(from the article "Aftasid dynasty") ...Cordoba. The Lower Frontier (modern central Portugal) had enjoyed a measure of autonomy after the death of the Umayyad caliph al-Hakam II (976), when it was ruled by his freed ...
Iranian-born cleric who, from 1992 to 1993, was the grand ayatollah in the Islamic holy city of Al-Najaf and, thus, spiritual leader to millions of Iraqi Shi'ites. [1 Related Articles]
Iranian teacher and philosopher who advanced the hikmah (wisdom) school of Islamic philosophy. His doctrines-composed of diverse elements of gnosis (esoteric spiritual knowledge), philosophy, and revelation-are an exposition and clarification ...
any member of a relatively common, widespread family of spiders (order Araneida) that range in body length from 3 to 15 mm (about 0.12 to 0.6 inch) and build silken ... [1 Related Articles]
On June 1, 2004, Elias Antonio Saca Gonzalez, best known as the popular sportscaster Tony Saca, became El Salvador's president. He was born on March 9, 1965, in Usulutan, El ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "wind instrument") ...length of the tube, thereby making the partials of different harmonic series available separately and producing a chromatic scale. As early as the 14th century, the term
Shoshone Indian woman who, as interpreter, traveled thousands of wilderness miles with the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06), from the Mandan-Hidatsa villages in the Dakotas to the Pacific Northwest. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Mesoamerican Indian languages") ...Kaufman considered it a separate language and christened it Teco. Kaufman identified two more new Mayan languages in the course of a linguistic survey of Guatemala. These two new languages-Sacapultec ...
(from the article "beekeeping") Sacbrood is caused by a virus and is superficially similar to the foulbrood diseases. It can appear and disappear spontaneously but is seldom serious. No chemical control is needed, but ...
(from the article "eye, human") ...more than a fraction of a second; the movements are of three types: (1) irregular movements of high frequency (30-70 per second) and small excursions of about 20 seconds of ...
(from the article "photoreception") The saccade-and-fixate strategy is the way humans take in information from the world most of the time. However, there is a mismatch between the extremely jerky movements of the image ...
(from the article "photoreception") ...saccades, vision is seriously impaired for two reasons. First, during large saccades, the image is moving so fast that it is blurred and unusable. Second, an active blanking-off process, known ...
(from the article "Biot, Jean-Baptiste") French physicist who helped formulate the Biot-Savart law, which concerns magnetic fields, and laid the basis for saccharimetry, a useful technique of analyzing sugar solutions.
organic compound employed as a non-nutritive sweetening agent. It occurs as insoluble saccharin or in the form of various salts, primarily sodium and calcium. Saccharin has about 200-700 times the ... [5 Related Articles]
genus of yeasts belonging to the family Saccharomycetaceae (phylum Ascomycota, kingdom Fungi). An outstanding characteristic of members of Saccharomyces is their ability to convert sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "beer") ...fungus"). In brewing it is traditional to refer to ale yeasts used predominantly in top fermentation as top strains of S. cerevisiae and to lager yeasts as bottom strains of ...
(from the article "Ascomycota") ...and the chestnut blight (Endothia parasitica). Venturia inequalis, the cause of apple scab. Perhaps the most indispensable fungus of all is an ascomycete, the common yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), whose varieties ...
(from the article "fungus") Saprobic or pathogenic; yeasts reproduce by budding or fission; contains one order.Saprobic or pathogenic in plants and humans; cell walls lack chitin; asci form singly or in ...
(from the article "fungus") ...budding or fission; contains common yeasts that are relevant to industry (e.g., baking and brewing) and that cause common infections in humans; contains one class.Saprobic or pathogenic; yeasts reproduce ...
(from the article "fungus") ...juice; asexual reproduction by fission; asci fuse to form groups of four or eight ascospores; example genus is Schizosaccharomyces.Saprobic on plants and animals, including humans, occasionally pathogenic ...
(from the article "sugarcane") ...juice, from which sugar is processed. Most present-day commercial canes are the offsprings or hybrids of the species Saccharum officinarum, which was developed from a wild cane species, Saccharum robustom, ...
(from the article "logic, history of") ...postulates, and definitions in a Euclidean fashion occurs in the otherwise quite traditional Logica Demonstrativa (1697; "Demonstrative Logic") of the Italian Jesuit Gerolamo Saccheri. Saccheri is better known for his ...
(from the article "Gentianales") The bizarre-looking Saccifolium bandeirae, known from a single mountain peak in the Guiana region of southern Venezuela and northern Brazil, used to be placed in its own family, Saccifoliaceae. Now ...
(from the article "Millay, Edna St. Vincent") ...her political and social ideals made her a symbol of the youth of her time. In 1927 she donated the proceeds from her poem Justice Denied in ...
controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, U.S., extending over seven years, 1920-27, and resulting in the execution of the defendants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "acorn worm") ...The "acorn" consists of a muscular proboscis and a collar that may be used to burrow into soft sand or mud. The animals vary in length from about 5 cm ...
(from the article "Western architecture") ...This revival was appropriate in a country that was home to the Renaissance. It thus blended well with the growth of Italian nationalism, of which the most conspicuous architectural expression ...
two Neanderthal fossils found in 1929 and 1935 in a river deposit on the bank of a small tributary of the Tiber River outside Rome. The skulls, which represent an ...
(from the article "gulper") ...(or Lyomeri). Gulpers range to depths of 2,700 m (9,000 feet) or more. The members of one family, Monognathidae, have mouths of normal proportions, but the other gulpers (Eurypharyngidae and ...
(from the article "African pouched rat") ...pouched rats (genus Saccostomus) are small and thickset, weighing about 75 grams (2.6 ounces) and having bodies up to 18 cm long and much shorter tails. Both species (S. campestris ...
(from the article "African pouched rat") ...are small and thickset, weighing about 75 grams (2.6 ounces) and having bodies up to 18 cm long and much shorter tails. Both species (S. campestris and S. mearnsi) are ...
(from the article "nervous system, human") Each saccule and utricle has a single cluster, or macula, of hair cells located in the vertical and horizontal planes, respectively. Resting upon the hair cells is a gelatinous membrane ...
(from the article "barnacle") Parasitic cirripedes of the order Rhizocephala (about 230 species), such as Sacculina, lack appendages, shell, and gut and resemble fungi. Females parasitize decapod crustaceans (crabs and allies) by sending rootlike ...
(from the article "celibacy") Celibacy is practiced in a variety of different contexts. One type of celibacy is sacerdotal, the celibacy of priests and priestesses. A priest may be defined as one who, as ...
(from the article "Protestantism") ...bread and wine, however, do not change their substance, and, for Luther, there was no miracle of the mass in which the priest was thought to alter the substance of ...
(from the article "Middle Ages") After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the idea arose of Europe as one large church-state, called Christendom. Christendom was thought to consist of two distinct groups of functionaries, the ...
Swiss conductor, businessman, and patron of the arts (b. April 28, 1906, Basel, Switz.-d. May 26, 1999, Basel), catalyzed 20th-century music by using his immense wealth to commission some 200 ...
(from the article "masochism") psychosexual disorder in which erotic release is achieved through having pain inflicted on oneself. The term derives from the name of Chevalier Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, an Austrian who wrote extensively ...
English preacher, an assertively narrow-minded supporter of the Anglican state whose impeachment by the Whigs enabled the Tories to win control of the government in 1710. Although he was an ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Banks Island") ...caribou, polar bears, and many birds. First sighted by Sir William Parry's expedition in 1820, it was named for Sir Joseph Banks. Vilhjalmur Stefansson explored the interior in 1914-17. Sachs ...
German botanist whose experimental study of nutrition, tropism, and transpiration of water greatly advanced the knowledge of plant physiology, and the cause of experimental biology in general, during the second ... [1 Related Articles]
German burgher, meistersinger, and poet who was outstanding for his popularity, output, and aesthetic and religious influence. He is idealized in Richard Wagner's opera Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg. [4 Related Articles]
American economist, who advised countries throughout the world in economic reform and developed initiatives intended to eradicate poverty on a global scale. [1 Related Articles]
German poet and dramatist who became a poignant spokesperson for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews. When, with Shmuel Yosef Agnon, she was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "strain theory") Baeyer's ideas, although still considered essentially correct, have been significantly extended. Another German chemist, H. Sachse, in 1890 suggested that in rings of six or more atoms the strain can ...
one of the major Nazi German concentration camps, located at the edge of Oranienburg, 21 miles (34 km) northwest of Berlin. Sachsenhausen was established in 1936 as the northern German ...
(from the article "Louis IV") Louis hit back with several proclamations of his own, notably the so-called Sachsenhausen Appellation of May 22, 1324, in which the charge of heresy was turned against the Pope. The ...
the most important of the medieval compilations of Saxon customary law. Collected in the early 13th century by Eike von Repgow (also spelled Repkow, Repchow, or Repgau), a knight and ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "dress") ...the waist and a framework petticoat to define the shape of the skirt. In the early decades this was a hoop skirt, circular in section and very full. A popular ...
(from Old French saqueboute: "pull-push"), early trombone, invented in the 15th century, probably in Burgundy. It has thicker walls than the modern trombone, imparting a softer tone, and its bell ...
(from the article "church year") During Lent also, grievous sinners were excluded from Communion and prepared for their restoration. As a sign of their penitence, they wore sackcloth and were sprinkled with ashes (Tertullian, De ...
Consciousness and brain function have been examined through the lens of many disciplines, including philosophy, biology, psychology, and artificial intelligence. One of the most insightful approaches, however, was that of ...
English soldier and politician. He was dismissed from the British army for his failure to obey orders in the Battle of Minden (1759) during the Seven Years' War. As colonial ...
English statesman, poet, and dramatist, remembered largely for his share in two achievements of significance in the development of Elizabethan poetry and drama: the collection A Myrrour for Magistrates (1563) ... [3 Related Articles]
married name Victoria Mary Nicolson English novelist and poet who wrote chiefly about the Kentish countryside, where she spent most of her life. [2 Related Articles]
city, York county, southwestern Maine, U.S., at the mouth of the Saco River opposite Biddeford. Founded with Biddeford in 1631 as a single plantation, it was the seat of Sir ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "gastropod") ...and gill usually present; no parapodia (extensions of foot); sperm groove open; shell prominent, reduced, or hidden by mantle; 2 families.One file of radular teeth; sperm duct a closed ...
(from the article "Angelico, Fra") ...manner, revealing the painter's increasingly sure and harmonious pictorial idiom. Angelico's Annalena Altarpiece, also of the 1430s, is, so far as is known, the first sacra conversazione ...
(from the article "Christianity") In medieval terms, sacred doctrine (sacra doctrina) is to be read as directly as possible from the sacred page (sacra pagina). Moreover, it is ...
(Italian: "holy performance"), in theatre, 15th-century Italian ecclesiastical drama similar to the mystery plays of France and England and the auto sacramental of Spain. Originating and flourishing in Florence, these ...
(from the article "vertebral column") ...in a single arc (the highest portion occurring at the middle of the back), which functions somewhat like a bow spring in locomotion. In humans this primary curve is modified ...
(from the article "sacrum") ...the ilia to complete the pelvic girdle. The sacrum is held in place in this joint, which is called the sacroiliac, by a complex mesh of ligaments. Between the fused ...
(from the article "nervous system, human") ...nerves, each of which receives and furnishes one dorsal and one ventral root. On this basis the spinal cord is divided into the following segments: 8 cervical (C), 12 thoracic ...
(from the article "nervous system, human") The ventral rami of L5 and S1-S3 form the sacral plexus, with contributions from L4 and S4. Branches from this plexus innervate gluteal muscles, muscles forming the internal surface of ...
(from the article "vertebral column") ...and mammals demonstrate five regions: (1) cervical, in the neck, (2) thoracic, in the chest, which articulates with the ribs, (3) lumbar, in the lower back, more robust than the ...
religious sign or symbol, especially associated with Christian churches, in which a sacred or spiritual power is believed to be transmitted through material elements viewed as channels of divine grace. [27 Related Articles]
(from the article "Christianity") ...a series of "holy acts" that are not, strictly speaking, sacraments. Though the Roman Catholic Church recognizes a difference between such "holy acts," which are called sacramentals, and sacraments, the ...
(from the article "Europe, history of") The work of the laity was the business of the world. The clergy, however, considered itself far more important than the laity. Members of the clergy themselves were ranked in ...
(from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...by the University of Louvain as early as 1520). There was a Lutheran community in Antwerp; but otherwise, support was limited to individual priests and intellectuals. Another Protestant group, the ...
city, capital of California, U.S., and seat (1850) of Sacramento county, in the north-central part of the state. It is situated in the Sacramento Valley (the northern portion of the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Basketball") In the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), a new champion was crowned to cap the 2004-05 season. The Sacramento Monarchs swept to victory, dealing the Connecticut Sun a second straight ...
segment of the southern Rockies, extending southward for 160 mi (260 km) from Ancho, in south central New Mexico, into Culberson County, western Texas, U.S. They include the Sierra Blanca ...
river rising in the Klamath Mountains, near Mount Shasta (in Siskiyou county), northern California, U.S. The river flows 382 miles (615 km) south-southwest between the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...the Tidewater Ship Canal, a more direct and safer waterway than the Mississippi delta. The Pacific coast canals are not linked with the national network, but two major projects of ...
(from the article "Central Valley") ...Valley, are fed mainly by the abundant rains and melting snows of the Sierra Nevada's western flank. The San Joaquin Valley in the south embraces more than three-fifths of the ...
the power, being, or realm understood by religious persons to be at the core of existence and to have a transformative effect on their lives and destinies. Other terms, such ... [43 Related Articles]
(from the article "Alexander the Great") ...the Maedi, a Thracian people; two years later he commanded the left wing at the Battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip defeated the allied Greek states, and displayed personal courage ...
(from the article "worship") Worship takes place at appointed seasons and places. The religious calendar is thus of great importance for the worshipping community, since communities associate worship with critical times in the life ...
ritual or ceremonial figure, in various preliterate and ancient cultures throughout the world, who represents a reversal of the normal order, an opening to the chaos that preceded creation, especially ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Vatican City State") ...Vatican Grottos) was followed by nine days of mourning. During the interim between John Paul's death and the election of a new pope, the affairs of the Vatican City State ...
(from the article "church year") Regulations regarding holy days and processes leading to the canonization of saints are controlled by the Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship (formerly the Congregation of Rites). Certain feasts, in addition ...
(from the article "Rising Sun, Order of the") Japanese order founded in 1875 by Emperor Meiji and awarded for exceptional civil or military merit. The order, which has a women's counterpart called the Order of the Sacred Crown, ...
(from the article "Native American dance") Religious symbolism is significant even in the human interactions of the dance. Men often symbolize phallic, aggressive supernatural beings and rain-bringing deities, whereas women symbolize actual fertility. In Iroquois ceremonies, ...
(from the article "lud") among the Votyaks and Zyryans, a sacred grove where sacrifices were performed. The lud, surrounded by a high board or log fence, generally consisted of a grove of fir trees, ...
in the Roman Catholic Church, the physical heart of Jesus as an object of devotion. The use of Jesus' heart to symbolize his love for men is not found in ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Paris") The most noted landmark of Montmartre was built only in 1919: the Sacred Heart Basilica (Basilique du Sacre-Coeur), paid for by national subscription after the French defeat by the Prussians ...
(from the article "Chevalier, Jules") priest, author, and founder of the Missionarii Sacratissimi Cordis Jesu (Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus), commonly called Sacred Heart Missionaries, a Roman Catholic congregation of men originally dedicated ...
(from the article "Butler, Mother Marie Joseph") In 1876 Butler became a novice in the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary in Beziers, France. She took the name Marie Joseph. In 1879 she was sent as ...
(from the article "stained glass") ...most seminal contributions of the School of Paris painters to the art of stained glass were Henri Matisse's Chapel of the Rosary (1948-52) in Vence and Fernand Leger's windows for ...
(R.S.C.J.), a Roman Catholic religious congregation of women devoted to the education of girls, founded in France in 1800 by Madeleine Sophie Barat. Joseph Varin, a leader in the religious ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "ibis") The sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica), of southern Arabia and Africa south of the Sahara (and formerly of Egypt), was sacred to the ancient Egyptians. It is about 75 cm (30 ...
religious and political concept by which a ruler is seen as an incarnation, manifestation, mediator, or agent of the sacred or holy (the transcendent or supernatural realm). The concept originated ... [39 Related Articles]
(from the article "lotus") ...is a white water lily, Nymphaea lotus (family Nymphaeaceae). The blue lotus (N. caerulea) was the dominant lotus in Egyptian art. The sacred lotus of the Hindus is an aquatic ...
(from the article "Kenya") ...were named World Heritage sites beginning in 1997. Lamu Old Town, in Coast province, contains beautiful examples of Swahili architecture; it became a World Heritage site in 2001. In 2008 ...
(from the article "measurement system") ...and Hebrews derived their systems generally from the Babylonians and Egyptians. Hebrew standards were based on the relationship between the mina, the talent (the basic unit), and the shekel. The ...
(from the article "graphic design") ...at the Irish monastery of Kells, is renowned as one of the most beautiful Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts. Its page depicting the appearance of Jesus Christ's name in Matthew 1:18 is called ...
