone bathing after sunset, on a holy day, or ...
Voegelin, Eric
German-American political scientist and interdisciplinary scholar known for his studies of modern political thought and for his efforts to create a comprehensive philosophy of man, society, and history.
Voetius, Gisbertus
Dutch Reformed theologian, scholar in Semitic languages, and educator who upheld uncompromising Calvinist views on predestination and condemned as atheistic the rationalist thought of the 17th-century French philosopher Rene Descartes.
Voevodsky, Vladimir
Russian mathematician who won the Fields Medal in 2002 for having made one of the most outstanding advances in algebraic geometry in several decades. (See the
Vogel, Hermann Karl
German astronomer who discovered spectroscopic binaries-double-star systems that are too close for the individual stars to be discerned by any telescope but, through the analysis of their light, have been ...
Vogel, Sir Julius
New Zealand statesman, journalist, and businessman known for his bold project to regenerate New Zealand's economy in the 1870s through large-scale public works financed by British loans.
Voghera
town, Pavia province, Lombardia (Lombardy) region, northern Italy. Voghera is located on the Staffora River, just southwest of Pavia. Probably the site of Iria, a Roman colony, it was fortified ...
Vogt, Johan Herman Lie
Norwegian geologist and petrologist who pioneered in the use of physical-chemical methods in the study of the origin of igneous rocks and ores.
Vogt, Nils Collett
Norwegian novelist and poet who dealt with the conflict between the generations and the struggle for intellectual freedom.
Vogtland
physical and cultural region of southwestern Saxony Land (state), southeastern Germany, lying between Bavaria Land and the Czech Republic. A wooded, hilly plateau drained northward by the upper Weisse Elster ...
Vohu Manah
(Avestan: "Good Mind"), in Zoroastrianism, one of the six amesha spentas ("beneficent immortals") created by Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, to assist him in furthering good and destroying evil. According ...
voice
in grammar, form of a verb indicating the relation between the participants in a narrated event (subject, object) and the event itself. Common distinctions of voice found in languages are ...
voice
in phonetics, the sound that is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords. All vowels are normally voiced, but consonants may be either voiced or voiceless (i.e., uttered without ...
voice identification
police technique for identifying individuals by the time, frequency, and intensity of their speech-sound waves. A sound spectrograph is employed to record these waves in the form of a graph ...
Voice of America
radio broadcasting network of the U.S. government, a unit of the United States Information Agency (USIA). Its first broadcast, in German, took place on Feb. 24, 1942, and was intended ...
voir dire
in law, process of questioning by which members of a jury are selected from a large panel, or venire, of prospective jurors. The veniremen are questioned by the judge or ...
Voit, Carl von
German physiologist whose definitive measurements of gross metabolism in mammals, including humans, helped establish the study of the physiology of metabolism and laid much of the foundation for modern nutritional ...
Voiture, Vincent
French poet, letter writer, and animating spirit of the group that gathered at the salon of the marquise de Rambouillet.
Vojvodina
autonomous province in the republic of Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. It is the northernmost part of Serbia and Montenegro, bordered by Croatia to the west, Hungary to the north, and ...
voladores, juego de los
(Spanish: "game of the fliers"), ritual dance of Mexico, possibly originating among the pre-Columbian Totonac and Huastec Indians of the region now occupied by Veracruz and Puebla states, where it ...
volante
Spanish one- or two-passenger carriage, having two wheels and an open, hooded body. The body was set in front of the wheels and attached to the long shafts. The carriage ...
Volapuk
artificial language constructed in 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a German cleric, and intended for use as an international second language. Although its vocabulary is based on English and the ...
volcanic dome
any steep-sided mound that is formed when lava reaching the Earth's surface is so viscous that it cannot flow away readily and accumulates around the vent. Sometimes domes are produced ...
volcanic glass
any glassy rock formed from lava or magma that has a chemical composition close to that of granite (quartz plus alkali feldspar). Such molten material may reach very low temperatures ...
volcanism
any of various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam, including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles. Although volcanism is best ...
volcano
vent in the crust of the Earth or other planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. A volcanic eruption is an ...
Volcano Islands
archipelago, Tokyo to (metropolis), Japan. The islands lie in the western Pacific between the Bonin Islands (north) and the Mariana Islands (south). The three small volcanic islands are, in north-south ...
volcanology
discipline of the geologic sciences that is concerned with all aspects of volcanic phenomena.
Volcker, Paul
American economist and banker who, as chairman of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System (1979-87), played a key role in stabilizing the American economy during the 1980s.
vole
any of 124 species of small-bodied mouselike rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. Voles have a blunt rather than a tapered muzzle, a tail shorter than the body, and small eyes ...
Volendam
town, Edam-Volendam gemeente (commune), Noord-Holland provincie, northwestern Netherlands, on Lake IJssel. Its harbour was sealed off as part of an inland lake, preparatory to the drainage of Markerwaard Polder (see ...
Volga River
river of Europe, the continent's longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European ...
Volga-Baltic Waterway
system of rivers and a canal in western Russia linking the Volga River with the Baltic Sea. The system was completed in 1964, replacing the antiquated Mariinsk Canal system using ...
Volga-Don Ship Canal
canal linking the lower Volga River with the Don River at their closest point, in Volgograd oblast (province), southwestern Russia. Attempts to join the rivers date from 1697, when Peter ...
Volga-Ural Petroleum and Gas Province
principal petroleum-producing region of Russia. Situated in the southern part of European Russia, it stretches from the west flank of the Ural Mountains to west of the Volga River. The ...
Volgian stage
major and uppermost division of Jurassic rocks (i.e., those formed from about 152 to 144 million years ago) in continental and Arctic regions of Russia. Elsewhere, the Purbeckian stage is ...
Volgograd
city and administrative centre of Volgograd oblast (province), southwestern Russia, on the Volga River. It was founded as the fortress of Tsaritsyn in 1589 to protect newly acquired Russian territory ...