German physician whose attempts to establish medicine as a natural science helped create modern methods for the teaching and practice of clinical medicine.
any play performed by students in schools and colleges throughout Europe during the Renaissance. At first these plays were written by scholars in Latin as educational works, especially in Jesuit ...
American explorer and ethnologist noted for his discovery of the source of the Mississippi River and for his writings on Indians of the North American plains.
a sailing ship rigged with fore-and-aft sails on its two or more masts. To the foremast there may also be rigged one or more square topsails or, more commonly, one ...
German philosopher, often called the "philosopher of pessimism," who was primarily important as the exponent of a metaphysical doctrine of the will in immediate reaction against Hegelian idealism. His writings ...
increase in the discharge of electrons from the surface of a heated material by application of an electric field that reduces the value of the energy required for electron emission. ...
archipelago in the Pacific Ocean across the entrance to Cenderawasih Bay, off the northern coast of Irian Jaya provinsi ("province"), Indonesia. The first European sighting of the group was by ...
Dutch explorer whose 1615-16 expedition discovered a new route, the Drake Passage, around the southern tip of South America, connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific.
first permanent theatre in Amsterdam, built along the Keizergracht ("Emperor's Canal") in 1637 by Dutch architect Jacob van Campen. It opened on Jan. 3, 1638, with a production of Gysbrecht ...
meteoritic mineral of iron and nickel phosphide [(FeNi)3P], which is present in all iron meteorites. It often is found in plates and as shells around troilite nodules.
writer who produced the first great South African novel, The Story of an African Farm (1883). She had a powerful intellect, militantly feminist and liberal views on politics and society, ...
South African politician who was prime minister of Cape Colony at the outbreak of the South African War (1899-1902); he was the younger brother of author and political activist Olive ...
Roman Catholic leader under whom the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur and their associated educational institutions were established across the American Midwest and East.
American physicist and winner, with John Bardeen and Leon N. Cooper, of the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics for developing the BCS theory (for their initials), the first successful microscopic ...
American chemist who, with Robert H. Grubbs and Yves Chauvin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, one of the most important types of chemical ...
the fundamental equation of the science of submicroscopic phenomena known as quantum mechanics. The equation, developed (1926) by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger, has the same central importance to quantum ...
Austrian theoretical physicist who contributed to the wave theory of matter and to other fundamentals of quantum mechanics. He shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics with the British physicist ...
town, Bundesland (federal province) Vorarlberg, western Austria, on the Ill River at the mouth of the Litz Bach; it adjoins the village of Tschagguns and is the main town of ...
Austrian composer who bridged the worlds of Classical and Romantic music, noted for the melody and harmony in his songs (lieder) and chamber music. Among other works are
German comic actor and theatre manager who popularized a vernacular version of the commedia dell'arte form and merged the Italian stock character Harlequin with the German stock character Hans Wurst.
American composer, performer, conductor, and writer noted for his wide range of activity in both jazz and classical music and for his works embracing both jazz and advanced 12-tone elements.
American agricultural economist whose influential studies of the role of "human capital"-education, talent, energy, and will-in economic development won him a share (with Sir Arthur Lewis) of the 1979 Nobel ...
German zoologist and cytologist who defined the cell as a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus (1861) and recognized protoplasm, with its nucleus, as a fundamental substance found in both ...
German politician and first chairman of the revived Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; SPD) after World War II.
proposal by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on May 9, 1950, for the creation of a single authority to control the production of steel and coal in France and West ...
French statesman who founded the European Coal and Steel Community and worked for economic and political unity leading to an eventual establishment of a "United States of Europe."
American composer, educator, and administrator whose symphonies, ballets, and chamber music are noted for their adaptation of European models to American themes.
German Romantic composer renowned particularly for his piano music, songs (lieder), and orchestral music. Many of his best-known piano pieces were written for his wife, the pianist Clara Schumann.
German-American political leader, journalist, orator, and dedicated reformer who pressed for high moral standards in government in a period of notorious public laxity.
(German: Republican Defense League), paramilitary socialist organization active in Austria between World Wars I and II. Compared with its chief right-wing opponent force, the Heimwehr, the Schutzbund was tightly organized, ...
county, west-central New York state, U.S., comprising a hilly upland region. Seneca Lake extends deeply into the county from the north, nearly bisecting it. Other bodies of water are Waneta ...
American poet, playwright, and novelist, often associated with the New York school of poets, which included Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery, and Kenneth Koch. An acute observer of natural landscapes, Schuyler ...
American soldier, political leader, and member of the Continental Congress. Born into a prominent New York family, Schuyler served in the provincial army during the last French and Indian War ...
county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S., located west of the city of Allentown and bordered to the south by Blue Mountain. It consists of a rugged ridge-and-valley terrain that includes Mahantango, Broad, ...
river of southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S. It rises in eastern Schuylkill county in an anthracite-coal region and receives the Little Schuylkill River while flowing through a gap in Blue Mountain at ...
entrepreneur of the early steel industry in the United States, who served as president of both the Carnegie Steel Company and United States Steel Corporation and later pioneered Bethlehem Steel ...
amateur German astronomer who discovered that sunspots vary in number in a cycle of about 10 years; he announced his findings in 1843, after 17 years of almost daily observations. ...
city, Baden-Wurttemberg Land (state), southern Germany, on the Kocher River, east of Heilbronn. The centre of the Hohenlohe lands, a free imperial city from 1276 to 1802, it owed both ...
extinct genus of fusulinid foraminiferans, small, single-celled protozoans related to the modern amoeba but possessing a hard shell capable of being preserved in the fossil record. Schwagerina is a useful ...
American physicist and entrepreneur who, along with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988 for their research concerning neutrinos (subatomic particles that have ...
French novelist, author of what is regarded as one of the greatest literary works of the post-World War II period: Le Dernier des justes (1959; The Last of the Just).
either of two sovereign states in Germany before 1918, descended from the Thuringian lands that had been held by the medieval counts of Schwarzburg. Over the centuries the Schwarzburg lands ...
right- (east-) bank tributary of the Elbe River, rising in the Lusatian Mountains, about 4 miles (7 km) northwest of Bischofswerda, Ger. Flowing north, it leaves the mountains near Kamenz, ...
Austrian field marshal and diplomat who was one of the most successful Allied commanders in the Napoleonic Wars and who contributed significantly to the French emperor's defeat in 1813-14.
German soprano who performed in the major opera houses of the Western world and is remembered especially for her mastery of German songs known as lieder.
U.S. Army officer who commanded Operation Desert Storm, the American-led coalition that liberated Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in the Persian Gulf War (1991).
short-period comet discovered photographically by the German astronomers Friedrich Carl Arnold Schwassmann and Arthur Arno Wachmann in 1927. It has the most nearly circular orbit of any comet known (eccentricity ...
