| | - Sam Peng
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...in the 18th century and its citadel was moved to the east bank of the Chao Phraya River, Chinese merchants and tradesmen occupying the site moved a short distance southward ...
- Sam Rainsy Party
- (from the article "Cambodia") ...April, further consolidating its position. The CPP won 61% of the popular vote and was in a position to dominate 98.2% of the commune councils (all but 28 of the ...
- Sam Saen Thai
- great sovereign of the Lan Xang kingdom of Laos, whose reign brought peace, prosperity, and stability to the kingdom. [1 Related Articles]
- Sam's Wholesale Club
- (from the article "Walton, Sam") In 1983, Walton founded Sam's Wholesale Club, a chain of deep-discount wholesale warehouse outlets, and in 1988 he began opening Supercenters, which added full grocery fare to the regular merchandise ...
- sama'
- (Arabic: "listening"), the Sufi (Muslim mystic) practice of listening to music and chanting to reinforce ecstasy and induce mystical trance. The Muslim orthodox regarded such practices as un-Islamic, and the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Sama, Balkrishna
- (from the article "Nepali literature") The advent of modern literature in Nepal really began in the 1920s and '30s with the work of Balkrishna Sama, who wrote lyric poetry, plays based on Sanskrit and English ...
- Sama, Koffi
- (from the article "Togo") ...Eyadema, Faure Gnassingbe from February 5 (acting from February 21), Abass Bonfoh (acting) from February 25, and, from May 4, Gnassingbe | Head of government: Prime Ministers Koffi Sama and, ...
- samabhava
- (from the article "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand") ...aparigraha (nonpossession), which implied that man had to jettison the material goods that cramped the life of the spirit and to shake off the bonds of money and property. The ...
- Samad, Isa
- (from the article "Malaysia") ...hampered by the misappropriation of relief funds by aid distributors. Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's effort to root out government corruption yielded only one notable case during the year; Isa ...
- Samadet faience
- tin-glazed earthenware made in the 18th century in Samadet, Landes, France, at a factory founded in 1732. It is delicately painted with such motifs as formal flowers and cupids, in ...
- samadhi
- ("total self-collectedness"), in Hindu and Buddhist religion and philosophy, the highest state of mental concentration that a person can achieve while still bound to the body and which unites him ... [5 Related Articles]
- samahartri
- (from the article "India") ...the ministerial council being a largely advisory body. The offices of the sannidhatri (treasurer), who kept the account, and the samahartri (chief collector), who ...
- Samak Sundaravej
- On Jan. 28, 2008, by a vote of 310 to 163, the parliament of Thailand elected Samak Sundaravej, leader of the People Power Party (PPP) and a former mayor of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Samakow, Battle of
- (from the article "Murad I") ...Chernomen in the Battle of the Maritsa River, took the Macedonian towns of Drama, Kavala, and Seres (Serrai), and won a significant victory over a Bulgarian-Serbian coalition at Samakow (now ...
- Samakuva, Isaias
- (from the article "Angola") ...parties went into action to prepare for the contest. The leading opposition party, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), held its annual conference in July and ...
- Samal
- Muslim cultural-linguistic group of the Philippines, numbering about 360,000 in the late 20th century. They live in the southern islands of the Sulu Archipelago, southwest of Mindanao, mainly in the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Samalan language
- (from the article "Austronesian languages") ...island off the southeastern coast of Taiwan; almost all the languages of the Philippine Islands; and the Sangiric, Minahasan, and Gorontalic languages of northern Sulawesi in central Indonesia. The Samalan ...
- Saman-Khuda
- (from the article "Iran") There was nothing of the popular hero in the Samanids' origin. Their eponym was Saman-Khoda, a landlord in the district of Balkh and, according to the dynasty's claims, a descendant ...
- Samana
- city, northeastern Dominican Republic, on the southern shore of the Samana Peninsula. The city was founded in 1756 by Spaniards from the Canary Islands. In 1825 there was a notable ...
- Samana Bay
- bay located in the northeastern Dominican Republic and lying along the Mona Passage joining the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Bounded on the north by the Samana Peninsula, the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Samana Cay
- islet, eastern Bahamas, 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Acklins Island. About 10 miles (16 km) long and up to 2 miles (3 km) wide and bound by reefs, the ...
- samanantara-pratyaya
- (from the article "pratyaya") ...all causes are classifiable into four types (catvarah pratyayah): (1) the direct cause (hetu-pratyaya); (2) the immediately preceding cause (samanantara-pratyaya), for, according to the Buddhist theory of universal momentariness (ksanikatva), ...
- samandarin
- (from the article "steroid") ...aurotaenia, produces a deadly alkaloid, batrachotoxin (14), which is used by tribal peoples as an arrow poison. The skin of salamanders secretes a comparably poisonous alkaloid-samandarin (15).
- samanera
- (from the article "pabbajja") Buddhist rite of ordination by which a layman becomes a novice (Pali samanera; Sanskrit sramanera). The ceremony is also the preliminary part of higher ordination, raising a novice to a ...
- Samanid Dynasty
- (AD 819-999), first native dynasty to arise in Iran after the Muslim Arab conquest. It was renowned for the impulse that it gave to Iranian national sentiment and learning. [11 Related Articles]
- Samaniego, Felix Maria
- poet whose books of fables for schoolchildren have a grace and simplicity that has won them a place as the first poems that Spanish children learn to recite in school. [1 Related Articles]
- Samaniego, Manuel
- (from the article "Latin American art") In addition to sculpture, the paintings of the Quito school displayed Rococo intimacy. Manuel Samaniego portrayed the Virgin as a good shepherdess in peasant costume and Joseph as a worker ...
- samanta
- (from the article "India") ...the chief merchant (sarthavaha), and representatives of the artisans and of the scribes. During that period the term samanta, which originally meant neighbour, was beginning to be ...
- samanya
- (from the article "Vaisheshika") (4) Samanya, or genus, which denotes characteristic similarities that allow two or more objects to be classed together.
- samapatti
- (from the article "Buddhist meditation") The dhyanas are followed by four further spiritual exercises, the samapattis ("attainments"). They are described as: (1) consciousness of infinity of space; (2) consciousness of the infinity of cognition; (3) ...
- Samar
- island, east-central Philippines, the third largest (after Luzon and Mindanao), part of the Visayas group. It lies between the Samar and Philippine seas and is separated from the Bicol Peninsula ... [1 Related Articles]
- Samara
- oblast (region), western Russia. It is located in the middle Volga River area where the river makes a great loop around the Zhiguli Hills. The hills, heavily ...
- samara
- (from the article "Classification of fruits") ...ornamental. The tree grows to 9-15 m (30-50 feet) tall. The compound leaves (rare among maples) consist of three, five, or seven coarsely toothed leaflets. The single seed is borne ...
- Samara
- city and administrative centre, west-central Samara oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Volga River at the latter's confluence with the Samara River. Founded in 1586 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Samara Reservoir
- (from the article "Volga River") ...1941 and encompassing an area of about 1,750 square miles, was the first of the large reservoir projects. Following World War II, work continued below Rybinsk. The reservoirs at Nizhny ...
- Samara River
- river in Orenburg and Samara oblasti (provinces), western Russia, a left-bank tributary of the Volga. It rises in the southern Ural Mountains northwest of Pavlovka and flows 369 miles (594 ...
- Samarai
- town and port on Samarai Island, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies 3 miles (5 km) offshore from the southeasternmost extremity of the island of New Guinea. Samarai ...
- Samarai Island
- (from the article "Samarai") town and port on Samarai Island, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies 3 miles (5 km) offshore from the southeasternmost extremity of the island of New Guinea. Samarai ...
- Samaran
- any member of a large ethnolinguistic group of the Philippines, living on Samar, eastern Leyte, and Biliran. Numbering about 2,840,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a Visayan (Bisayan) ... [1 Related Articles]
- Samaranch, Juan Antonio, marques de Samaranch
- Spanish businessman and public official who served from 1980 to 2001 as the seventh president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). [1 Related Articles]
- Samaras, Lucas
- (from the article "environmental sculpture") ...Other notable sculptors of indoor environmental works include the American artist Edward Kienholz, whose densely detailed, emotionally charged works often incorporate elements of the surreal, and Lucas Samaras and Robert ...
- Samaria
- the central region of ancient Palestine. Samaria extends for about 40 miles (65 km) from north to south and 35 miles (56 km) from east to west. It is bounded ... [1 Related Articles]
- Samaria
- ancient town in central Palestine. It is located on a hill northwest of Nablus in the West Bank territory under Israeli administration since 1967. Excavations (1908-10; 1931-33; 1935) revealed that ... [4 Related Articles]
- Samarian Hills
- (from the article "West Bank") Geographically, the West Bank is mostly composed of north-south-oriented limestone hills (conventionally called the Samarian Hills north of Jerusalem and the Judaean Hills south of Jerusalem) having an average height ...
- Samarin, Yury Fyodorovich
- (from the article "Russia") ...country gentry for their part in the insurrection, the Russian authorities carried out a land reform on terms exceptionally favourable to the Polish peasants. Its authors were Nikolay Milyutin and ...
- Samarinda
- kotamadya (municipality), capital of East Kalimantan propinsi (province), eastern Borneo, Indonesia. It is on the Mahakam River, about 30 miles (48 km) above the mouth of its broad delta opening ...
- Samaritan
- member of a community of Jews, now nearly extinct, that claims to be related by blood to those Jews of ancient Samaria who were not deported by the Assyrian conquerors ... [8 Related Articles]
- Samaritan alphabet
- (from the article "Hebrew alphabet") ...represented, and was written from right to left; but the early alphabet is more closely related in letter form to the Phoenician than to the modern Hebrew. Its only surviving ...
- Samaritan Pentateuch
- (from the article "biblical literature") The importance of the recension known as the Samaritan Pentateuch lies in the fact that it constitutes an independent Hebrew witness to the text written in a late and developed ...
- samarium
- (Sm), chemical element, rare-earth metal of the lanthanoid series of the periodic table. Samarium is silvery white in colour and is relatively stable in air. It was isolated as an ... [2 Related Articles]
- samarium-147
- (from the article "dating") The radioactive decay of samarium of mass 147 (147Sm) to neodymium of mass 143 (143Nd) has been shown to be capable of providing useful isochron ages for certain geologic materials. ...
- samarium-neodymium dating
- (from the article "dating") The radioactive decay of samarium of mass 147 (147Sm) to neodymium of mass 143 (143Nd) has been shown to be capable of providing useful isochron ages for certain geologic materials. ...
- Samarkand
- city in east-central Uzbekistan that is one of the oldest cities of Central Asia. In the 4th century BC, then known as Maracanda, it was the capital of Sogdiana and ... [16 Related Articles]
- Samarkand rug
- handwoven floor covering that was once marketed through the ancient city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan but is actually produced by Kyrgyz or Uzbek tribeswomen or in the towns of Khotan ... [2 Related Articles]
- Samarkand ware
- in Islamic ceramics, style originating in Samarkand province (now in Uzbekistan) that was at its height in the 10th century and had backgrounds of black, red, and creamy white with ... [1 Related Articles]
- Samaroff, Olga
- American pianist who also found a successful and varied career as a music educator.
- Samarra'
- town, central Iraq. Located on the Tigris River, it is the site of a prehistoric settlement of the 5th millennium BC. The town was founded between the 3rd and 7th ... [9 Related Articles]
- Samarra' ware
- (from the article "Hassuna") ...Husking-tray fragments have been found from Eridu in southern Iraq to Ras Shamra on the Syrian coast. In addition, the upper levels at Hassuna contained numerous examples of a ceramic ...
- Samastipur
- city, northern Bihar state, northeastern India. Samastipur lies just south of the Burhi Gandak River. A major rail hub with workshops, it engages in agricultural trade and has sugar refining ...
- samavaya
- (from the article "Vaisheshika") (6) Samavaya, or inherence, which indicates things inseparably connected.
- Samaveda
- (from the article "Brahmana") Properly speaking, the Brahmanas of the Samaveda are the Pancavimsa (25 books), Sadvimsa (26th), and the Jaiminiya (or Talavakara) Brahmana. They show almost complete accordance in their exposition of the ...
- Samaw'al, as-
- (from the article "mathematics") In the 12th century the physician al-Samaw'al continued and completed the work of al-Karaji in algebra and also provided a systematic treatment of decimal fractions as a means of approximating ...
- Samawah, Al-
- city, southern Iraq. It is approximately 164 miles (266 km) south of Baghdad and is located on the Euphrates River. The city is the agricultural market centre of the locality, ...
- Samaxi
- city, east-central Azerbaijan. It is located 76 miles (122 km) west of Baku and is one of the oldest cities in the republic, dating from the 6th century AD, but ...
- samayika
- (from the article "Jainism") Lay people are further enjoined to perform the six "obligatory actions" at regular intervals, especially the samayika, a meditative and renunciatory ritual of limited duration. This ritual ...
- samba
- ballroom dance of Brazilian origin, popularized in western Europe and the United States in the early 1940s. Characterized by simple forward and backward steps and tilting, rocking body movements, it ... [1 Related Articles]
- samba school
- (from the article "Brazil") ...find a social outlet in Carnival preparations. During a considerable part of the year, they spend their leisure time preparing for the annual activities and competitions of Carnival in so-called ...
- sambal
- in Indonesian and Malaysian cuisine, a spicy relish served as a side dish. The basic sambal consists of fresh chilis, shrimp paste (trassi), lime juice, sugar, and salt. Though most ...
- Sambalpur
- town, northwestern Orissa state, eastern India. The town is a commercial centre and rail terminus along the Mahanadi River. It has some industry, including the milling of rice, weaving, and ...
- sambar
- (Cervus unicolor), widely distributed deer, family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), found from India and Nepal eastward through Southeast Asia. The sambar live in forests, alone or in small groups. A large, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Sambation
- legendary "Sabbath River" beyond which the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel were exiled in 721 BC by Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria. Legends describe it as a roaring torrent (often ...
- Sambhaji
- (from the article "India") The good fortune of Shivaji did not fall to his son and successor, Sambhaji, who was captured and executed by the Mughals in the late 1680s. His younger brother, Rajaram, ...
- Sambhal
- town, northwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies southwest of Moradabad town. Sambhal is an ancient settlement that was also important during the period of Muslim rule and was ...
- Sambhar Salt Lake
- ephemeral salt lake, the largest lake in India, situated in east-central Rajasthan state, west of Jaipur. About 90 square miles (230 square km) in area, it represents a depression of ... [1 Related Articles]
- sambhoga-kaya
- (from the article "Buddha") ...buddha of infinite light, Amitabha, and his Western Paradise called Sukhavati. In the buddha fields, the buddhas often appear in yet a third form, the enjoyment body (
- Sambi, Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed
- (from the article "Comoros") ...island of Mayotte, a de facto dependency of France since 1976 | Population (2007 est.): 629,000 (excluding 194,000 on Mayotte) | Capital: Moroni | Chief of state and head of ...
- Sambin, Hugues
- (from the article "furniture") ...where Francis I employed several Italian artists and craftsmen; in Ile-de-France, headed by the work of Jacques du Cerceau; and in Burgundy, where, led by the craftsman and designer Hugues ...
- Sambir
- city, western Ukraine, on the Dniester River. Built after the settlement of Staryi Sambir (Old Sambir) was destroyed by the Tatars in 1241, Sambir emerged as an important trade and ...
- Sambo
- (from the article "Hadejia") ...leader who held the title sarkin ("chief ") Fulanin Hadejia, pledged allegiance to the Fulani jihad (holy war) leader, Usman dan Fodio. Umaru's brother and successor, Emir Sambo (reigned 1808-45), ...
- sambo
- (Russian: "self-defense without weapons"), form of wrestling developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s from elements of several Soviet regional styles. It is also practiced in Japan and Bulgaria. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Sambolei
- (from the article "Jama'are") ...Wudil, Azare, and Faggo. Traditionally founded in 1811 by Muhammadu Wabi I, a leader in the Fulani jihad (holy war) led by Usman dan Fodio, the emirate was not officially ...
- Samborombon Bay
- bay of the South Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, Argentina, located 100 miles (160 km) southeast of the city of Buenos Aires. The bay ...
- Sambre-Meuse Valley
- (from the article "Belgium") ...area is the Condroz, a plateau more than 1,100 feet (335 metres) in elevation comprising a succession of valleys hollowed out of the limestone between sandstone crests. Its northern boundary ...
- Sambucuccio d'Alando
- Corsican revolutionary who, in collaboration with Genoa, led an uprising against the feudal Cinarca family and their overlord, James (IV) of Aragon.
- Samburupithecus
- (from the article "human evolution") In a phylogenetic model that emphasizes African Miocene species, Samburupithecus is ancestral to Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Orrorin, and Orrorin begets Australopithecus afarensis, which is ancestral to Homo.primate origins
- Samch'onp'o
- city, in South Kyongsang do (province), southern South Korea. Islands such as Ch'ongsan, Sinsu, and Nuk screen the city's deepwater port. Its industries, which were traditionally based on fishing and ...
- samdesa
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...exiled lover sends a message to his beloved by way of a monsoon cloud, thus giving the poet the opportunity to dwell on the description of landmarks in a poetic ...
- samdhya
- (from the article "Hinduism") The morning and evening adorations (sandhya), being a very important duty of the traditional householder, are mainly Vedic in character but have become lengthy because of the ...
- same-sex marriage
- the practice of marriage between two males or two females. Although the institution of marriage between male and female partners has been regulated through law, religion, and custom in most ... [28 Related Articles]
- Samedi, Societe du
- (from the article "Scudery, Madeleine de") ...literary circle of the Hotel de Rambouillet; by the late 1640s, she had replaced Madame de Rambouillet as the leading literary hostess in Paris and had established her own salon, ...
- Samhain
- (Celtic: "End of Summer"), one of the most important and sinister calendar festivals of the Celtic year. At Samhain, held on November 1, the world of the gods was believed ... [2 Related Articles]
- Samhita
- (from the article "Veda") The foremost collection, or Samhita, of such poems, from which the hotri ("reciter"), drew the material for his recitations, is the Rigveda ("Knowledge of the Verses"). Sacred ...
- Sami
- any member of a people speaking the Sami language and inhabiting Lapland and adjacent areas of northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland, as well as the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The ... [16 Related Articles]
- Sami language
- any of three members of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, spoken by the Sami (Lapp) people in northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway and on the Kola Peninsula ... [8 Related Articles]
- Samir, Mir
- (from the article "Hindu Kush") ..."summit plain"). Maximum heights, which are lower than those in the eastern section, include Koh-i-Bandakor (22,451 feet [6,843 metres]), Koh-i-Mondi (20,498 feet [6,248 metres]), and Mir Samir (19,878 feet [6,059 ...
- samisen
- long-necked, fretless Japanese lute. The instrument has a small, square body with a catskin front and back, three twisted-silk strings, and a curved-back pegbox with side pegs. It is played ... [4 Related Articles]
- samizdat
- (from Russian sam, "self," and izdatelstvo, "publishing"), literature secretly written, copied, and circulated in the former Soviet Union and usually critical of practices of ... [5 Related Articles]
- Samkange, Stanlake
- (from the article "Zimbabwe") ...nationalist struggle prompted a renaissance of Shona culture. A forerunner of this renaissance (and a victim of the liberation struggle) was Herbert Chitepo, both as abstract painter and epic poet. ...
- Samkarsana
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...doctrine concerns the four spiritual forms of God: the absolute, transcendent state, known as Vasudeva; the form in which knowledge and strength predominate (known as Samkarsana); the form in which ...
- Samkhya
- one of the six orthodox systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy (q.v.). Samkhya adopts a consistent dualism of the orders of matter (prakriti) and soul, or self (purusha). The two are ... [7 Related Articles]
- samma ajivo
- (from the article "Eightfold Path") ...from verbal misdeeds such as lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, and senseless speech, (4) correct action, refraining from physical misdeeds such as killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct, (5) correct livelihood, ...
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