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Scenedesmus ... Schirra, Walter M., Jr.

Scenedesmus: genus of colonial green algae with 4, 8, or 16 cells arranged in a row. A common component of freshwater plankton, Scenedesmus is used in experimental work ...
sceptre: ornamented rod or staff borne by rulers on ceremonial occasions as an emblem of authority and sovereignty. The primeval symbol of the staff was familiar to the Greeks and Romans ...
Sceve, Maurice: French poet who was considered great in his own day, then long neglected. Reinstated by 20th-century critics and poets, chiefly for his poem cycle, Delie, Sceve has often been described ...
Schacht, Hjalmar: German banker and financial expert who achieved international renown by halting the ruinous inflation that threatened the existence of the Weimar Republic in 1922-23. He also served as minister of ...
Schadow, Gottfried: German sculptor, regarded as the founder of the modern Berlin school of sculptors.
Schaefer, Vincent Joseph: American research chemist and meteorologist, who in 1946 carried out the first systematic series of experiments to investigate the physics of precipitation. From an aircraft over Massachusetts he seeded clouds ...
Schaeffer, Claude-Frederic-Armand: French archaeologist whose excavation of the ancient city of Ugarit at Ras Shamra, Syria, disclosed a succession of cultures from the 7th or 6th millennium BC to about 1195 BC. ...
Schaeffer, Pierre: French composer, acoustician, and electronics engineer who in 1948, with his staff at Radio-diffusion et Television Francaise, introduced musique concrete (q.v.), in which sounds of natural origin, animate and inanimate, ...
Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria: Dutch statesman, Roman Catholic priest, and author who founded Catholic political clubs (forerunners of the Roman Catholic State Party) and established a Catholic-Calvinist legislative coalition that lasted from 1888 to ...
Schaerbeek: municipality, Brabant province, central Belgium. A village until 1795, it is now an industrial suburb northeast of Brussels and one of the 19 communes that make up Greater Brussels. A ...
Schafer, Karl: Austrian figure skater who was the best performer in his sport during the 1930s and was an innovator in the sport as well. He won two successive gold medals in ...
Schaff, Philip: Swiss-born American ecumenical leader and theologian whose works, especially the Creeds of Christendom (1877), helped set standards in the United States for scholarship in church history.
Schaffhausen: capital of Schaffhausen canton, northern Switzerland, on the right bank of the Rhine, west of Lake Constance (Bodensee). The site was first mentioned in 1045 as Villa Scafhusun. About 1049 ...
Schaffhausen: most northerly canton of Switzerland. It lies north of the Rhine River and west of Lake Constance (Bodensee) and has an area of 115 square miles (299 square km), of ...
Schaffle, Albert: economist and sociologist who served briefly as Austrian minister of commerce and agriculture (1871); he was responsible for a major plan of imperial federalization for the Bohemian crownland.
Schaffner, Franklin: American director of well-regarded films and television programs.
Schaffner, Jakob: Swiss writer who lived in Germany from 1913. He belonged to a new generation of Swiss writers who, searching for uncompromising greatness and believing in life as a boundless adventure, ...
Schall von Bell, Adam: Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Ch'ing dynasty (1644-1911/12).
Schally, Andrew V.: Polish-born American endocrinologist and corecipient, with Roger Guillemin and Rosalyn Yalow, of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He was noted for isolating and synthesizing three hormones that ...
Schapera, Isaac: South African social anthropologist known for his detailed ethnographic and typological work on the people of South Africa and Botswana.
Scharnhorst: German battle cruiser completed in 1939. It did great damage to Allied shipping in northern waters during World War II before it was sunk by the British battleship "Duke of ...
Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von: Prussian general who developed the modern general staff system. With another reformer of army procedures, August von Gneisenau, he devised the "shrinkage system" (Krumpersystem), in which army recruits were quickly ...
Scharoun, Hans: German architect who was closely associated with modern architectural movements of the 1920s, much later producing his best known work, the hall for the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (1963).
Schary, Dore: U.S. motion-picture producer, screenwriter, playwright, and director whose career included work on more than 300 motion pictures.
Schattschneider, Elmer Eric: U.S. political scientist and educator known for the study and advocacy of the political party system of government.
Schaudinn, Fritz: German zoologist who, with the dermatologist Erich Hoffmann, in 1905 discovered the causal organism of syphilis, Spirochaeta pallida, later called Treponema pallidum. He is known for his work in the ...
Schauffelein, Hans Leonhard: German painter and designer of woodcuts whose work bears the strong influence of Albrecht Durer. An altarpiece for the Church of Ober-Sankt-Veit, near Vienna, believed to be his first work, ...
Schaumburg-Lippe: one of the smallest of member states of the German Reich prior to the end of World War II. It lay east of the middle bend of the Weser River ...
Schauspiel: any spectacle or public performance. In late 18th-century German literature the word took on the more specific meaning of a play that has characteristics of both a tragedy and a ...
Schawlow, Arthur L.: American physicist and corecipient, with Nicolaas Bloembergen of the United States and Kai Manne Borje Siegbahn of Sweden, of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work in developing ...
Schechter, Solomon: outstanding authority on the Talmud, and a researcher who discovered important ancient documents. He was also a leader of Conservative Judaism in the United States.
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm: Swedish chemist who anticipated Joseph Priestley's discovery of oxygen and made many other important discoveries.
scheelite: calcium tungstate mineral, CaWO₄, that is an important ore of tungsten. It acquired commercial value in the 20th century when tungsten became used in alloy steels and electric-light filaments. The ...
Scheer, Reinhard: admiral who commanded the German High Seas Fleet at the Battle of Jutland (1916).
Scheffel, Joseph Victor von: poet and novelist whose immensely popular humorous epic poem Der Trompeter von Sackingen (1854; "The Trumpeter of Sackingen") and historical novel Ekkehard (1855) appealed to sentimental popular taste and made ...
schefflera: any of several tropical evergreen trees or shrubs, in the ginseng family (Araliaceae), that are widely cultivated as indoor foliage plants because of their tolerance to low light conditions. The ...
Scheidemann, Philipp: German Social Democratic politician who, without party or government authorization, on Nov. 9, 1918, made the Weimar Republic a fact by proclaiming it from the balcony of the Reichstag. He ...
Scheidt, Samuel: organist and composer who, with Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, influenced the Baroque organ style of northern Germany.
Scheie's syndrome: uncommon hereditary metabolic disease characterized by clawing of the hands, corneal clouding, incompetence of the aortic valve of the heart, and painful nerve compression in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome). ...
Schein, Johann Hermann: German composer of sacred and secular music, one of the earliest (with Michael Praetorius and Heinrich Schutz) to introduce the Italian Baroque style into German music.
Schelde River: river, 270 miles (435 km) long, that rises in northern France and flows across Belgium to its North Sea outlet in Dutch territory. Along with the Lower Rhine and the ...
Scheler, Max: German social and ethical philosopher, remembered for his phenomenological approach, after the philosophical method of the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl.
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von: German philosopher and educator, a major figure of German idealism, in the post-Kantian development in German philosophy. He was ennobled (with the addition of von) in 1806.
Schelling, Thomas C.: American economist, who shared the 2005 Nobel Prize for Economics with Robert J. Aumann. Schelling specialized in the application of game theory to cases in which adversaries must repeatedly interact, ...
schemochrome: any one of many colourless, submicroscopic structures in organisms that serve as a source of colour by the manner in which they reflect light. Among those physical structures in organisms ...
Schendel, Arthur van: Dutch novelist and short-story writer, whose basically Romantic temperament, combined with a concentrated, restrained, almost classical style, produced some of the greatest novels of his period.
Schenectady: city, seat (1809) of Schenectady county, east-central New York, U.S., on the Mohawk River and New York State Canal System. With Albany and Troy, it forms an urban-industrial complex. Founded ...
Schenectady: county, east-central New York state, U.S., comprising a hilly region bordered to the southeast by the Mohawk River (which also bisects the county) and to the west by Schoharie Creek. ...
Schenk, Ard: Dutch speed skater who in 1972 won three gold medals in the Winter Olympic Games in Sapporo, Japan. He became the first skater to win the 500-, 1,500-, 5,000- and ...
Schenker, Heinrich: Austrian music theorist whose insights into the structural hierarchies underlying much of 18th- and 19th-century music led to a new understanding of the laws of melodic and harmonic construction and ...
Scherchen, Hermann: German conductor and champion of 20th-century music. He was influential in the careers of many contemporary composers.
Scherrer, Paul: Swiss physicist who collaborated with Peter Debye in the development of a method of X-ray diffraction analysis. The Debye-Scherrer method is widely used to identify materials that do not readily ...
scherzo: in music, frequently the third movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet; also, in the Baroque era (c. 1600-c. 1750), a light vocal or instrumental piece (e.g., the Scherzi ...
Scheveningen: seaside resort and fishing port, Zuid-Holland provincie, western Netherlands, on the North Sea. Fishing has been an occupation there since the 14th century. Charles II embarked from Scheveningen to return ...
Schiaparelli, Elsa: Italian-born French dress designer whose use of accessories and dramatic colours enlivened the fashion scene for 40 years. She introduced the padded shoulder in 1932; designed fur bed jackets and ...
Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio: Italian astronomer and senator whose reports of groups of straight lines on Mars touched off much controversy on the possible existence of life on that planet.
Schickele, Rene: German journalist, poet, novelist, and dramatist, whose personal experience of conflict between nations made his work an intense plea for peace and understanding.
Schiedam: gemeente (commune) and river port, Zuid-Holland provincie, western Netherlands, at the confluence of the Schie and Nieuwe Maas (New Meuse) rivers, just west of Rotterdam. Named for an early dam ...
Schiele, Egon: Austrian Expressionist painter, draftsman, and printmaker noted for the eroticism of his figurative works.
Schiess, Betty Bone: American Episcopal priest who was at the forefront of the movement that led the church to permit the ordination of women.
Schiff, Dorothy: American newspaper publisher of the steadfastly liberal New York Post.
Schiff, Jacob H: American financier and philanthropist. As head of the investment banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb, and Company he became one of the leading railroad bankers in the United States, playing a ...
Schiff, Moritz: German physiologist who investigated the effects produced by removal of the thyroid gland.
Schikaneder, Emanuel: prominent German actor, singer, playwright, and theatre manager now chiefly remembered as the librettist of Mozart's opera Die Zauberflote (The Magic Flute).
Schildkraut, Joseph: Austrian-born U.S. stage, television, and motion-picture actor.
Schiller, Friedrich von: leading German dramatist, poet, and literary theorist, best remembered for such dramas as Die Rauber (1781; The Robbers), the Wallenstein trilogy (1800-01), Maria Stuart (1801), and Wilhelm Tell (1804). He ...
Schiltberger, Johann: also called Hans Schiltberger German nobleman whose Reisebuch ("Travel Book"), describing his journeys through areas now chiefly within the Transcaucasian region and Russia, offers an important record of medieval times.
Schimmelpenninck, Rutger Jan: Dutch statesman and leader of the Patriot Party who as councillor pensionary (raadpensionaris) ruled the Batavian Commonwealth (now The Netherlands) under Napoleon I from 1805 to 1806 and instituted sweeping ...
Schimper, Andreas Franz Wilhelm: German botanist, one of the first to successfully divide the continents into floral regions.
Schindewolf, Otto Heinrich: German paleontologist, known for his research on corals and cephalopods. Schindewolf was a faculty member of the University of Marburg from 1919 until 1927, when he became director of the ...
Schiner, Matthaus: Swiss prelate, papal diplomat, and intimate counsellor of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V; he worked to preserve the freedom of the Papal States from French domination.
Schinkel, Karl Friedrich: German architect and painter whose Romantic-Classical creations in other related arts made him the leading arbiter of national aesthetic taste in his lifetime.
Schio: town, Vicenza province, Veneto region, northern Italy, northwest of Vicenza, on the Leogra River. A manufacturing centre with wool, machinery, lumber, and cutlery enterprises, Schio's ancient wool trade declined with ...
schipperke: Belgian dog breed that originated in Flanders several centuries ago and was used for many years as a guard on barges. The schipperke ("little captain") is descended from a black ...
Schirach, Baldur von: Nazi politician and head of the Nazi youth movement.
Schirra, Walter M., Jr.: U.S. astronaut who manned the Mercury Sigma 7 (1962) and was command pilot of Gemini 6 (1965), which made the first rendezvous in space. Schirra began flying at 13 and ...