| | - universal affirmative proposition
- (from the article "logic") A:universal affirmativeAll A's are B's.logic, history ofCategorical forms Universal affirmative: "Every beta is an alpha."Universal negative: "Every beta is not ...
- Universal Availability of Publication
- (from the article "library") ...methods of recording their national publications in a standard format and, wherever possible, of entering them into computer files. This program is accompanied by two additional programs, the Universal Availability ...
- Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC
- (from the article "library") The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions has established a program to increase the range and number of such bibliographic tools. The program, called Universal Bibliographic Control and International ...
- universal competence, law of
- (from the article "Belgium") Belgium used its powers under the law of universal competence (which allowed the country to judge crimes wherever they were committed) to try a former Rwandan army officer, Maj. Bernard ...
- Universal Copyright Convention
- (1952), convention adopted at Geneva by an international conference convened under the auspices of UNESCO, which for several years had been consulting with copyright experts from various countries. The convention ... [1 Related Articles]
- universal cover
- (from the article "combinatorics") ...(that is, contain in their union) another given figure. One famous covering problem, posed by the French mathematician Henri Lebesgue in 1914, is still unsolved: What is the size and ...
- Universal Dataflow and Telecommunication
- (from the article "library") ...publications in a standard format and, wherever possible, of entering them into computer files. This program is accompanied by two additional programs, the Universal Availability of Publication and Universal Dataflow ...
- Universal Decimal Classification
- system of library organization. It is distinguished from the Dewey Decimal Classification (q.v.) by expansions using various symbols in addition to Arabic numerals, resulting in exceedingly long notations. This system ... [3 Related Articles]
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- foundational document of international human rights law. It has been referred to as humanity's Magna Carta by Eleanor Roosevelt, who chaired the United Nations (UN) Commission on Human Rights that ... [8 Related Articles]
- universal egoism
- (from the article "ethics") Universal egoism is expressed in this principle: "Everyone should do what is in his own interests." Unlike the principle of individual egoism, this principle is universalizable. Moreover, many self-interested people ...
- Universal Exposition
- (from the article "Rousseau, Henri") This period of personal hardship was also a period of increased artistic activity for Rousseau. An important event in his life at this time was the Universal Exposition held in ...
- Universal Federation of Pagans
- (from the article "Wicca") As the 21st century began, Wiccans and Neo-Pagans were found throughout the English-speaking world and across northern and western Europe. Two international fellowships, the Pagan Federation and the Universal Federation ...
- Universal Friends
- (from the article "Wilkinson, Jemima") American religious leader who founded an unorthodox Christian sect, the Universal Friends, many of whose adherents declared her a messiah.
- universal generalization
- (from the article "formal logic") Modus ponens (as given above in Axiomatization of PC).If alpha is a theorem, so is (∀a)alpha, where a is any individual variable (rule of universal generalization).
- Universal German Educational Institute
- (from the article "education") ...at Yverdon, studied at Gottingen and Berlin, and eventually determined upon establishing his own school, founded on what he considered to be psychological bases. The result in 1816 was the ...
- universal grammar
- (from the article "analytic philosophy") ...grammar in the work of the American linguist Noam Chomsky and others from the late 1950s, and in particular Chomsky's theory of innate linguistic knowledge in the form of a ...
- Universal Gym
- (from the article "physical culture") ...Stockton, the first woman bodybuilder, and her husband, Les, were gym owners on Sunset Boulevard and early participants at Muscle Beach. Another regular, Harold Zinkin, invented the Universal Gym in ...
- universal health insurance
- (from the article "United States") More states moved toward universal health insurance coverage. California's governor proposed a $12 billion plan to cover all state residents-learning from universal coverage experiments under way in Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, ...
- universal history
- (from the article "Tabari, at-") ...researches of 8th-century Medinan scholars. Although pre-Islamic influences are evident in their works, the Medinan perspective of Muslim history evolved as a theocentric (god-centred) universal history of prophecy culminating in ...
- Universal House of Justice
- (from the article "Baha'i faith") ...throughout an entire country. All national spiritual assemblies of the world periodically constitute themselves an international convention and elect a supreme governing body known as the Universal House of Justice. ...
- universal joint
- (from the article "automobile") ...articulated or swing axles that have tubular housings surrounding the axle shafts terminate in spherical head segments that fit into matching sockets formed in the sides of the central gear ...
- universal jurisdiction
- (from the article "Law") The legal principal of universal jurisdiction-that is, jurisdiction over crimes committed in another country regardless of the nationality of the accused-was under examination in Spain. In January, Spain's National Court ...
- universal law
- (from the article "nature, law of") Laws of nature are of two basic forms: (1) a law is universal if it states that some conditions, so far as are known, invariably are found together with certain ...
- universal life insurance
- (from the article "life insurance") Universal life insurance policies are distinguished by flexible premiums and adjustable levels of coverage. Although the coverage is permanent (it does not expire, as does term insurance), the value of ...
- universal machine
- (from the article "automata theory") ...of instructions leads to the idea that all Turing machines can be listed-that is, they are at most countable in number. This being the case, it can be proved that ...
- Universal Music Group
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...Kazaa changed from pirate to legitimate online music seller as a result of an out-of-court settlement between its owner, Sharman Networks, and record labels EMI Group, Sony BMG Music Entertainment, ...
- universal negative proposition
- (from the article "logic") E:universal negativeNo A's are B's.logic, history ofCategorical forms Universal affirmative: "Every beta is an alpha."Universal negative: "Every beta is not ...
- Universal Negro Improvement Association
- primarily in the United States, organization founded by Marcus Garvey (q.v.), dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa. Though Garvey had ... [3 Related Articles]
- Universal Postal Convention
- (from the article "postal system") ...signed. It was implemented on July 1, 1875, when the General Postal Union came into being. This title was changed in 1878 to the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and the ...
- Universal Postal Union
- specialized agency of the United Nations that aims to organize and improve postal service throughout the world and to ensure international collaboration in this area. Among the principles governing its ... [1 Related Articles]
- universal proposition
- (from the article "logic") Secondly, categorical propositions may be distinguished by their quantity, either universal or particular. When the assertion is that all of a class of objects are or are not included in ...
- universal quantifier
- (from the article "mathematics, foundations of") ...at least symbols for zero (0) and successor (S). Underlying all this were the basic logical concepts: conjunction (∧), disjunction (∨), implication (⊃), negation (¬), and the universal (∀) and ...
- universal restoration
- (from the article "Christianity") ...attitude has been found not only among the great mystics of the Eastern Church but among some mystics of Western Christianity. The teaching of universal reconciliation (apokatastasis ...
- Universal Rule
- (from the article "rating rule") ...type was exemplified in the defender of the America's Cup of 1903, the Reliance, which had overhangs totaling more than 50 feet (15 m) on a waterline length of about ...
- universal serial bus
- (from the article "computer") ...data to be transferred in parallel. This increases the throughput, or rate of data transfer, between the peripheral and computer. SCSI buses are parallel buses. Examples of serial buses include ...
- universal set
- (from the article "logic, history of") Boole used capital letters to stand for the extensions of terms; they are referred to (in 1854) as classes of "things" but should not be understood as modern sets. The ...
- Universal Studio Music Department
- (from the article "1937: Other Winners") ...Story: William A. Wellman and Robert Carson for A Star Is BornCinematography: Karl Freund for The Good EarthArt Direction: Stephen Goosson for Lost HorizonScoring: Universal Studio Music Department, Charles Previn, ...
- Universal Studios
- American motion-picture studio that was one of the leading producers of film serials in the 1920s and of popular horror films in the '30s. Carl Laemmle, a film exhibitor turned ... [4 Related Articles]
- universal succession
- (from the article "property law") ...Many Americans, for example, avoid the probate system entirely, either because they make lifetime dispositions of their property (for example, in trust) or because their heirs behave as if universal ...
- Universal Time
- the mean solar time of the Greenwich meridian (0° longitude). Universal Time replaced the designation Greenwich Mean Time in 1928; it is now used to denote the solar time (q.v.) ... [4 Related Articles]
- Universalism
- belief in the salvation of all souls. Although Universalism has appeared at various times in Christian history, most notably in the works of Origen of Alexandria in the 3rd century, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Universalist Church of America
- (from the article "Unitarian Universalist Association") religious organization in the United States formed in May 1961 by merger of the Universalist Church of America and the American Unitarian Association. The American Unitarian Association was founded in ...
- universalistic religion
- (from the article "Christianity") ...their politics or cultural achievements) the linchpin of their community. From Amos (8th century BC) onward the religion of Israel was marked by tension between the concept of monotheism, with ...
- universality principle
- (from the article "international law") ...cases where an alien has committed an act abroad deemed prejudicial to that state's interests, as distinct from harming the interests of nationals (the passive personality principle). Finally, the universality ...
- universalizability
- (from the article "ethics") ...is, notwithstanding its element of choice, compatible with a substantial amount of reasoning about moral judgments. Such reasoning is possible, Hare wrote, because moral judgments must be "universalizable." This notion ...
- universally characteristic language
- (from the article "logic, history of") ...into judgments in exhaustive ways and then methodically assessing their truth. Leibniz later developed a goal of devising what he called a "universally characteristic language" (lingua characteristica universalis) that would, ...
- Universalpoesie
- (from the article "Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob") ...symbolizing intuitive poetic genius. Oehlenschlager was by now recognized as an important Romantic poet and an able practitioner of what Friedrich Schlegel termed Universalpoesie, a universal, historical, ...
- universe
- (from the article "public opinion") The term universe is used to denote whatever body of people is being studied. Any segment of society, so long as it can be replicated, can represent a universe: elderly ...
- Universidad Catolica
- (from the article "Football") ...the second time in four years, beating the New England Revolution 1-0 in the final. Rocha became the first club from outside Montevideo to win Uruguay's first division (opening) championship. ...
- Universities for Research in Astronomy, Association of
- (from the article "Kitt Peak National Observatory") ...in response to a long-felt need by astronomers in the eastern half of the United States for access to excellent optical observing facilities in a favourable climate. Operated by the ...
- Universities Tests Act
- (from the article "Catholic Emancipation") ...and Sir Robert Peel to carry the Emancipation Act of 1829 in Parliament. This act admitted Irish and English Roman Catholics to Parliament and to all but a handful of ...
- university
- institution of higher education, usually comprising a liberal arts and sciences college and graduate and professional schools and having the authority to confer degrees in various fields of study. A ... [45 Related Articles]
- University Act
- (from the article "Myanmar") Also in 1920 Rangoon College was raised to the status of a full university by the University Act. However, because the accompanying changes in the school's administration and curriculum were ...
- University Boat Race
- (from the article "Rowing") In the 151st University Boat Race, Oxford fielded the heaviest crew of all time, averaging 15 stone 6.5 lb (98.2 kg, or 216.5 lb). The Cambridge crew averaged a stone ...
- University Cheikh Anta Diop
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...from the School of Medicine of Dakar (1918). It achieved full status as a university in the French system in 1957 and became known as the University of Dakar. The ...
- university college
- in British and formerly British educational systems, an institution of higher learning that does not have the authority to award its own degrees. Students enrolled at a university college ordinarily ...
- University College
- (from the article "Maryland, University of") An adjacent campus, University College, provides education at more than 25 off-campus locations in the region and at more than 140 locations in 29 countries, including a four-year residential campus ...
- University College
- (from the article "Oxford, University of") ...scholars. They were intended primarily for masters or bachelors of arts who needed financial assistance to enable them to continue study for a higher degree. The earliest of these colleges, ...
- University College, Dublin
- (from the article "Dublin") University College Dublin, established as the Catholic University of Ireland in the 1850s and now a constituent college of the National University of Ireland, is the largest campus in Ireland, ...
- University College, London
- (from the article "library") ...in an effort to ensure that library schools offering a professional qualification meet the standards established by the profession itself. The first British library school was established in University College, ...
- university extension
- division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, ... [1 Related Articles]
- university laboratory
- (from the article "research and development") In principle, university laboratories are completely independent and free to investigate anything that interests them. In practice, many of them are anxious to keep in touch with industry and to ...
- university library
- (from the article "library") ...founded in 1903. It is the largest library in India and holds a fine collection of rare books and manuscripts. In some countries, such as Iceland and Israel, the national ...
- University Medical Center of Southern Nevada
- (from the article "Las Vegas") About a dozen hospitals serve the Las Vegas metropolitan area. The University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, part of the University of Nevada system, is a teaching hospital with an ...
- University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
- a pioneer school in the progressive education movement in the United States. The original University Elementary School was founded in Chicago in 1896 by American educator John Dewey as a ... [1 Related Articles]
- University of Michigan Stadium
- (from the article "stadium") ...Tsentraly (Lenin) Stadium, in Moscow (103,000); Odsal Stadium, in Bradford, England (102,500); Aztec Stadium, in Mexico City (115,000); the Rose Bowl, in Pasadena, California, U.S. (104,091); and Michigan Stadium, in ...
- university press
- (from the article "publishing, history of") The increase in the number of universities was accompanied by an increase in the number of university presses. The purpose of these presses is to serve the needs of scholarship-i.e., ...
- university wits
- the notable group of pioneer English dramatists who wrote during the last 15 years of the 16th century and who transformed the native interlude and chronicle play with their plays ... [3 Related Articles]
- University-in-Exile
- (from the article "Dewey, John") ...of University Professors in 1915, and the next year he became a charter member of the first teachers' union in New York City. He helped found the New School for ...
- UNIX
- (from the article "Digital Equipment Corporation") ...(Virtual Memory System), became popular among software developers, giving VAX users a large selection of software applications. In the early 1980s, Digital also helped to develop a version of the ...
- unjust enrichment
- (from the article "Roman law") ...by A from B of what would otherwise be an unjustified enrichment of B at A's expense, such as when A had mistakenly paid B something that was not due ...
- Unkei
- Japanese sculptor of the Late Heian (1086-1185) and early Kamakura (1192-1333) periods, who established a style of Buddhist sculpture that had an immense impact on Japanese art for centuries. [2 Related Articles]
- unknown soldier
- (from the article "Paris") ...Rude sculpted the frieze and the spirited group The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (called "La Marseillaise"). On Armistice Day in 1920, the Unknown Soldier was ...
- Unknowns, Tomb of the
- (from the article "Arlington National Cemetery") The cemetery also houses the Tomb of the Unknowns, also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which was established in 1921 as the burial place for the Unknown ...
- Unkoku school
- (from the article "Sesshu") ...even used his name; these included the great 16th-century master Hasegawa Tohaku, who proudly signed himself Sesshu of the fifth generation. An entire school of Japanese painting, the Unkoku school, ...
- Unkoku Togan
- Japanese painter best remembered as a suiboku-ga ("water-ink painting") artist. He worked in the manner of the 15th-century artist Sesshu at a time when the orthodox style of the Kano ...
- Unkrich, Lee
- (from the article "2003: Other Winners") ...Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King; music and lyrics by Fran Walsh, Howard Shore, and Annie LennoxAnimated Feature Film: Finding Nemo, directed by Andrew ...
- unlawful assembly
- gathering of persons for the purpose of committing either a crime involving force or a noncriminal act in a manner likely to terrify the public. The extent to which a ...
- Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act
- (from the article "Equestrian Sports") The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act, which U.S. Pres. George W. Bush signed on October 13, provided an exemption for activity that was permitted under the Interstate Horseracing Act of ...
- unlayered gabbroic complex
- (from the article "gabbro") A lopolith at Duluth, Minn., is a notable exception to the rather arbitrary division between layered and unlayered gabbro complexes. The lower part of this mass has the average composition ...
- unleaded gasoline
- (from the article "petroleum refining") ...(149° C [300° F] and 900 RPM). For many years the research octane number was found to be the more accurate measure of engine performance and was usually quoted alone. ...
- unlearning
- (from the article "memory") ...retroactive inhibition, however, not all of the loss need be attributed to competition at the moment of recall. Some of the first list may be lost to memory in learning ...
- unmanned aerial vehicle
- (from the article "Military Affairs") An Argentine company developed the first-ever unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) produced in South America. Named Yarara, the UAV was designed for reconnaissance missions.aerospace industry
- Unnerstad, Edith
- (from the article "children's literature") ...Kullman and Martha Sandwall-Bergstrom are among the few Swedish writers who have used working class industrial backgrounds successfully. Kullman is also a historical novelist. The prolific Edith Unnerstad has written ...
- Unni
- (from the article "Sweden") ...in 830. He was allowed to preach and set up a church in Birka, but the Swedes showed little interest. A second Frankish missionary was forced to flee. In the ...
- Uno Chiyo
- Japanese short-story writer and novelist who became better known for a personal life perceived as scandalous than for the break she made with the Japanese literary scene of the 1920s ... [1 Related Articles]
- Uno Sosuke
- politician who served as prime minister of Japan for 68 days (June 2-Aug. 9, 1989). [2 Related Articles]
- Unocal Corporation
- American petrochemical corporation founded in 1890 with the union of three "wildcatter" companies-the Hardison & Stewart Oil Company, the Sespe Oil Company, and the Torrey Canyon Oil Company. Originally centred ...
- Unofficial Committee
- (from the article "Russia") ...in war. The early years of his reign saw two short periods of attempted reform. During the first, from 1801 to 1803, the tsar took counsel with four intimate friends, ...
- Unonopsis veneficiorum
- (from the article "Magnoliales") In the upper Amazon region, Indian tribes use an extract from the tree Unonopsis veneficiorum to tip their poison blowgun darts and arrows; this substance has a similar paralyzing effect ...
- unordered partition
- (from the article "combinatorics") ...are called the parts of the partition. The ... for this is the number of ways of putting k - 1 separating marks in the n - 1 ...
- unpredictable drought
- (from the article "drought") 3. Unpredictable drought involves an abnormal rainfall failure; it may occur almost anywhere but is most characteristic of humid and subhumid climates. Usually brief and irregular, it often affects only ...
- Unreason, Abbot of
- (from the article "Misrule, Lord of") Scotland had an official similar to the Lord of Misrule, known as the Abbot of Unreason (suppressed in 1555), and both are thought by scholars to be descended from the ...
- unrestricted stopping power
- (from the article "radiation") ...power, is numerically equal to the linear energy transfer and changes smoothly to a constant value, called the Fermi plateau, as the ratio beta approaches unity. The other half, called ...
- unrestricted submarine warfare
- (from the article "international relations") ...the German assaults on neutrals' rights at sea, and the cumulative effect of Allied propaganda and German provocations conjoined to end U.S. neutrality by 1917. On Feb. 4, 1915, Germany ...
- unrounded vowel
- (from the article "rounding") Unrounding is the opposite of rounding; in unrounded vowels the lips are slack or may be drawn back, as in pronouncing the ee in "meet." Generally speaking, front vowels tend ...
- Unruh, Fritz von
- dramatist, poet, and novelist, one of the most poetically gifted of the younger German Expressionist writers.
- Unruh, Walther
- (from the article "theatre") ...more than 100 of them had been restored to their former state or else had been redesigned and rebuilt along contemporary lines. The chief innovator in stage design and mechanization ...
- unsaturated acid
- (from the article "fat") ...important to distinguish between the saturated acids (acids containing only single bonds between carbon atoms, such as palmitic or stearic), with relatively high melting temperatures, and the unsaturated acids (acids ...
- unsaturated compound
- (from the article "petroleum refining") Two other chemical families that are important in petroleum refining are composed of unsaturated molecules. In unsaturated molecules, not all the valence electrons on a carbon atom are bonded to ...
- unsaturated polymer
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") Unsaturated polyesters are linear copolymers containing carbon-carbon double bonds that are capable of undergoing further polymerization in the presence of free-radical initiators. The copolyesters are prepared from a dicarboxylic acid ...
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