| | - sacred music
- (from the article "choral music") Sacred musicJesuit dramaJesuit dramaMusic was an important element in most of the plays, ranging from simple songs to works that ...
- sacred office
- (from the article "Eastern Orthodoxy") ...of the whole body of Christ. "Where Christ is, there is the Catholic church," wrote Ignatius of Antioch (c. AD 100). Modern Orthodox theology also emphasizes that the office of ...
- Sacred Pipe
- one of the central ceremonial objects of the Northeast Indians and Plains Indians of North America, it was an object of profound veneration that was smoked on ceremonial occasions. Many ... [8 Related Articles]
- sacred place
- (from the article "Germanic religion and mythology") Sacrifice often was conducted in the open or in groves and forests. The human sacrifice to the tribal god of the Semnones, described by Tacitus, took place in a sacred ...
- Sacred Rock
- (from the article "Machu Picchu") Few of Machu Picchu's white granite structures have stonework as highly refined as that found in Cuzco, but several are worthy of note. In the southern part of the ruin ...
- sacred talent
- (from the article "measurement system") ...from the Babylonians and Egyptians. Hebrew standards were based on the relationship between the mina, the talent (the basic unit), and the shekel. The sacred mina was equal to 60 ...
- sacred time
- (from the article "sacred") ...sacrifices two religious functions are often combined: (1) to provide new power (energy, life) for the world, and (2) to purify the corrupted, defiled existence. Religious festivals are a return ...
- Sacred War, Fourth
- (from the article "Amphissa") ...Amphissa was the capital of Ozolian (western) Locris. The ruined acropolis of the modern tiered town dates apparently from about the 5th century BC, or late Archaic period. The city ...
- Sacred War, Third
- (from the article "Isocrates") ...policy of sending cleruchies (colonizing groups) to Samos, the subjection of Cos and Naxos to Athenian jurisdiction, and the arbitrary demands of Athenian generals for money, and then by the ...
- Sacred Well of Chichen Itza
- (from the article "Thompson, Edward Herbert") His most productive effort-and for many years a unique exploit in archaeology-was the dredging and underwater exploration of the Sacred Well of Chichen Itza. Actually a small lake, it had ...
- sacrifice
- a religious rite in which an object is offered to a divinity in order to establish, maintain, or restore a right relationship of a human being to the sacred order. ... [61 Related Articles]
- sacrifice bunt
- (from the article "baseball") ...a fielder. A batter also can move the runner by hitting to the right side of the infield (forcing the defense to play in a direction opposite that of the ...
- sacrifice fly
- (from the article "baseball") ...runner should be confident that the catch has put the fielder in a position where throwing him out will be difficult. When such a fly ball or line drive out ...
- sacrilege
- originally, the theft of something sacred; as early as the 1st century BC, however, the Latin term for sacrilege came to mean any injury, violation, or profanation of sacred things. ... [1 Related Articles]
- sacristan
- a sexton (q.v.) or, more commonly, the officer of the church in charge of the sacristy and its contents, such as the sacred vessels and vestments. The person may be ...
- sacristy
- in architecture, room in a Christian church in which vestments and sacred objects used in the services are stored and in which the clergy and sometimes the altar boys and ...
- sacro egoismo
- (from the article "international relations") ...the treaty required. Prime Minister Antonio Salandra, a nationalist dedicated to the Irredentists' goal of recovery of Trentino and Trieste from Austria, announced that Italy would be informed by sacro ...
- Sacro Speco
- (from the article "Subiaco") ...three small lakes where the emperor Nero built a villa. An inundation destroyed the lakes in 1305, and only traces remain of the villa. St. Benedict retired as a hermit ...
- sacroiliac
- weight-bearing synovial joint that articulates, or connects, the hip bone with the the sacrum at the base of the spinal column. Strong ligaments around the joint help to stabilize it ... [1 Related Articles]
- sacrum
- wedge-shaped triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column, above the caudal (tail) vertebrae, or coccyx, that articulates (connects) with the pelvic girdle. In humans it is usually composed ... [5 Related Articles]
- Sacsahuaman
- (from the article "Cuzco") The cyclopean fortress of Sacsahuaman (Sacsayhuaman, or Saqsaywaman) overlooks the valley from a hill 755 feet (230 metres) above Cuzco. It is said that, in the Inca city plan, Cuzco ...
- sada topo tsen
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...The yak dance is performed in the Ladakh section of Kashmir and in the southern fringes of the Himalayas near Assam. The dancer impersonating a yak dances with a man ...
- sadaebu
- (from the article "Korea, history of") Through the civil service examination, the central government recruited a new bureaucratic force consisting of scholar-officials (sadaebu), who generally had small farms under their own management in their native districts. ...
- sadaqah
- (from the article "zakat") The Qur'an and Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad) also stress sadaqah, or voluntary almsgiving, which, like zakat, is intended for the needy. Twelver Shi'ites, ...
- Sadaqah I
- (from the article "Mazyadid Dynasty") ...by a period of heightened Mazyadid activity. Having allied himself first with the Seljuq ruler Berk-yaruq, then from about 1101 with Berk-yaruq's brother Muhammad, the Mazyadid ruler Sadaqah I (reigned ...
- sadashe
- (from the article "Native American religions") ...is a supernatural being. The Makiritare believe that the sacred songs (ademi) were taught to shamans at the beginning of time by sadashe (masters ...
- Sadashiva
- (from the article "India") ...brought himself to the undisputed pinnacle of power in 1542-43, when he defeated his rival in the succession struggle following Achyuta's death and crowned his own candidate, Achyuta's nephew Sadashiva ...
- Sadasiva Rao
- (from the article "India") ...had invaded and plundered repeatedly the northern plains down to Delhi and Mathura. The peshwa then dispatched a strong army under his cousin Sadashiva Rao to drive ...
- Sadat 'Ali Khan
- (from the article "Faizabad") city, eastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies east of Lucknow, on the Ghaghara River. Faizabad was founded in 1730 by Sadat 'Ali Khan, the first nawab of Oudh, ...
- Sadat, Anwar el-
- Egyptian army officer and politician who was president of Egypt from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He initiated serious peace negotiations with Israel, an achievement for which he shared ... [16 Related Articles]
- Sadat, Madinat as-
- industrial city, in al-Buhayrah muhafazah (governorate), between Wadi an-Natrun and the western edge of the Nile delta, Lower Egypt. Construction on Madinat as-Sadat (named for President Anwar el-Sadat) began in ...
- Sadatoki
- (from the article "Hojo Family") When Sadatoki (1270-1311) became regent in 1284, he found himself so embroiled in a succession dispute between two powerful factions of the Imperial family-a struggle beginning to split all Japan-that ...
- Sadd-el-Kafara
- (from the article "dam") ...BC to hold back the waters of a small stream and allow increased irrigation production on arable land downstream. Evidence exists of another masonry-faced earthen dam built about 2700 BC ...
- Saddam City
- (from the article "Baghdad") ...of the city, is a sprawling low-income district of some two million rural Shi'ite migrants known alternately as Al-Thawrah ("Revolution") quarter or, between 1982 and 2003, as Saddam City.role of ...
- Saddam Hussein
- president of Iraq (1979-2003), whose brutal rule was marked by costly and unsuccessful wars against neighbouring countries. [34 Related Articles]
- saddha
- in Buddhism, the initial acceptance of the Buddha's teachings, prior to the acquisition of right understanding and right thought. Buddhism does not rely on supernatural authority or the word of ...
- saddle
- seat for a rider on the back of an animal, most commonly a horse or pony. Horses were long ridden bareback or with simple cloths or blankets, but the development ... [5 Related Articles]
- saddle
- (from the article "stringed instrument") ...to keep the strings pulling radially inward on its top edge. The lower end of the tailpiece is anchored by a loop of gut to an ebony button (the tailpin) ...
- saddle bronc-riding
- rodeo event in which a cowboy tries to ride a bucking horse (bronco) for a specified time (usually 8 or 10 seconds). The horse is equipped with saddle, stirrups, and ... [1 Related Articles]
- saddle fungus
- (from the article "cup fungus") ...snow mushroom (Helvella gigas) is found at the edge of melting snow in some localities. Caution is advised for all Helvella species. H. infula has a dull yellow to bay-brown, ...
- Saddle Peak
- (from the article "Andaman Islands") The islands are a succession of dome-shaped hill ranges running parallel to each other from north to south. The highest peak is Saddle, rising 2,418 feet (737 metres) on North ...
- saddle quern
- (from the article "quern") ancient device for grinding grain. The saddle quern, consisting simply of a flat stone bed and a rounded stone to be operated manually against it, dates from Neolithic times (before ...
- saddle-billed stork
- (from the article "stork") The saddle-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), or saddlebill, is a colourful stork of tropical Africa. More than 120 cm (four feet) tall, it has exceptionally long, thin legs and neck. The ...
- saddleback
- (Creadion, sometimes Philesturnus, carunculatus), rare songbird of the family Callaeidae (q.v.; order Passeriformes), which survives on a few small islands off New Zealand. Its 25-centimetre (10-inch) body is black except ... [1 Related Articles]
- saddlepoint
- (from the article "game theory") A "saddlepoint" in a two-person constant-sum game is the outcome that rational players would choose. (Its name derives from its being the minimum of a row that is also the ...
- Saddler, Sandy
- American professional boxer, world featherweight (126 pounds) champion in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Saddler's rivalry with Willie Pep is considered one of the greatest of American pugilism. In ... [2 Related Articles]
- Saddlers Company
- (from the article "lacquerwork") Among the earliest surviving examples of this art is the ballot box of the Saddlers Company. Information on the lacquer process seems first to have been published by the Italian ...
- Sadducee
- member of a Jewish priestly sect that flourished for about two centuries before the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in AD 70. Not much is known with certainty ... [12 Related Articles]
- Sade
- The year 2001 witnessed the reunion of a beloved pop icon and an adoring fan base as Nigerian-born British singer Sade emerged from an almost decade-long hiatus to embark on ...
- Sade, Marquis de
- French nobleman whose perverse sexual preferences and erotic writings gave rise to the term sadism. His best-known work is the novel Justine (1791). [3 Related Articles]
- Sadeddin, Hoca
- Turkish historian, the author of the renowned Tac ut-tevarih ("Crown of Histories"), which covers the period from the origins of the Ottoman Empire to the end of the reign of ...
- Sadeh, Pinhas
- (from the article "Hebrew literature") Personal frustration and religious vision are the subjects of the novelist Pinhas Sadeh. Yitzhak Orpaz's novels tend toward psychological exploration, particularly in the series beginning with Bayit le-adam ehad (1975; ...
- Sadeler, Egidius, II
- Flemish engraver, print dealer, and painter, most noted for his reproduction engravings of Renaissance and Mannerist paintings.
- sadhaka
- (from the article "Hinduism") Tantrists take for granted that all factors in the macrocosm and the microcosm are closely connected. The adept (sadhaka) has to perform the relevant rites on his ...
- sadhana
- ("realization"), in Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism, spiritual exercise by which the practitioner evokes a divinity, identifying and absorbing it into himself-the primary form of meditation in the Tantric Buddhism of ...
- Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
- (from the article "Brahmo Samaj") ...both parties were well under age. He was thus violating his own reformist principles, and many of his followers rebelled, forming a third samaj, or "association," the Sadharan (i.e., common) ...
- sadhu and swami
- in India, a religious ascetic or holy person. The class of sadhus includes renunciants of many types and faiths. They are sometimes designated by the term swami (Sanskrit [4 Related Articles]
- sadhu bhasa
- (from the article "Bengali language") eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. Two Bengali dialects are significant: Sadhu-Bhasa, the literary language, which has a vocabulary with many Sanskrit words ...
- sadhumati
- (from the article "bhumi") ...("turning toward" both transmigration and nirvana), (7) durangama ("far-going"), (8) acala ("immovable"), (9) sadhumati ("good-minded"), and (10) dharmamegha (showered with "clouds of dharma," or universal truth).
- Sadie, Stanley
- British musicologist (b. Oct. 30, 1930, London, Eng.-d. March 21, 2005, Cossington, Somerset, Eng.), was the editor of the 20-volume The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1980) and ...
- sadism
- psychosexual disorder in which sexual urges are gratified by the infliction of pain on another person. The term was coined by the late 19th-century German psychologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in ... [3 Related Articles]
- sadjagrama
- (from the article "South Asian arts") The nonconsonance arises from variances of one sruti from the fundamental consonances of the fourth and the fifth-a variance of about a quarter tone. In the sadjagrama scale the interval ...
- Sadji, Abdoulaye
- Senegalese writer and teacher who was one of the founders of African prose fiction in French. Sadji was the son of a marabout (Muslim holy man) and attended Qur'anic school ...
- Sadki Na grades
- (1454), rules of land tenure established in Thailand by King Trailok of Ayutthaya (1448-88) to regulate the amount of land a man could own.
- Sadler Commission
- (from the article "education") In 1917 the government appointed the Sadler Commission to inquire into the "conditions and prospects of the University of Calcutta," an inquiry that was in reality nationwide in scope. Covering ...
- Sadler's Wells Theatre
- (from the article "theatre") As the new class came into the theatres, the theatres were cleaned up. Samuel Phelps at The Sadler's Wells Theatre instituted audience controls that drove out the old audience and ...
- Sadler, Michael Thomas
- radical politician, philanthropic businessman, and leader of the factory reform movement in England, who was a forerunner of the reformers from the working class whose activities (from the late 1830s) ...
- Sadler, Sir James
- (from the article "Uganda") Early in the 20th century Sir James Hayes Sadler, who succeeded Johnston as commissioner, concluded that the country was unlikely to prove attractive to European settlers. Sadler's own successor, Sir ...
- Sadler, Sir Michael Ernest
- world-renowned authority on secondary education and a champion of the English public school system. [1 Related Articles]
- Sado
- island, western Niigata ken (prefecture), central Japan, in the Sea of Japan (East Sea), 32 miles (51 km) west of Honshu. It faces Niigata, the prefectural capital, ...
- Sadoveanu, Mihail
- (from the article "Romanian literature") ...about rural subjects, G.M. Zamfirescu depicted the Bucharest suburbs, and D.D. Patrascanu wittily described political life. A leading realist writer early in the century was Mihail Sadoveanu, who together with ...
- Sadovsky, Mykola
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...Teofan Prokopovych). After a period of decline, a Ukrainian ethnographic theatre developed in the 19th century. Folk plays and vaudeville were raised to a high level of artistry by such ...
- Sadovsky, Prov
- Russian character actor and patriarch of a three-generation theatrical family. He is regarded as the greatest interpreter of Aleksandr Ostrovsky's plays and was responsible, in part, for securing Ostrovsky's reputation.
- sadr
- (from the article "Islamic world") ...population to Imami Shi'ism. This was accomplished by a government-run effort supervised by the state-appointed leader of the religious community, the sadr. Gradually forms of piety emerged that were specific ...
- Sadr Diwani 'Adalat
- in Mughal and British India, a high court of civil and revenue jurisdiction. It was instituted by Warren Hastings, the British governor general, in 1772. It sat in Calcutta and ...
- Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-
- (from the article "Sadr, Muqtada al-") ...one of the most prominent religious figures in the Islamic world. Sadr was greatly influenced by his father's conservative thoughts and ideas and by those of his father-in-law, Ayatollah Muhammad ...
- Sadr, Muqtada al-
- Iraqi Shi'ite leader and head of the militia known as Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM), or Mahdi Army. He was considered one of the most powerful political figures in Iraq in the ... [8 Related Articles]
- Sadriddin Ayniy
- (from the article "Uzbekistan") ...(usul-i jadid) during the first two decades of the 20th century. The leaders of the Jadids, as they called themselves, included Munawwar Qari in Tashkent, Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy in Samarkand, ...
- Sadrist Movement
- (from the article "Sadr, Muqtada al-") ...suburb of two million Shi'ites, which he renamed Sadr City in honour of his father. By the end of that year Sadr headed a Shi'ite political movement known as the ...
- Sadruddin Aga Khan, Prince
- UN official (b. Jan. 17, 1933, Paris, France-d. May 12, 2003, Boston, Mass.), as the longest-serving UN high commissioner for refugees (1965-77), coordinated relief and resettlement efforts throughout the world, ...
- Sadulayev, Abdul-Khalim
- (from the article "Russia") ...lives. At the same time, human rights abuses remained high, many of them being attributed to troops loyal to Kadyrov. June saw the death at the hands of federal forces ...
- Sadyattes
- (from the article "Anatolia") ...who may have wished to seek a guarantee against Assyrian intervention. The final defeat of Tugdamme is known both from Assyrian sources and from the later Greek geographer Strabo. The ...
- Saeima
- (from the article "Latvia") ...signed in Riga, under which the Soviet government renounced all claims to Latvia. The Latvian constitution of Feb. 15, 1922, provided for a republic with a president and a unicameral ...
- Saemundr Frode Sigfusson
- Icelandic chieftain-priest and first chronicler of Iceland. [1 Related Articles]
- saenghwang
- (from the article "sheng") ...instruments were derived from the sheng, including the Japanese sho and the Korean saenghwang. The Chinese instrument plays melodies with occasional ...
- Saenredam, Pieter Jansz
- painter, pioneer of the "church portrait," and the first Dutch artist to abandon the tradition of fanciful architectural painting in favour of a new realism in the rendering of specific ...
- Saenz Pena, Luis
- (from the article "Argentina") A new party, the Radical Civic Union, was formed in response to the difficulties of the 1890s. It was strongly opposed to the ruling regime and to the compromise candidate, ...
- Saenz Pena, Roque
- president of Argentina from 1910 until his death, an aristocratic conservative who wisely responded to popular demand for electoral reform. Universal and compulsory male suffrage from age 18 by secret ... [1 Related Articles]
- Saenz, Manuela
- mistress to the South American liberator Simon Bolivar, whose revolutionary activities she shared. [1 Related Articles]
- saer tenure
- (from the article "Brehon laws") ...areas would rent to clansmen not the land itself but the right to graze cattle, and they sometimes even rented out the cattle themselves. There were two distinct methods of ...
- Saer, Juan Jose
- (from the article "Literature") The Argentine writer Juan Jose Saer died in Paris on June 11 before completing La grande. The novel was divided into seven journeys, but of the last one Saer was ...
- Safa, Mount
- (from the article "Islam") ...consist of walking seven times around the Ka'bah, a shrine within the mosque; the kissing and touching of the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad); and the ascent of and running between ...
- Safaitic alphabet
- (from the article "Arabian religion") The Safaitic graffiti (1st century BC to the 4th century AD) are so called because they belong to a type first discovered in 1857 in the basaltic desert of Safa', ...
- Safar, Peter
- Austrian-born anesthesiologist (b. April 12, 1924, Vienna, Austria-d. Aug. 3, 2003, Pittsburgh, Pa.), was credited with the development of such lifesaving techniques as mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and its combination with cardiac ... [1 Related Articles]
- safari
- (from the article "hunting") Safari hunting was the most famous: an expedition usually for several hunters of from several days to several weeks, involving large numbers of bearers to carry equipment and supplies, gun ...
- safari park
- (from the article "zoo") In some modern zoo parks, sometimes called safari parks or lion farms, the animals are confined in very large paddocks through which visitors drive in their cars. While this practice ...
- Safarik University
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...in 1920. In 1938 the city was occupied by the Hungarians; after liberation in 1945, it became the first seat of the postwar Czechoslovakian government and of the Slovak National ...
- Safarik, Pavel Josef
- leading figure of the Czech national revival and a pioneer of Slavonic philology and archaeology.
- Safavid Dynasty
- (1502-1736), Iranian dynasty whose establishment of Shi'ite Islam as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic ... [27 Related Articles]
- Safaviyeh
- (from the article "Safavid Dynasty") ...linguistic elements of the country. The Safavids were descended from Sheykh Safi od-Din (1253-1334) of Ardabil, head of the Sufi order of Safaviyeh (Safawiyah), but about 1399 exchanged their Sunnite ...
- Safdie, Moshe
- Canadian-Israeli architect who designed Habitat '67 at the site of Expo 67, a year-long international exhibition at Montreal. Habitat '67 was a prefabricated concrete housing complex comprising three clusters of ... [1 Related Articles]
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