| | - Saint-Etienne
- (from the article "Limoges") ...into and overgrown by the modern city, can still be recognized by their narrow winding streets, which are in contrast to the spacious roads of the newer neighbourhoods. The 13th-century ...
- Saint-Etienne
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...may be given equivalent treatment, or one may be stressed at the expense of the others. Precedents for almost every conceivable combination existed in Romanesque architecture. In a building such ...
- Saint-Etienne
- (from the article "Chalons-en-Champagne") ...(26 km) north, was founded under Napoleon III in 1856. Occupied by the Germans from 1940 to 1944 in World War II, the town was heavily bombed in April and ...
- Saint-Etienne Cathedral
- (from the article "Meaux") ...east-northeast of Paris. Situated in a loop of the Marne River in an intensively cultivated region, it has been an agricultural market centre since medieval times. The most outstanding building, ...
- Saint-Etienne, Cathedral of
- (from the article "Auxerre") ...seat of a bishop and a civitas (provincial capital) in the 3rd century. It was united to France by Louis XI in the 1400s. Auxerre's most notable ...
- Saint-Eustache
- town, Laurentides region, southern Quebec province, Canada, on the Mille-Iles River, opposite Laval (Ile Jesus). Settled in the 18th century, it was the site of the final battle of the ...
- Saint-Evremond, Charles de Marguetel de Saint-Denis, Seigneur de
- French gentleman of letters and amateur moralist who stands as a transitional figure between Michel de Montaigne (d. 1592) and the 18th-century philosophes of the Enlightenment. [2 Related Articles]
- Saint-Exupery, Antoine de
- French aviator and writer whose works are the unique testimony of a pilot and a warrior who looked at adventure and danger with a poet's eyes. His fable [3 Related Articles]
- Saint-Ferreol dam
- (from the article "dam") ...for towns, powering water mills, and supplying water for navigation canals. Probably the most remarkable of these structures was the 35-metre- (115-foot-) high earthen dam built in 1675 at Saint-Ferreol, ...
- Saint-Front
- (from the article "Perigueux") A chief point of cultural interest is the cathedral of Saint-Front, built in the 12th century on the ruins of the abbey, which burned in 1120. One of the largest ...
- Saint-Gall, monastery of
- (from the article "Ekkehard I the Elder") Of noble birth, Ekkehard was educated at the Benedictine monastery of Sankt Gallen (St. Gall) in Switzerland, then one of Europe's greatest centres of learning, at which he later taught.history ...
- Saint-Gaudens, Augustus
- generally acknowledged to be the foremost American sculptor of the late 19th century, noted for his evocative memorial statues and for the subtle modeling of his low reliefs. [3 Related Articles]
- Saint-Germain
- (from the article "Paris") South of the city centre are the quintessential Left Bank neighbourhoods known as Saint-Germain-des-Pres and the Latin Quarter (Quartier Latin). The boulevard Saint-Germain itself begins at the National Assembly building, ...
- Saint-Germain, Claude-Louis, comte de
- (count of) French general who sought reforms in the French armies.
- Saint-Germain, comte de
- (count of) 18th-century adventurer, known as der Wundermann ("the Wonderman").
- Saint-Germain, Fort
- (from the article "Biskra") Fort Saint-Germain (1849-51; built on the site of the former Turkish Casbah) became the nucleus of modern Biskra. Its location on the railway and road from Constantine to Touggourt, its ...
- Saint-Germain, Peace of
- (from the article "Catherine de Medicis") ...Longjumeau, a renewal of Amboise. But she was unable to avert its revocation (August 1568), which heralded the third civil war. She was not primarily responsible for the more far-reaching ...
- Saint-Germain, Treaty of
- (1919), treaty concluding World War I and signed by representatives of Austria on one side and the Allied Powers on the other. It was signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, on ... [5 Related Articles]
- Saint-Germain-des-Pres
- (from the article "Paris") South of the city centre are the quintessential Left Bank neighbourhoods known as Saint-Germain-des-Pres and the Latin Quarter (Quartier Latin). The boulevard Saint-Germain itself begins at the National Assembly building, ...
- Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- town, Yvelines departement, Paris region, western suburb of Paris, France. It is on the left bank of the Seine River, adjoining the Forest of Saint-Germain and just north of the ...
- Saint-Germain-en-Laye, chateau of
- (from the article "Saint-Germain-en-Laye") ...region, western suburb of Paris, France. It is on the left bank of the Seine River, adjoining the Forest of Saint-Germain and just north of the Forest of Marly. The ...
- Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of
- (from the article "Canada") It is difficult to estimate the effect of the war on the policy of the Hundred Associates. Canada and Acadia were restored by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and ...
- Saint-Gobain-Pont-a-Mousson, Compagnie de
- leading French manufacturer and distributor of construction materials, packaging, and containers.
- Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand
- (from the article "Poitiers") ...probably the oldest Christian edifice in France; it now houses an archaeological museum containing a collection of tombs dating to the era of the Merovingians (5th-8th century). The Romanesque Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand ...
- Saint-Hubert
- former city, Monteregie region, Quebec province, Canada, on the east side of the St. Lawrence River. In 2002 it and several other communities were merged administratively into the city of ...
- Saint-Ignatius' bean
- (from the article "Gentianales") ...of curare (a mixture of plant extracts used to poison arrows), also used as a fish or rodent poison and as a source of pharmacological products. Alkaloids produced by Strychnos ...
- Saint-Jean, Baptistere
- (from the article "Poitiers") ...crucifixion window (12th century) that is said to be a gift of Henry II of England. The carved wooden pews in the choir are among the oldest in France. Nearby ...
- Saint-Jean, Fort
- (from the article "Marseille") The port entrance is guarded by the Fort Saint-Jean, a 13th-century command post of the Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem; some ruins remain, along with a tower built ...
- Saint-Jean, Lac
- lake in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region, south-central Quebec province, Canada. A shallow lake, occupying 387 square miles (1,003 square km) of a large graben (a downfaulted basin), it receives the drainage of ...
- Saint-Jean-au-Marche, Church of
- (from the article "Troyes") ...16th-century Troyes school of sculpture. The church of Saint-Urbain in bold Gothic style was almost certainly begun in the 13th century by Pope Urban IV, who was a Troyes shoemaker's ...
- Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Treaty of
- (from the article "Burgundy") For the next 185 years Franche-Comte was a possession of the Habsburgs. By the Treaty of Saint-Jean-de-Losne (1522) with France, the neutrality of the county was ensured during the wars ...
- Saint-Jean-de-Luz
- town on Bay of Biscay, Pyrenees-Atlantiques departement, Aquitaine region, southern France. It lies on the right bank of the Nivelle River, near the Spanish frontier.
- Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, Agreement of
- (April 1917), pact concluded at Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, on the French-Italian border, between Great Britain, France, and Italy to reconcile conflicting claims of France and Italy over southwestern Anatolia in the event ... [2 Related Articles]
- Saint-Jean-des-Vignes
- (from the article "Soissons") ...of the 12th-13th-century Gothic cathedral of Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais was modified in the 18th century; but the choir has fine 13th- and 14th-century stained-glass windows. The abbey of Saint-Jean-des-Vignes (founded 11th century) ...
- Saint-John Perse
- French poet and diplomat who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1960 "for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry." [2 Related Articles]
- Saint-John's-wort
- common name for many species in the family Hypericaceae, which contains 9 genera and 560 species of herbs or low shrubs. Members of the family have opposite or whorled, gland-dotted, ... [4 Related Articles]
- Saint-Julien
- (from the article "Le Mans") Saint-Julien Cathedral (11th-15th century), which towers over the old city, combines Romanesque and Gothic styles. On the right side there is a beautifully sculptured 12th-century portal and, at the end ...
- Saint-Julien, Chapel of
- (from the article "Le Petit-Quevilly") ...row of spikes" that enclosed a park where the Norman dukes once hunted. It was designated "Petit" in 1030 to distinguish it from Le Grand-Quevilly. Historic buildings include the Chapel ...
- Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre
- (from the article "Paris") ...the rue du Chat-qui-Peche ("Street of the Fishing Cat") leads to the Quai Saint-Michel. Two churches in this area-Saint-Severin (1489-94), Gothic and humble, and Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre (1165-1220), which belongs to the ...
- Saint-Just, Louis de
- controversial ideologue of the French Revolution, one of the most zealous advocates of the Reign of Terror (1793-94), who was arrested and guillotined in the Thermidorian Reaction. [3 Related Articles]
- Saint-Laurent du Maroni
- port, northwest French Guiana, on the east bank of the Maroni River opposite Albina, Suriname. It was formerly headquarters of the country's penal colonies and the site of the largest ...
- Saint-Lazare priory
- (from the article "Vincentian") ...to the poor country people and training young men in seminaries for the priesthood. Following the congregation's approval by Pope Urban VIII in 1632, Vincent took possession of the former ...
- Saint-Lazare, cathedral of
- (from the article "Gislebertus") Among Gislebertus' most noted works is the tympanum sculpture of the western doorway of the cathedral at Autun, depicting the Last Judgment. This work is noted for its expressionistic carving ...
- Saint-Leger
- (from the article "Soissons") ...230 feet [70 metres]), can be seen from afar, dominating the city. Other parts of the abbey still standing include remains of two cloisters and a 13th-century refectory. The remaining ...
- Saint-Leon, Arthur
- French dancer, choreographer, violinist, and inventor of a method of dance notation, celebrated as the choreographer of the ballet Coppelia. [2 Related Articles]
- Saint-Lo
- town, capital of Manche departement, Basse-Normandie region, northwestern France. It lies on a promontory dominating the Vire River valley. Called Briovera in Gallo-Roman times, it was renamed for St. Lo, ...
- Saint-Louis
- island city and seaport near the mouth of the Senegal River, and rail terminus north-northeast of Dakar, Senegal. The island and city are connected to the mainland by a land ... [5 Related Articles]
- Saint-Louis, Church of
- (from the article "Paris") ...invalid veterans. The enormous range of buildings was completed in five years (1671-76). The gold-plated dome (1675-1706) that rises above the hospital buildings belongs to the church of Saint-Louis. The ...
- Saint-Louis, Ile
- (from the article "Paris") In 1627 Louis XIII granted a 60-year lease on two mudbanks behind the Ile de la Cite to a contractor, Christophe Marie, and two financiers. It was 37 years before ...
- Saint-Louis-Arzviller
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") Three planes have been constructed in Europe, at Ronquieres, Belg., for 1,350-ton vessels; at Saint-Louis-Arzviller, Fr., for 300-ton vessels; and at Krasnoyarsk, Russia, for 1,500-ton vessels. At Ronquieres and Krasnoyarsk, ...
- Saint-Maclou
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...has pendant bosses). But the development of window tracery continued and, with it, the development of elaborate facades. Most of the important examples are in northern France-for example, Saint-Maclou in ...
- Saint-Malo
- seaport, Ille-et-Vilaine departement, Brittany region, northwestern France. It is situated on the English Channel and on the right bank of the estuary of the ...
- Saint-Malo, Gulf of
- gulf of the English Channel indenting the north coast of Brittany, France. The Gulf of Saint-Malo extends from the island of Brehat (west) to the peninsula of Cotentin of Normandy ...
- Saint-Marien, Mount
- (from the article "Centre") ...the Loir, Eure, Indre, and Creuse rivers. The southern edge of the Beauce Plain, France's main granary, extends into the northern part of the region. Mount Saint-Marien ...
- Saint-Martin
- overseas collectivity of France on the island of Saint Martin, Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The collectivity of Saint-Martin occupies the northern two-thirds of the island; the southern ...
- Saint-Martin Canal
- (from the article "Paris") ...Basin, which formerly supplied water to the moat around the Bastille fortress. At the Place de la Bastille the waterway goes underground for almost 1 mile (1.6 km) and then ...
- Saint-Martin, Louis-Claude de
- French visionary philosopher who was one of the leading exponents of illuminism, an 18th-century philosophical movement that attempted to refute the rationalistic philosophies prevalent in that period.
- Saint-Maur-des-Fosses
- town, Val-de-Marne departement, Paris region, France. The town is a residential southeastern suburb of Paris lying on a loop of the Marne River. The locality received its name from the ...
- Saint-Maurice
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...is doubtful. That their forms are closely locked to the architectural composition is clear. The features of the Chartres sculpture had a wide distribution; they are found, for example, at ...
- Saint-Maurice River
- river in Mauricie-Bois-Francs region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It is a major tributary of the St. Lawrence River. From its sources in the mountains of south-central Quebec, the river flows ...
- Saint-Michel
- (from the article "Paris") ...is sprinkled with shops specializing in devotional statuary, much of it on the aesthetic level of tourist souvenirs and known in France as "Saint Sulpicerie." Eastward to the boulevard Saint-Michel, ...
- Saint-Michel-des-Lions, church of
- (from the article "Limoges") ...to the spacious roads of the newer neighbourhoods. The 13th-century cathedral of Saint-Etienne has an elegant, partly octagonal bell tower, typical of the Gothic churches of the region. The church ...
- Saint-Mihiel
- town, Meuse departement, Lorraine region, northeastern France. It lies on the right bank of the Meuse River, 22 miles (35 km) south-southeast of Verdun. The town grew around a Benedictine ...
- Saint-Nazaire
- town and seaport, Loire-Atlantique departement, Pays de la Loire region, western France. It lies on the right bank of the Loire River estuary, 38 ...
- Saint-Nazaire, Cathedral of
- (from the article "Beziers") ...next world and this one, massacred the inhabitants; and the Roman-Gothic Church of La Madeleine was a scene of great bloodshed. The city walls, rebuilt in 1289, were destroyed in ...
- Saint-Nicolas tower
- (from the article "La Rochelle") The entrance to the old port is defended by two massive 14th-century towers. The pentagonal Saint-Nicolas Tower, the larger of the two, is an imposing fortress with crenellated walls and ...
- Saint-Non, Abbe de
- (from the article "Fragonard, Jean-Honore") ...Robert, made numerous sketches of the Roman countryside. When his scholarship ended in July 1759, he was allowed to remain in residence until, in late November, he met a wealthy ...
- Saint-Omer
- town, Pas-de-Calais departement, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, northeastern France. It lies along the canalized Aa River and is 22 miles (36 km) southwest of the Belgian ...
- Saint-Ouen
- city, Seine-Saint-Denis departement, Paris region, a northern industrial suburb of Paris, France. It is bounded to the northwest by the Seine River, along the ...
- Saint-Paulin
- (from the article "Port Salut cheese") ...cheese first made by Trappist monks on the west coast of France in the mid-1800s. The name later became the registered trademark of the Societe Anonyme des Fermiers Reunis for ...
- Saint-Peter's-wort
- (from the article "Saint-Andrew's-cross") ...It reaches 75 cm (2.5 feet) and has many branches, two-angled stems, oblong to narrow leaves, and 1.5-cm- (0.6-inch-) wide, golden-yellow flowers at the stem tips. A similar but shorter ...
- Saint-Philippe-du-Roule
- (from the article "Chalgrin, Jean-Francois-Therese") Chalgrin participated in the reintroduction of the basilican style of church architecture. His Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (designed 1764) was the main church of this type in Paris. Prominent features of the interior ...
- Saint-Pierre
- town and small port on the island of Martinique, in the West Indies. Founded in 1635 by French settlers, it was the island's commercial centre until May 8, 1902, when ...
- Saint-Pierre
- (from the article "Villefranche-sur-Mer") Villefranche, a picturesque old town, was founded early in the 14th century. Its ancient Saint-Pierre chapel was entirely decorated by the French 20th-century writer and artist Jean Cocteau. The citadel ...
- Saint-Pierre
- (from the article "Poitiers") ...are dispersed throughout the town. Notre-Dame-la-Grande church is a good example of Romanesque architecture, with a remarkable 12th-century facade containing a profusion of fine sculptures. The Saint-Pierre cathedral (12th-16th century), ...
- Saint-Pierre
- port town on the eastern shore of Saint-Pierre island and capital of the French collectivite of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Settled by European fishermen in the 17th century, the town grew ...
- Saint-Pierre
- (from the article "Saint-Pierre and Miquelon") ...square miles (215 square km) of which are in the Miquelons (Miquelon and Langlade, sometimes known as Great and Little Miquelon, connected by the slim, sandy Isthmus of Langlade). But ...
- Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
- archipelago about 15 miles (25 km) off the southern coast of the island of Newfoundland, Canada, a collectivite of France since 1985. The area of the main islands is 93 ...
- Saint-Pierre, Abbey Church of
- (from the article "Vienne") Vienne has three important medieval churches. Near the Rhone Bridge is the 9th-century Church of Saint-Andre-le-Bas, which was rebuilt in the 12th-13th century. The former Abbey Church of Saint-Pierre was ...
- Saint-Pierre, Cathedral of
- (from the article "Angouleme") ...town hall occupies the site of the counts' chateau (birthplace of Margaret of Angouleme), of which two towers, the Valois (15th century) and the Lusignan (13th century), remain. The Cathedral ...
- Saint-Pierre, Cathedral of
- (from the article "Beauvais") ...after its capture by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, and later Civitas de Bellovacis. In the 9th century it became a countship, which passed to the bishops who became peers ...
- Saint-Pierre, Charles-Irenee Castel, abbe de
- influential French publicist and reformist, one of the first modern European writers to propose an international organization for maintaining peace.
- Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray Bridge
- (from the article "bridge") The longest-spanning concrete arches of the 1920s were designed by the French engineer Eugene Freyssinet. In his bridge over the Seine at Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray (1922), two thin, hollow arches rise 25 ...
- Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul, Church of
- (from the article "Troyes") ...Henry V of England married Catherine of Valois, daughter of Charles VI. The Treaty of Troyes (May 21, 1420) had just recognized Henry as heir to the throne of France. ...
- Saint-Porchaire faience
- lead-glazed earthenware (inaccurately called faience, or tin-glazed ware) made in the second quarter of the 16th century at Saint-Porchaire in the departement of Deux-Sevres, France. Its uniqueness consisted in its ... [1 Related Articles]
- Saint-Preux
- (from the article "Rousseau, Jean-Jacques") ...striking contrast to that of The Social Contract. It is about people finding happiness in domestic as distinct from public life, in the family as opposed to the state. The ...
- Saint-Quentin
- city, Aisne departement, Picardie region, northeastern France. The city is situated on the slopes of a hill on the right bank of the Somme River at its junction with the ...
- Saint-Quentin, Canal de
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...started toward the end of the 17th century and continued well into the 18th, France took the lead, integrating its national waterway system further by forging the missing links. In ...
- Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
- (from the article "Ile-de-France") ...industry has become concentrated in the outer urban areas and especially in the five new towns developed since the 1960s: Evry, Marne-la-Vallee, Senart, Cergy-Pontoise, and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
- Saint-Remy, Church of
- (from the article "Troyes") ...the base of the tower records that Joan of Arc, escorting Charles VII to his crowning at Reims, was feted there in solemn dignity in 1429, after receiving the surrender ...
- Saint-Saens, Camille
- composer chiefly remembered for his symphonic poems-the first of that genre to be written by a Frenchman-and for his opera Samson et Dalila. Saint-Saens was notable for ... [3 Related Articles]
- Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, Church of
- (from the article "painting, Western") The most complete surviving set of early Romanesque wall paintings in France is in the church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, where the compositions show great narrative vigour and inventiveness. Quite startling formal ...
- Saint-Sernin
- (from the article "chapel") St. Sernin, at Toulouse, has no fewer than 17 pentagonal chapels, linked by narrow passages. The multiplication of chapels in the later Middle Ages stemmed from two innovations: the inclusion ...
- Saint-Severin
- (from the article "Paris") ...of these is the medieval rue de la Huchette, from which the rue du Chat-qui-Peche ("Street of the Fishing Cat") leads to the Quai Saint-Michel. Two churches in this area-Saint-Severin ...
- Saint-Simon, Henri de
- French social theorist and one of the chief founders of Christian socialism. In his major work, Nouveau Christianisme (1825), he proclaimed a brotherhood of man that must accompany the scientific ... [12 Related Articles]
- Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke de
- soldier and writer, known as one of the great memoirists of France. His Memoires are an important historic document of his time. [2 Related Articles]
- Saint-Simonianism
- (from the article "France") ...was some reason to doubt that Louis-Napoleon really welcomed this trend toward conservatism. His writings of the 1840s had been marked by a kind of technocratic outlook, in the tradition ...
- Saint-Sulpice
- (from the article "Olier, Jean-Jacques") ...of missionaries known as Lazarists. In 1641 Olier established at Vaugirard, Fr., a seminary for the training of priests, which he moved to Paris the following year when he was ...
- Saint-Sulpice, Society of
- (from the article "Olier, Jean-Jacques") founder of the Sulpicians, a group of secular priests dedicated to training candidates for the priesthood.
- Saint-Trophime, Church of
- (from the article "Arles") ...than 20,000 spectators is still used for bullfights and plays. Excavations at a Roman theatre have retrieved many art objects, including the "Venus d'Arles" now in the Louvre. The Church ...
- Saint-Urbain, Church of
- (from the article "Western architecture") Of the many smaller Rayonnant monuments that exist in France, one of the most complete is Saint-Urbain, Troyes (founded 1262). There, one can see the virtuosity practiced by the architects ...
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