| | - scanning electron microscopy
- (from the article "surface analysis") Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is basically a topographic technique. In SEM a beam of electrons is scanned across a sample, and the backscattered electrons are analyzed to provide a physical ...
- scanning spot
- (from the article "television") ...is known as scanning, from its similarity to the progression of the line of vision in reading a page of printed matter. The agent that disassembles the light values along ...
- scanning tunneling microscope
- (from the article "microscope") The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) appeared in 1981 when Swiss physicists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer set out to build a tool for studying the local conductivity of surfaces. Its ...
- scanning-receiver ceilometer
- (from the article "ceilometer") There are two basic types of ceilometers: the scanning receiver and the rotating transmitter. The scanning-receiver ceilometer has its separate light transmitter fixed to direct its beam vertically. The receiver ...
- scansion
- the analysis and visual representation of a poem's metrical pattern. Adapted from the classical method of analyzing ancient Greek and Roman quantitative verse, scansion in English prosody employs a system ... [1 Related Articles]
- Scapa Flow
- extensive landlocked anchorage in Scotland's Orkney Islands, which lie off the northern tip of the Scottish mainland. The anchorage is approximately 15 miles (24 km) long from north to south ... [1 Related Articles]
- scapegoat
- ("goat for Azazel"), in the Old Testament ritual of Yom Kippur (Lev. 16:8-10), a goat symbolically burdened with the sins of the Jewish people. Some scholars believe that the animal ... [7 Related Articles]
- scapha
- (from the article "ear, human") ...of the concha and continues as the incurved rim of the upper portion of the auricle. An inner, concentric ridge, the antihelix, surrounds the concha and is separated from the ...
- Scaphella
- (from the article "gastropod") ...in one plane, as in Planorbis; become globose with the whorls increasing rapidly in size, as in Pomacea; have the whorls become elongate and rapidly larger, as in Conus and ...
- Scaphiophryninae
- (from the article "Anura") ...lacking beaks and denticles (except otophrynines and scaphiophrynines) or undergoing direct development; 66 genera, 306 species; 10 subfamilies: Cophylinae (Madagascar), Dyscophinae (Madagascar), Scaphiophryninae (Madagascar), Asterophryinae (New Guinea and Sulu Archipelago), ...
- Scaphiopus
- (from the article "Anura") Most tadpoles complete their development in two or three months, but there are notable exceptions. Tadpoles of spadefoot toads, genus Scaphiopus, develop in temporary rain pools in ...
- Scaphites
- extinct genus of cephalopods (animals related to the modern octopus, squid, and nautilus) found as fossils in marine deposits. Because Scaphites is restricted to certain divisions of Cretaceous time (the ...
- scaphocephaly
- (from the article "craniosynostosis") ...sutures, the sagittal (front to back along the top midline of the skull) most frequently fuses prematurely. Because the skull then cannot grow in width, the vault becomes long, high, ...
- scapigliatura
- (Italian: "bohemianism"), a mid-19th-century avant-garde movement found mostly in Milan; influenced by Baudelaire, the French Symbolist poets, Edgar Allan Poe, and German Romantic writers, it sought to replace the classical, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Scapin
- (from Italian scappare, "to flee"), stock character of the Italian commedia dell'arte; one of the comic servants, or zanni, who was especially noted for his cowardice, taking flight at the ...
- scapolite
- any of a group of feldspathoid minerals found in calcium-rich metamorphic rocks, particularly marble, gneiss, granulite, greenschist, and skarns. Principal occurrences are Quebec and Ontario, Canada; Kiruna, Swed.; Pennsylvania, United ...
- scapula
- either of two large bones of the shoulder girdle in vertebrates. In humans they are triangular and lie on the upper back between the levels of the second and eighth ... [5 Related Articles]
- scapular
- (from the article "religious dress") ...monasticism, beginning with the Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia in the 6th century, enabled standardization to become possible. Monastic dress included habit, girdle or belt, hood or cowl, and ...
- scapulimancy
- (from the article "augury") ...ritual, were atmospheric phenomena (aeromancy), cards (cartomancy), dice or lots (cleromancy), dots and other marks on paper (geomancy), fire and smoke (pyromancy), the shoulder blades of animals (scapulimancy), entrails of ...
- scar
- mark left on the skin after the healing of a cut, burn, or other area of wounded tissue. As part of the healing process, specialized cells called fibroblasts in adjacent ... [5 Related Articles]
- scarab
- in ancient Egyptian religion, important symbol in the form of the dung beetle (Scarabaeus sacer), which lays its eggs in dung balls fashioned through rolling. This beetle was associated with ... [2 Related Articles]
- scarab beetle
- any of approximately 30,000 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera) that are compact and heavy-bodied insects with robustly oval outlines. They are distinguished from other beetles by their unusual antennae, ... [2 Related Articles]
- scarabaeiform larva
- (from the article "insect") Larvae, which vary considerably in shape, are classified in five forms: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grublike), campodeiform (elongated, flattened, and active), elateriform (wireworm-like), and vermiform (maggot-like). The three types of pupae ...
- Scarabaeus sacer
- (from the article "dung beetle") The sacred scarab of ancient Egypt (Scarabaeus sacer), found in many paintings and jewelry, is a dung beetle. Egyptian cosmogony includes the scarab beetle rolling its ball of dung with ...
- Scaraben
- (from the article "Caithness") ...400 feet (120 metres) high. Above this plateau of old red sandstone and Highland schists rise several massive hills in the south, including Morven, with an elevation of 2,313 feet ...
- scaraboid
- (from the article "scarab") A related type of seal amulet, called by Egyptologists the scaraboid, was similar in shape but lacked the details of the beetle's anatomy. Egyptian scarabs were carried by trade throughout ...
- Scaramouche
- stock character of the Italian theatrical form known as the commedia dell'arte; an unscrupulous and unreliable servant. His affinity for intrigue often landed him in difficult situations, yet he always ... [2 Related Articles]
- Scarborough
- former city (1983-98), southeastern Ontario, Canada. In 1998 it amalgamated with the borough of East York and the cities of Etobicoke, York, North York, and Toronto to form the City ...
- Scarborough
- (from the article "Scarborough") town and borough on the North Sea coast, administrative county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northern England. Scarborough town originated from a 10th-century Viking fishing settlement in the ...
- Scarborough
- town, Cumberland county, southwestern Maine, U.S. It lies at the mouth of the Nonesuch River on the Atlantic coast. The town includes the communities of Scarborough, Higgins Beach, Prouts Neck, ...
- Scarborough
- town and borough on the North Sea coast, administrative county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northern England. Scarborough town originated from a 10th-century Viking fishing settlement in the ...
- Scarborough
- chief town and deepwater harbour of Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, southeastern West Indies. It is the administrative centre of Tobago and the main town of St. Andrew parish. Located on ...
- scarcity
- (from the article "price system") Price systems are therefore the result of scarcity. The basic proposition of economics, that scarcities are essentially ubiquitous, is often phrased as "there is no such thing as a free ...
- scarcity rent
- (from the article "rent") ...and capital hired had fallen to the level of its incremental cost. The intensive margin would exist even if all land were of equal fertility, as long as land was ...
- Scardino, Marjorie
- When Dame Marjorie Scardino, CEO of the British media firm Pearson PLC, accepted a bonus of £273,000 (about $452,000) in 2003, media watchers began asking if she had earned it, ...
- scarecrow
- device posted on cultivated ground to deter birds or other animals from eating or otherwise disturbing seeds, shoots, and fruit; its name derives from its use against the crow. The ...
- scarecrow puppet
- (from the article "puppetry") ...these, when loosely jointed, have a spontaneous vitality that more sophisticated puppets often miss. Another interesting, if elemental, type of puppet, the "scarecrow puppets," or lileki, of Slovenia, is constructed ...
- Scarfe, Gerald
- English caricaturist best known for his savagely grotesque portraits of politicians and other public figures.
- Scarfiotti, Ferdinando
- (from the article "1987: Other Winners") ...Patrick Shanley for MoonstruckAdapted Screenplay: Mark Peploe and Bernardo Bertolucci for The Last EmperorCinematography: Vittorio Storaro for The Last EmperorArt Direction: Ferdinando Scarfiotti for The Last EmperorOriginal Score: David Byrne, ...
- scarification
- (from the article "horticulture") ...weakens the seed coat. Certain seeds, such as the sweet pea, have a tough husk that can be artificially worn or weakened to render the seed coat permeable to gases ...
- Scarini, Nicolo
- (from the article "Western architecture") The most important building of the Flemish Renaissance style was the Stadhuis, or Town Hall (1561-65), at Antwerp, designed by Loys du Foys and Nicolo Scarini and executed by Cornelis ...
- Scarlatti, Alessandro
- Italian composer of operas and religious works. [10 Related Articles]
- Scarlatti, Domenico
- Italian composer noted particularly for his 555 keyboard sonatas, which substantially expanded the technical and musical possibilities of the harpsichord. [4 Related Articles]
- scarlet fever
- acute infectious disease caused by group A hemolytic streptococcal bacteria, in particular Streptococcus pyogenes. Scarlet fever can affect people of all ages, but it is most often ... [1 Related Articles]
- scarlet glory-bower
- (from the article "glory-bower") Bleeding heart glory-bower (C. thomsonae), a woody vine from Africa, has sprays of blooms, resembling bleeding heart, amid glossy, dark-green, oval leaves. Scarlet glory-bower (C. splendens), also an African vine, ...
- scarlet king snake
- (from the article "king snake") ...with 25 mostly tricoloured subspecies) has one of the largest distributions of any snake, occurring from 48° N to 4° S latitude. Its average length is 1 metre (maximum 1.9 ...
- scarlet macaw
- (from the article "macaw") ...cobalt-blue hyacinthine macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) of Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay is the largest of all parrots, measuring 95-100 cm (37.5-39.5 inches) long. The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is probably the ...
- scarlet oak
- (from the article "red oak") The scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), Nuttall oak (Q. nuttallii), and Shumard oak (Q. shumardii) are other valuable timber trees of eastern and southern North America. The scarlet oak has a ...
- scarlet pimpernel
- (from the article "pimpernel") The scarlet pimpernel (A. arvensis), also called poor-man's weatherglass, is an annual native to Europe but is naturalized elsewhere, including North America. It grows 6 to 30 cm (2.4 to ...
- scarlet plume
- (from the article "spurge") ...it is native, is the shrub pascuita (E. leucocephala), 1.5 to 4 m tall, which is covered much of the winter with a mist of small, white bracts. In some ...
- scarlet robin
- (from the article "robin") ...robin (see Leiothrix). Certain unrelated ground-feeding, thrushlike flycatchers of the family Muscicapidae, of Australia and New Guinea, are also called robins. Familiar in Australia is the scarlet robin (Petroica multicolor), ...
- scarlet runner bean
- (from the article "bean") The scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus) is native to tropical America. Naturally a perennial, it is grown to a small extent in temperate climates as an annual. It is a ...
- scarlet sage
- (from the article "Salvia") ...from magenta calyxes. Blue sage (S. farinacea) opens bright blue flowers after rains in the hills of southwestern North America. Possibly the best-known Salvia is the garden annual scarlet sage ...
- scarlet snake
- (Cemophora coccinea), small, burrowing, nocturnal member of the family Colubridae. It occurs in the United States from New Jersey to Florida and as far west as Texas. It is a ...
- scarlet tanager
- (from the article "tanager") The three species of tanagers breeding in temperate North America are the scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), summer tanager (P. rubra), and western tanager (P. ludoviciana). A less showy bird, the ...
- scarlet-backed flowerpecker
- (from the article "flowerpecker") ...twittering, in trees and shrubs where they find small fruits. The pouchlike, felted nest may have a porched side entrance. A species seen in gardens from India and southern China ...
- Scarman Report
- (from the article "police") In the late 20th century, urban rioting in ethnic minority communities was also a serious problem in Britain. The Scarman Report (1981), which resulted from an official inquiry into rioting ...
- scarp
- (from the article "military technology") ...was the sloping of the glacis, or forward face of the ramparts, in such a manner that it could be swept by cannon and harquebus fire from the parapet behind ...
- scarp
- (from the article "river") ...the river flowed at a higher elevation than its present channel. A terrace consists of two distinct topographic components: (1) a tread, which is the flat surface of the former ...
- Scarritt College for Christian Workers
- (from the article "Bennett, Belle Harris") ...was dedicated in Kansas City, Missouri. In all, her efforts raised more than $130,000 for building and endowing the school. (In 1924 the school was relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, and ...
- Scarron, Paul
- French writer who contributed significantly to the development of three literary genres: the drama, the burlesque epic, and the novel. He is best known today for Le Roman comique ("The ... [3 Related Articles]
- Scarry, Richard McClure
- U.S. author and illustrator (b. June 5, 1919, Boston, Mass.--d. April 30, 1994, Gstaad, Switz.), captured the imagination of preschoolers with his oversized, highly detailed picture books, which featured a ...
- Scarsdale
- village and town (township), Westchester county, southeastern New York, U.S. It is a northern residential suburb of New York City. The site was settled in 1701, following its purchase by ...
- Scarus
- (from the article "migration") Fishes also are able to use celestial bearings; salmon presumably use the Sun. Experiments with the parrot fish (Scarus) have demonstrated a Sun compass reaction that may also occur in ...
- scat
- in biology, any of four species of fishes constituting the family Scatophagidae (order Perciformes). The few species are placed into two genera, Selenotoca and Scatophagus. They are found in marine ...
- scat
- in music, jazz vocal style using emotive, onomatopoeic, and nonsense syllables instead of words in solo improvisations on a melody. Scat has dim antecedents in the West African practice of ... [6 Related Articles]
- Scathach
- (Gaelic: "The Shadowy One"), in Celtic mythology, female warrior, especially noted as a teacher of warriors.
- scatologia
- deviant sexual practice in which sexual pleasure is obtained through the compulsive use of obscene language. The affected person commonly satisfies his desires through obscene telephone calls, usually to strangers. ... [1 Related Articles]
- scatter diagram
- (from the article "statistics") ...stress and blood pressure. Assume that both a stress test score and a blood pressure reading have been recorded for a sample of 20 patients. The data are shown graphically ...
- scattered X ray
- (from the article "X-ray") In 1906 the British physicist Charles Glover Barkla first demonstrated the wave nature of X-rays by showing that they can be "polarized" by scattering from a solid. Polarization refers to ...
- scattering
- in physics, a change in the direction of motion of a particle because of a collision with another particle. As defined in physics, a collision can occur between particles that ... [14 Related Articles]
- scattering angle
- (from the article "radiation measurement") ...The most common scattering target is hydrogen, and a fast neutron can transfer up to all its energy in a single collision with a hydrogen nucleus. The amount of energy ...
- scaup
- (genus Aythya), any of three species of diving ducks (family Anatidae). The greater scaup (A. marila), also called the big bluebill, breeds across Eurasia and most of the Nearctic region. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius
- a leader of the Optimates (conservative senatorial aristocrats) and one of the most influential men in the Roman government about 100 BC. Marcus Tullius Cicero, in his speech "In Defense ...
- Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius
- quaestor and proquaestor to Gnaeus Pompey in the third war (74-63) between Rome and King Mithradates of Pontus (in northeastern Anatolia).
- scavenger
- animal that feeds partly or wholly on the bodies of dead animals. Many invertebrates, such as carrion beetles, live almost entirely on decomposing animal matter. The burying beetles actually enter ... [4 Related Articles]
- scavenger cell
- (from the article "immune system") All higher animals and many lower ones have scavenger cells-primarily leukocytes (white blood cells)-that destroy infectious agents. Most vertebrates, including all birds and mammals, possess two main kinds of scavenger ...
- scavenger hunt
- (from the article "Maxwell, Elsa") ...Restaurants of Monte Carlo. Her renowned parties were noted not only for her chic guests but also for the novelties Maxwell devised to keep them amused. She was credited with ...
- Scavullo, Francesco
- American photographer (b. Jan. 16, 1921, Staten Island, N.Y.-d. Jan. 6, 2004, New York, N.Y.), developed the concept of the magazine "cover girl," which celebrated the beauty of women and ...
- sceat
- (from the article "coin") ...from York. A further series, copied from late 4th-century Roman prototypes, was struck about 650, when the gold content was fast diminishing. Gold coinage soon gave way to that of ...
- Sceaux ware
- tin-glazed earthenware and porcelain made at a factory in Sceaux, Fr., from 1748 to 1794. Both were skillfully painted in a large range of enamel colours with landscape and figure ...
- Sceberras, Mount
- (from the article "Grand Harbour") small inlet on the east coast of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea. It is separated from Marsamxett harbour by Mount Sceberras, a rocky promontory on which Valletta, Malta's capital, is ...
- scel
- (Old Irish: "story"; pl. scela), in the Gaelic literature of Ireland, early prose and verse legends of gods and folk heroes, most of which originated during or before the 11th ...
- Scelba Law
- (from the article "Scelba, Mario") An Italian statute defining and banning fascism in any of its phases is known as the Scelba Law.
- Scelba, Mario
- Italian lawyer and Christian Democrat politician who was premier, 1954-55.
- scena
- (from the article "Duparc, Henri") ...were later incorporated in his collection of songs, written between 1868 and 1884, including eight with orchestral accompaniment. In these songs, Duparc enlarged the French song into a scena, or ...
- scenario
- in film making, original idea for a film translated into a visually oriented text. The scenario plan gives the mood of each image and its relationship with the other shots ... [2 Related Articles]
- scene
- (from the article "theatrical production") ...segment of activity presents a step in the unfolding of a story. But the sequence may also be based on a common motif or recurrent characters. The segments of activity, ...
- scene design
- (from the article "stage design") Scenic designdevelopment in Baroque theatretheatreScenic designSignificant changes in scenic design were made by Italy's Bibiena family, of whom the best ...
- scene shifting
- (from the article "theatre") Soon after the introduction of the facade, plays were uniformly set before a temple or a palace. To indicate a change of scene, the periaktoi were introduced. These were upright ...
- Scenedesmus
- genus of colonial green algae with 4, 8, or 16 cells arranged in a row. A common component of freshwater plankton, Scenedesmus is used in experimental work ... [1 Related Articles]
- scenery
- (from the article "environmental theatre") Schechner and the Performance Group (founded 1968) shaped the theatre to conform to each play, constructing different audience frameworks for each production. The sets were usually based on multilevel platforms, ...
- Scenery, Mount
- (from the article "Netherlands Antilles") ...metres) at Sentry Hill in the Dutch part of Saint Martin, 1,198 feet (365 metres) at The Quill, an extinct volcano on Sint Eustatius, with a large forested crater, and ...
- Scenic Railway
- (from the article "roller coaster") ...to the top of the first hill, making it a far more exciting ride than the slow-moving Switchback. Thompson, who built 50 more Switchbacks in the United States and Europe, ...
- scenic riding
- (from the article "circus") Continuing traditions from the days of Astley, scenic riding remained extremely popular in the 19th century, before the purely acrobatic style supplanted it. In scenic riding the equestrian, appropriately costumed, ...
- scent gland
- (from the article "artiodactyl") External glands occur in various places on artiodactyls. Preorbital glands, immediately in front of the eyes, are present in the giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), in all cervids except the ...
- scent hound
- (from the article "dog") These also are hunting dogs but much more various than the Sporting dogs. There are scent hounds and sight hounds. They are a diverse group, ranging from the low-slung dachshund ...
- scent mark
- (from the article "hymenopteran") Ants use scent marks, which they place on their pathways. They are thus able to find their way back to the nest and direct other colony members to a food ...
- scent sensilla
- (from the article "lepidopteran") ...is usually initiated by the female, which gives off specific odorous substances (pheromones) that attract males, sometimes even before she emerges from the pupa. These are detected by structures (scent ...
- scented garden
- (from the article "gardening") Scent is one of the qualities that many people appreciate highly in gardens. Scented gardens, in which scent from leaves or flowers is the main criterion for inclusion of a ...
- scented sun orchid
- (from the article "sun orchid") ...Some self-pollinating species never open their flowers. The lemon orchid (T. antennifera), the twisted sun orchid (T. flexuosa), the custard orchid (T. violosa), and the scented sun orchid (T. avistata) ...
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