| | - ram's horns
- (from the article "false scorpion") ...long. The chelicerae (first pair of appendages) bear silk-gland openings, and the pedipalps (second pair of appendages) are venomous pincers. In courtship the male may show protrusible structures ("ram's horns") ...
- Ram, Jagjivan
- Indian politician and spokesman for the untouchables, the lowest caste in India.
- Ram, Kanshi
- Indian politician and social activist (b. March 15, 1934, Ropar district, Punjab, British India-d. Oct. 9, 2006, New Delhi, India), challenged the Indian caste system into which he was born ...
- ram-wing craft
- (from the article "air-cushion machine") ...and overcoming its theoretical speed limitation of around 200 miles per hour (320 kilometres per hour), above which it was difficult to hold the air cushion in place. These vehicles ...
- Rama
- (from the article "Central America") ...the coastal plain from Panama to Honduras. Fugitives from the European conquistadores in the Caribbean increased this influence considerably at the close of the 15th century. The Miskito, Sumo, Rama, ...
- Rama
- one of the most widely worshipped Hindu deities, the embodiment of chivalry and virtue. Although there are three Ramas mentioned in Indian tradition (Parashurama, Balarama, and Ramacandra), the name is ... [12 Related Articles]
- Rama Deva Raya
- (from the article "India") ...of the two contending parties of nobles. A long civil war resulted and finally degenerated into a series of smaller wars among a number of contending parties. The surviving member ...
- Rama I
- also called Phraphutthayotfa Chulalok Siamese king (1782-1809) and founder of the Chakkri dynasty (q.v.), which reigns in Thailand. [4 Related Articles]
- Rama II
- also called Phraphutthaloetla Naphalai the second ruler (1809-24) of the present Chakkri dynasty, under whose rule relations were reopened with the West and Siam began a forward policy on the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rama III
- also called Phranangklao king of Siam (1824-51) who made Siam's first tentative accommodations with the West, and under whom the country's boundaries reached their maximum extent. [3 Related Articles]
- Rama Rao, N T
- ("NTR"), Indian motion picture actor and politician (b. May 28, 1923, Nimmakuru, India--d. Jan. 18, 1996, Hyderabad, India), starred in over 300 Telugu-language films between 1948 and 1982 and, taking ...
- Rama Raya
- (from the article "India") ...Krishna Deva Raya, repulsed the Muslims, who suffered substantial losses. Later the political ambitions of Bijapur and Ahmadnagar prompted a series of successful interventions by Vijayanagar under Rama Raya, a ...
- Rama Varma
- (from the article "India") ...The key commodity was pepper, but other goods also came to be defined as royal monopoly items, requiring a license for trade. These policies were continued in large measure by ...
- Rama Yagan
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...the growth of a Burmese court drama and led to the appearance of Burmese court romances in poetic prose. The king's treasurer, however, made fun of the Thai importations and ...
- Ramabhadra
- (from the article "Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty") ...weakened, Nagabhata II became the most powerful ruler of northern India and established his new capital at Kannauj. Nagabhata II was succeeded by his son Ramabhadra, about 833, who after ...
- RAMAC
- (from the article "computer") ...to its ability to innovate and to adapt its business to technological change. "Big Blue," as the company was commonly known, introduced the first computer disk storage system, the RAMAC, ...
- Ramacandra
- (from the article "Yadava Dynasty") Later rulers continued expansionist wars with varying success. During the reign of the last Yadava king, Ramacandra (reigned 1271-c. 1309), a Muslim army commanded by the Delhi sultan 'Ala'-ud-Din Khalji ...
- Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.
- (from the article "neuroplasticity") Map expansion neuroplasticity also underlies the phenomenon of phantom limb syndrome. In the 1990s Indian-born American neuroscientist Vilayanur S. Ramachandran discovered that an amputee, when touched on the side of ...
- Ramadan
- in Islam, the holy month of fasting, the ninth month of the Muslim year, in which "the Qur'an was sent down as a guidance for the people" (Qur'an 2:185). [6 Related Articles]
- Ramadan, Tariq
- (from the article "Religion") ..."basic religious freedoms are denied to all but those who adhere to the state-sanctioned version of Sunni Islam." In August the United States revoked a visa that had been granted ...
- Ramadi, Al-
- capital of Al-Anbar muhafazah (governorate), central Iraq. It lies on the Euphrates River just northwest of Lake Al-Habbaniyah. Ancient settlements existed in the vicinity, but Al-Ramadi was ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ramadier, Paul
- first premier (January-November 1947) of the Fourth Republic of France.
- ramage
- (from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") ...referred to as barrios pequenos, or "little wards." If these are descent lines, then the calpulli resembled quite closely a type of kin group called by anthropologists a ramage, or ...
- Ramakrishna
- Hindu religious leader, founder of the school of religious thought that became the Ramakrishna order, and the best-known Hindu saint of the 19th century. [4 Related Articles]
- Ramakrishna Mission
- religious society that carries out extensive educational and philanthropic work in India and is also the foremost exponent in Western countries of a modern version of Advaita Vedanta-a school of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture
- (from the article "Calcutta") The West Bengal Legislative Council is a dignified building in the modern architectural style. The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, the most important example of postindependence construction, follows the style ...
- Ramakrishna Sarada Mission
- (from the article "Ramakrishna Mission") ...in 1898. The Shri Sarada Math, begun in Calcutta in 1953, was made a completely separate organization in 1959, following the earlier wishes of Vivekananda; it and its sister organization, ...
- Ramallah
- town in the West Bank, adjacent to the town of Al-Birah (east) and north of Jerusalem. Administered as part of the British mandate of Palestine (1920-48), Ramallah was part of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Raman effect
- change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. The phenomenon is named for Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who discovered it in 1928. ... [4 Related Articles]
- Raman spectrometer
- (from the article "spectroscopy") ...to the incident beam. To provide high-intensity incident radiation and to enable the observation of lines where nuI is small (as when due to rotational changes), the source in a ...
- Raman spectroscopy
- (from the article "surface analysis") In Raman spectroscopy a beam of photons, usually with wavelengths in the visible region, from a pulsed laser impinges on a surface. The photons are scattered by molecules within the ...
- Raman, Bangalore Venkata
- much-admired and respected Indian Vedic astrologer who challenged the Western scientific perception of astrology as a pseudoscience through international lectures and conferences and as editor of the monthly periodical The ...
- Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata
- Indian physicist whose work was influential in the growth of science in India. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery that when ...
- Ramana Maharshi
- Hindu philosopher and yogi called "Great Master," "Bhagavan" (the Lord), and "the Sage of Arunachala," whose position on monism (the identity of the individual soul and the creator of souls) ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ramananda
- North Indian Brahman (priest), held by his followers (Ramanandis) to be fifth in succession in the lineage of the philosopher-mystic Ramanuja. [4 Related Articles]
- Ramanandi
- (from the article "Ramananda") The connection between the historical Ramananda and the important monastic community (Ramanandis) that claims him as its founder has also been called into question, both by academic scholars and by ...
- Ramanantsoa, Gabriel
- (from the article "Madagascar") ...Tsiranana was reelected in January 1972, political and labour unrest culminated in an uprising known as the May 1972 revolution. This, coupled with his own poor health, led him to ...
- Ramanathapuram
- (from the article "Ramanathapuram") Ramanathapuram district occupies part of the flat southern coastal plain, including the island of Rameswaram. Protected from the northeastern and southwestern monsoons by the Western Ghats to the west and ...
- Ramanathapuram
- town, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. A former capital of the Maravan rajas, it produces textiles and jewelry and has two colleges affiliated with Madurai-Kamaraj University. Its name ...
- Ramanna, Raja
- Indian nuclear physicist (b. Jan. 28, 1925, Tumkur, India-d. Sept. 24, 2004, Mumbai [Bombay], India), played a key role in the development of India's nuclear weapons program. As director (1972-78, ...
- Ramanuja
- South Indian Brahman theologian and philosopher, the single most influential thinker of devotional Hinduism. After a long pilgrimage, Ramanuja settled in Srirangam, where he organized temple worship and founded centres ... [14 Related Articles]
- Ramanujan, Srinivasa
- Indian mathematician whose contributions to the theory of numbers include pioneering discoveries of the properties of the partition function. [3 Related Articles]
- Ramanya
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...that admitted only members of the Goyigama, the highest Sinhalese caste. The Amarapura sect, founded in the early 19th century, opened its ranks to members of lower castes. The third ...
- Ramapala
- (from the article "India") ...revived during the reign of Mahipala (reigned c. 988-1038), although its stronghold now was Bihar rather than Bengal. Further attempts to recover the old Pala territories were made by Ramapala, ...
- Ramapithecus
- fossil primate genus dating from the Middle and Late Miocene epochs (about 16.6 to 5.3 million years ago). For a time in the 1960s and '70s Ramapithecus was thought to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ramat Gan
- city, west-central Israel, on the Plain of Sharon just east of Tel Aviv-Yafo. Founded in 1921, it is the largest satellite city in the Tel Aviv-Yafo metropolitan area, with fine ...
- Ramathibodi I
- founder and first king (1351-69) of the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya. [1 Related Articles]
- Ramatirtha
- Hindu religious leader known for the highly personal and poetic manner in which he taught what he styled "Practical Vedanta," using common experiences to illustrate the divine nature of man. ...
- Ramatirthan, L. S.
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...who writes novels, short stories, and plays with themes from urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a tendency to shock his readers; and L.S. ...
- Ramayana
- shorter of the two great epic poems of India, the other being the Mahabharata ("Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty"). The Ramayana was composed ... [20 Related Articles]
- Ramazan
- (from the article "Ramazan Dynasty") In 1352 Ramazan, founder of the dynasty, was recognized by the Mamluk sultan of Egypt as the ruler of the Ucok branch of Oguz Turkmen in Cukurova. After a period ...
- Ramazan Dynasty
- Turkmen dynasty (c. 1352-c. 1610) that ruled in the Cukurova (Cilicia) region of southern Anatolia. [1 Related Articles]
- Ramazzini, Bernardino
- Italian physician, considered a founder of occupational medicine. [2 Related Articles]
- Ramazzotti, Eros
- Having mesmerized European and South American audiences with his yearning ballads of love, Italian pop superstar Eros Ramazzotti hoped to croon his way into the hearts of North Americans in ...
- Rambaud, Patrick
- (from the article "Literature") In Le Chat Botte, Patrick Rambaud went back farther in history to 1795 to tell of Napoleon's rags-to-riches rise when in the space of a single year, by intrigue, daring, ...
- Ramberg-Backlund reaction
- (from the article "organosulfur compound") DMSO finds considerable use in organic synthesis as a mild oxidant in a process termed Swern oxidation. Notable rearrangements of the sulfone group include the Ramberg-Backlund reaction and the Truce-Smiles ...
- Rambert, Dame Marie
- ballet producer, director, and teacher who founded Ballet Rambert, the oldest English ballet company still performing. [1 Related Articles]
- Ramblas
- (from the article "Barcelona") For the visitor, the main attraction still tends to be in the city centre, particularly around the Ramblas. The famous promenade is separated from L'Eixample by the monumental Catalunya Square, ...
- Rambler
- (from the article "automotive industry") ...control the market, continued unchecked. In 1954 Nash and Hudson joined to form AMC. The company enjoyed temporary prosperity in the late 1950s when it introduced the first American compact ...
- Rambler, The
- a twopenny sheet issued twice weekly in London by the publisher John Payne between 1750 and 1752, each issue containing a single anonymous essay; 208 such periodical essays appeared, all ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ramblers' Association
- (from the article "hiking") For regular and intensive walkers there are available services offered by such associations as the Ramblers' Association in Great Britain and the Wilderness Society in the United States. These organizations ...
- Rambo, Dottie
- American songwriter and singer wrote more than 2,500 songs, many of which became gospel standards, including "I Go to the Rock," "Stand by the River" (2003; a megahit sung with ...
- Rambouillet
- breed of sheep, developed from selections of a few hundred of the best Merino sheep of Spain in 1786 and 1799 by the French government at its national sheepfold at ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rambouillet
- town, Yvelines departement, Paris region, northern France, just southwest of Versailles. Flanked by its famous chateau and surrounded by an extensive forest, it is a favoured tourist spot for Parisians. ...
- Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de
- aristocratic hostess who exerted a powerful influence on the development of French literature in the first half of the 17th century. [1 Related Articles]
- rambutan
- (Nephelium lappaceum), tree of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). It is native to Malaysia, where it is commonly cultivated for its tasty fruit, also called rambutan. The bright-red, oval fruit, about ...
- Rambutyo Island
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...objects, each island having its own specialties. For example, the people on Baluan made bird-shaped bowls, ladles, and spatulas; on Lou, obsidian was carved into great hemispheric bowls; on Rambutyo ...
- Ramcandra
- (from the article "India") The short reigns of Devaraya's two sons, Ramcandra and Vijaya, were disastrous. In a war against the Bahmanis, many temples were destroyed, and Vijaya was forced to pay a huge ...
- Ramcaritmanas
- version, written in a dialect of Hindi, of the Sanskrit epic poem the Ramayana, one of the masterpieces of medieval Hindu literature and a work with significant influence on modern ... [3 Related Articles]
- Rame, Franca
- (from the article "Fo, Dario") Fo's first theatrical experience was collaborating on satirical revues for small cabarets and theatres. He and his wife, the actress Franca Rame, founded the Campagnia Dario Fo-Franca Rame in 1959, ...
- Rameau, Jean-Philippe
- French composer of the late Baroque period, best known today for his harpsichord music, operas, and works in other theatrical genres but in his lifetime also famous as a music ... [8 Related Articles]
- Rameau, Pierre
- (from the article "ballet position") ...feet fundamental to all classical ballet. The term may also denote the various poses of the body. First used by Thoinot Arbeau in 1588, codified by Pierre Beauchamp c. 1680, ...
- Ramee, Joseph Jacques
- (from the article "Union College") ...in joint-degree programs and is a member of a 15-school consortium that permits cross-registration. The Union campus (known as College Grounds) was designed by French architect and landscape planner Joseph ...
- Ramenskoye
- city and centre of a rayon (sector), Moscow oblast (province), western Russia. It lies southeast of the city of Moscow. In the 1820s Ramenskoye became the site of one of ...
- Rameses
- (from the article "Moses") This conclusion, however, is at variance with most of the biblical and archaeological evidence. The storage cities Pithom and Rameses, built for the pharaoh by the Hebrews, were located in ...
- Ramessesnakht
- (from the article "Egypt, ancient") ...tried to counter by appointing outside men to the high priesthood. One such family had developed at Thebes in the second half of the 19th dynasty, and Ramses IV tried ...
- Ramesseum
- funerary temple of Ramses II (1279-13 BC), erected on the west bank of the Nile River at Thebes in Upper Egypt. The temple, famous for its 57-foot (17-metre) seated statue ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ramesuan
- (from the article "Ramathibodi I") Ramathibodi prepared his son Ramesuan to succeed him, but on his death in 1369 the throne was seized by his Suphan Buri brother-in-law, Borommaraja I, who reigned for nine years ...
- Rameswaram
- island, southeastern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It forms part of Adams Bridge, a series of coral reef islands connecting India and Sri Lanka. The island contains a temple that ...
- Rameswaram, Temple of
- (from the article "Rameswaram") ...India. It forms part of Adams Bridge, a series of coral reef islands connecting India and Sri Lanka. The island contains a temple that is one of the most venerated ...
- Ramgoolam, Navin
- (from the article "Mauritius") Area: 2,040 sq km (788 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 1,263,000 | Capital: Port Louis | Chief of state: President Sir Anerood Jugnauth | Head of government: Prime Minister ...
- ramie
- any of several fibre-yielding plants of the genus Boehmeria, belonging to the nettle family (Urticaceae), and their fibre, one of the bast fibre (q.v.) group. Boehmeria nivea, native to China, ... [3 Related Articles]
- ramie fabric
- (from the article "ramie") The ramie plant has been cultivated in eastern Asia for fibre since prehistoric times. Ramie fabric was used in ancient Egypt and was known in Europe during the Middle Ages. ...
- ramified theory of types
- (from the article "logic, history of") ...members with lower types. (F.P. Ramsay offered a criticism that was subsequently accommodated in later editions of Principia Mathematica; as modified, the theory came to be known as the "ramified" ...
- Ramillies, Battle of
- (May 23, 1706), victory won by Allied (Anglo-Dutch) forces led by the Duke of Marlborough over the French during the War of the Spanish Succession. The victory led to the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ramin, Sid
- (from the article "1961: Other Winners") ...Leven for West Side StoryMusic Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture: Henry Mancini for Breakfast at Tiffany'sScoring of a Musical Picture: Saul Chaplin, Johnny Green, Irwin Kostal, Sid Ramin ...
- Ramirez de Leon, Ricardo Arnoldo
- Guatemalan guerrilla leader and politician who in the 1990s, following decades of rebellion against the government, served as a leader in negotiations that resulted in a peace agreement in December ...
- Ramirez, Jose Luis
- (from the article "Whitaker, Pernell") ...(a fight whose outcome is determined by judges' scoring) over American Roger Mayweather to take the North American Boxing Federation (NABF) lightweight title. Although he lost a 12-round decision to ...
- Ramirez, Manny
- Slugger Manny Ramirez, a 36-year-old outfielder, was the primary component in one of the most noteworthy trades during the 2008 Major League Baseball (MLB) season. Although batting .299 with a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ramirez, Martin
- (from the article "Outsider Art: Moving in from the Margins") One of the most talked-about exhibitions of 2007 showcased the work of Mexican-born Martin Ramirez (1895-1963), who worked entirely within the confines of the California psychiatric hospital where he was ...
- Ramirez, Pedro P.
- (from the article "Argentina") General Pedro P. Ramirez replaced Rawson as president. He maintained neutrality in the war but faced increasing opposition from all political groups except the nationalist right wing and the fascist ...
- Ramiro I
- first king of Aragon, who reigned from 1035. He was the (probably) illegitimate son of King Sancho III of Navarre. During his father's lifetime he governed this territory and was ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ramiro II
- king of Aragon from 1134 to 1137. He was the third son of Sancho V Ramirez. His elder brother, Alfonso I the Battler, left no issue and bequeathed his kingdom ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ramiro II
- king of Leon and Asturias in Christian Spain from 931 to 951. The second son of King Ordono II, he became king on the abdication of his elder brother, Alfonso ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ramis River
- (from the article "Titicaca, Lake") More than 25 rivers empty their waters into Titicaca; the largest, the Ramis, draining about two-fifths of the entire Titicaca Basin, enters the northwestern corner of the lake. One small ...
- ramjet
- air-breathing jet engine that operates with no major moving parts. It relies on the craft's forward motion to draw in air and on a specially shaped intake passage to compress ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ramkhamhaeng
- third king of Sukhothai in what is now north-central Thailand, who made his young and struggling kingdom into the first major Tai state in 13th-century Southeast Asia. [4 Related Articles]
- ramkie
- (from the article "African music") ...1353) may have originated in ancient Egypt. The khalam is claimed to be the ancestor of the banjo. Another long-necked lute is the ramkie ...
- Ramla
- city in Israel, on the coastal plain southeast of Tel Aviv-Yafo. Ramla is the only city founded by the Arabs in Palestine. It was established in 716 by the caliph ...
- ramlila
- (from the article "South Asian arts") In the ramlila and raslila, the principal characters-Rama and Krishna-are always played by boys under 14, because tradition decreed they must be pure and innocent. They are considered representatives of ...
- Ramm, Mount
- (from the article "Jordan") ...uplands east of the Jordan River, an escarpment overlooking the rift valley, have an average elevation of 2,000-3,000 feet (600-900 metres) and rise to about 5,755 feet (1,754 metres) at ...
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