| | - Rajasinha I
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") ...wars of aggression were now transformed into a struggle against Portuguese influence and interests in the island, and he annexed a large part of the Kotte kingdom. After Mayadunne's death, ...
- Rajasinha II
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") In 1635 Senarat was succeeded by his son Rajasinha II. The Dutch were now firmly established in Batavia (now Jakarta) in Java and were developing their trade in southern Asia. ...
- Rajasthan
- state of India. It is located in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. It is bounded on the west and northwest by Pakistan, on the north and northeast by the ... [9 Related Articles]
- Rajasthan Canal
- (from the article "Thar Desert") ...on the Indus River, completed in 1932, irrigates the southern Thar region in Pakistan by means of canals, while the Gang Canal brings water from the Sutlej River to part ...
- Rajasthan Steppe
- desert in west-central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It has an area of about 54,800 square miles (142,000 square km). The region was ruled successively in ancient times by the Mauryas, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rajasthani languages
- group of Indo-Aryan languages and dialects spoken in the state of Rajasthan, India, and adjoining areas. There are four major groups: northeastern Mewati, southern Malvi, western Marwari, and east-central Jaipuri. [1 Related Articles]
- Rajasthani literature
- (from the article "South Asian arts") It is generally agreed that modern Rajasthani literature began with the works of Suryamal Misrama. His most important works are the Vamsa Bhaskara and the Vira satsai. The Vamsa Bhaskara ...
- Rajasthani painting
- the style of miniature painting that developed mainly in the independent Hindu states of Rajasthan in western India in the 16th-19th century. It evolved from Western Indian manuscript illustrations, though ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rajasthani puppet
- string marionette found in the state of Rajasthan in northwestern India. It is controlled by one string that passes from the top of the puppet's head, over the manipulator's hand, ... [1 Related Articles]
- rajasuya
- (from the article "Hinduism") The lengthy series of rituals of the royal consecration, the rajasuya, emphasized royal power and endowed the king with a divine charisma, raising him, at least for ...
- Rajatarangini
- (Sanskrit: "River of Kings"), historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmir Brahman Kalhana in 1148; it is justifiably considered to be the best and most ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rajauri
- town in northwestern Jammu and Kashmir state, northern India, in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent. It was referred to as Rajpuri in Kalhana's Rajatarangini (12th ...
- Rajavaliya
- 17th-century historical chronicle of Sri Lanka, covering the history of the island from its legendary beginnings up to the accession of King Vimaladharmasurya II in 1687. It is the only ...
- Rajavi, Massoud
- (from the article "Iran") ...of the Islamic Republican Party, killing a number of leading clerics. Government pressure intensified after the bombing, and Bani-Sadr (who had earlier gone into hiding to avoid arrest) and Massoud ...
- rajaz
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...to the conclusion of World War II, but they were not the only ones. As part of the unrecorded earliest periods in the development of Arabic poetry, the metre and ...
- Rajbari
- (from the article "Burdwan") ...lying astride the Banka River just north of the Damodar River. Rice and oilseed milling and hosiery, cutlery, and tool manufacturing are the chief industries. Of historic interest are the ...
- Rajchman, Jan Aleksander
- (from the article "Whirlwind") ...to interact with a "running" computer. It was built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) between 1948 and 1951. Whirlwind was designed and built by Jay Forrester of MIT ...
- Rajendracola Deva I
- (from the article "Cola dynasty") His son Rajendracola Deva I (reigned 1014-44) outdid Rajaraja's achievements. He placed a son on the throne at Madurai, completed the conquest of Ceylon, overran the Deccan (c. 1021), and ...
- Rajendravarman II
- (from the article "Cambodia") After several decades of warfare, dislocations, and disorder-Yasodharapura itself was abandoned for nearly 30 years-Rajendravarman II (ruled 944-968) restored the capital and set in motion a period of peace and ...
- Rajgarh
- town, northwestern Madhya Pradesh state, central India, situated between the Newaj and Parbati rivers. Founded in about 1640, it served as the capital of the former Rajgarh princely state, founded ...
- Rajgir Hills
- physical region, central Bihar state, northeastern India, extending for 40 miles (65 km) in two parallel ridges that enclose a narrow ravine. At one point the hills rise to 1,272 ...
- Rajidae
- (from the article "skate") ...are found in most parts of the world, from tropical to near-Arctic waters and from the shallows to depths of more than 2,700 metres (8,900 feet). Nine genera of skates ...
- rajjuka
- (from the article "India") ...is mentioned. Once every five years, the emperor sent officers to audit the provincial administrations. Some categories of officers in the rural areas, such as the rajjukas ...
- Rajk, Laszlo
- (from the article "Hungary") Finally, the party's "Muscovite" wing turned on its "national" wing. The leader of this latter group, Laszlo Rajk, was executed on questionable charges in October 1949, and his chief adherents ...
- Rajkot
- town, west-central Gujarat state, west-central India, near the centre of the Kathiawar Peninsula. The capital of the former princely state of Rajkot and of the former Western India States Agency, ...
- Rajkumar
- Indian movie star (b. April 24, 1929, Gajanur, Mysore [now Karnataka], British India-d. April 12, 2006, Bangalore, Karnataka, India), achieved legendary status as the star of more than 200 Kannada-language ...
- rajm
- (Arabic: "to stone," or "to curse"), in Islam, "casting of stones" at the devil during the pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, a pre-Islamic Arabian religious custom retained by the Prophet Muhammad. ...
- Rajmahal
- historic town, east-central Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies west of the Ganges River. The town is located in the Rajmahal Hills, which run north-south for 120 miles (190 km) ...
- Rajneesh International Foundation
- (from the article "biological weapon") ...few instances in the past by terrorist organizations. In the 1980s, followers of the exiled Indian self-proclaimed guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh settled on a ranch in Wasco county, Oregon. The ...
- Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree
- Indian spiritual leader who preached an eclectic doctrine of Eastern mysticism, individual devotion, and sexual freedom, while amassing vast personal wealth. [1 Related Articles]
- Rajput
- (from Sanskrit raja-putra: "son of a king"), any of about 12,000,000 landowners organized in patrilineal clans and located mainly in central and northern India, especially in former Rajputana ("Land of ... [9 Related Articles]
- Rajput painting
- the art of the independent Hindu feudal states in India, as distinguished from the court art of the Mughal emperors. Whereas Mughal painting was contemporary in style, Rajput was traditional ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rajputana
- former group of princely states chiefly comprising what is now Rajasthan state, India. The name means "land of the Rajputs." The area, 132,559 square miles (343,328 square km), consisted of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rajshahi
- city, west-central Bangladesh. It lies just north of the upper Padma River (Ganges [Ganga] River). It was selected by the Dutch in the early 18th century as the site of ...
- Raju
- (from the article "Rajapalaiyam") city, Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India, at the eastern foot of the Western Ghats. It is named after its Raju inhabitants, Telugu speakers who migrated during the Vijayanagar (1336-1565) conquest.
- Raju, P. T.
- (from the article "Idealism") ...inwardness of subjectivity of Indian Idealism has been contrasted with the outwardness of Western objective Idealism, and a synthesis of the two has been advocated in comparative studies made by ...
- Rajuvala
- (from the article "India") ...from the Pahlavas (Parthians), who ruled briefly in northwestern India toward the end of the 1st century BCE, the reign of Gondophernes being remembered. At Mathura the Shaka rulers of ...
- Rajya Sabha
- (from the article "Lok Sabha") ...had 543 elected members; 13 of these represented the union territories. Two additional members were appointed by the president to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The upper chamber is the Rajya ...
- Rajyapala
- (from the article "Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty") ...and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until by the end of the 10th century the Pratiharas controlled little more than the Gangetic Doab. Their last important ...
- RAK Records
- (from the article "RAK Records") For a long time, London pop was cynical, inept, or ironic. In the early 1970s a new generation of producers-heedful of Phil Spector's description of his work as "little symphonies ...
- rak'ah
- (from the article "Islam") ...in the direction of Mecca, and the congregation stands behind him in rows, following him in various postures. Each prayer consists of two to four genuflection units (
- Rakahanga Atoll
- one of the northern Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. It is a coral atoll 3 miles (5 km) long ...
- Rakaia River
- river in east-central South Island, New Zealand. It rises in the Lyell and Ramsay glaciers of the Southern Alps near Whitcombe Pass. The river flows east and southeast for 90 ...
- Rakbah Plain
- (from the article "Arabia") ...of it are great lava fields such as the 'Uwayrid, while others ring Medina. Tongues of lava south of Medina, lapping over the mountains, descend almost to the coast. The ...
- raked stage
- (from the article "theatre") ...comic, and satiric-were the same as Vitruvius' classifications. Third, for the stage, he started with a Roman acting platform, but instead of the scaenae frons, he introduced a raked platform, ...
- rakh
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...Drought-resistant vegetation in the desert consists of stunted thorny scrub, mostly acacia. The plains present a parkland view of scattered trees. Dry scrub forests, called rakhs, grow ...
- Rakhaing Marma
- (from the article "Marma") ...region of Bangladesh. The Marma numbered approximately 210,000 in the late 20th century. One group, the Jhumia Marma, have long settled in this southeastern region of Bengal; the other group, ...
- Rakhine Mountains
- mountain arc in western Myanmar (Burma), between the Rakhine (Arakan) coast and the Irrawaddy River valley. The arc extends northward for about 600 miles (950 km) from Cape Negrais (Myanmar) ... [4 Related Articles]
- Rakhmon, Emomalii
- (from the article "Tajikistan") Area: 143,100 sq km (55,300 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 6,736,000 | Capital: Dushanbe | Chief of state: President Imomali Rakhmonov (from April Imomalii Rakhmon) | Head of government: ...
- Rakhshani languages
- (from the article "Iranian languages") ...the vast area over which Balochi is spoken, its numerous dialects are all mutually intelligible. The most recent study of the Balochi dialects divides them into six groups: Eastern Hill ...
- raking fire
- (from the article "naval warfare") ...was one aim, because this broke the enemy's tactical cohesion and made it possible to overwhelm individual ships by bringing greatly superior force to bear on each of them in ...
- Rakoczi, Ferenc, I
- scion of a noble Magyar family, and in 1670 a leader of an unsuccessful Hungarian-Croatian revolt against the Habsburgs. [1 Related Articles]
- Rakoczi, Ferenc, II
- prince of Transylvania who headed a nearly successful national rising of all Hungary against the Habsburg empire. [3 Related Articles]
- Rakoczi, Gyorgy, I
- prince of Transylvania from 1630, who, as a champion of Protestantism, fought for and won religious freedom in Hungary and made his principality virtually an independent state. [2 Related Articles]
- Rakoczi, Gyorgy, II
- prince of Transylvania from 1648, who had the laws of the principality codified, but whose foreign policy led to the restoration of Turkish hegemony over Transylvania. [1 Related Articles]
- Rakoczi, Zsigmond
- (from the article "Comenius, John Amos") His next invitation came from Hungary, where the young prince Zsigmond Rakoczi wanted to establish a model pansophic school at Sarospatak. Comenius, arriving there in 1650, received a warm reception. ...
- Rakosi, Carl
- American poet and psychotherapist (b. Nov. 6, 1903, Berlin, Ger.-d. June 24, 2004, San Francisco, Calif.), with George Oppen, Louis Zukovsky, and Charles Reznikoff formed a poetic movement known as ...
- Rakosi, Matyas
- Hungarian Communist ruler of Hungary from 1945 to 1956. [1 Related Articles]
- Rakovski, Georgi Sava
- revolutionary leader and writer, an early and influential partisan of Bulgarian liberation from Ottoman Turkish rule. [2 Related Articles]
- Rakovsky, Khristian Georgiyevich
- Bulgarian revolutionary who conducted subversive activities in Romania before joining the Russian Bolshevik Party and becoming a leading political figure in Soviet Russia.
- Rakowski, Mieczyslaw Franciszek
- Polish newspaper editor and politician as the last communist prime minister of Poland (September 1988-July 1989), presided over the dissolution of the old regime and the transfer of power to ...
- rakshasa
- in Hindu mythology, a type of demon or goblin. Rakshasas have the power to change their shape at will and appear as animals, as monsters, or in the case of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Raksin, David
- American film composer (b. Aug. 4, 1912, Philadelphia, Pa.-d. Aug. 9, 2004, Los Angeles, Calif.), created the music for some 400 motion pictures and television series, the most notable of ...
- Raktabija
- (from the article "Kali") ...in the Devi-mahatmya ("The Glorifications of the Goddess," c. 6th century CE), where she springs from the anger of the goddess Durga to slay the demon Raktabija ...
- raku ware
- Japanese lead-glazed earthenware, originally invented expressly for the tea ceremony in 16th-century Kyoto. Quite distinct from wares that preceded it, raku represents an attempt to arrive at a new kind ... [3 Related Articles]
- rakuro
- (from the article "Rokkaku Shisui") ...he worked at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. In 1907 he visited the art museums of Europe. Later ...
- Ralaimongo, Jean
- (from the article "Madagascar") In 1915 a nationalist secret society, the Vy Vato Sakelika (VVS), was outlawed. In 1920 a teacher, Jean Ralaimongo, launched a campaign in the press to give the Malagasy "subjects" ...
- Ralco hydroelectric plant
- (from the article "Chile") In late September the giant Ralco hydroelectric plant became operational after years of controversy. The plant affected not only domestic indigenous and environmental policies but also foreign affairs. A portion ...
- rale
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") In most persons who experience an acute myocardial infarction, the circulation remains adequate, and only by subtle evidence such as rales (abnormal respiratory sounds) in the lungs or a gallop ...
- Ralea, Mihai
- (from the article "Romanian literature") Zaharia Stancu composed novels that evoked Romanian village life in a vanished age. Eusebiu Camilar, in his novel Mist, bitterly indicted fascism. Essays and criticism were written by Mihai Ralea, ...
- Raleigh
- city, capital of North Carolina, and seat (1771) of Wake county, central North Carolina, U.S. It lies roughly 25 miles (40 km) southeast of both Chapel Hill and Durham, the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Raleigh, Sir Walter
- English adventurer and writer, a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who knighted him in 1585. Accused of treason by Elizabeth's successor, James I, he was imprisoned in the Tower of ... [13 Related Articles]
- Raleigh, Sir Walter
- Scottish man of letters and critic who was a prominent figure at the University of Oxford in his time.
- Ralik
- (from the article "Marshall Islands") ...of the easternmost islands of Micronesia. The Marshalls are composed of more than 1,200 islands and islets in two parallel chains of coral atolls-the Ratak, or Sunrise, to the east, ...
- Rall, Johann
- (from the article "Trenton and Princeton, battles of") ...British general Sir William Howe forced the Americans to retreat through New Jersey and across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. Howe then went into winter quarters, leaving the Hessian colonel ...
- Rallidae
- (from the article "Rallidae") the rail family, a bird family that includes the species known as rail, coot, crake, and gallinule (qq.v.).gruiformsgruiform...with a rich ...
- rally
- automobile competition over a specified public route with a driver and navigator attempting to keep to a predetermined schedule between checkpoints. The course is generally unknown to contestants until the ... [12 Related Articles]
- Rally for the Republic
- former French political party formed by Jacques Chirac in 1976 that presumed to be heir to the traditions of Charles de Gaulle. It was the direct successor to the Gaullist ... [7 Related Articles]
- Rally of the French People
- (from the article "Rally for the Republic") The antecedents of the party trace to 1947, when de Gaulle organized the Rally of the French People (Rassemblement du Peuple Francais; RPF), originally conceived as a means by which ...
- Rally of the Guinean People
- (from the article "Guinea") Antoine Soromou, the longtime political ally of Alpha Conde, the leader of the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), was arrested for unspecified reasons on Jan. 6, 2005, following a ...
- Rally of the Togolese People
- (from the article "Togo") ...December 30, 1979, the first legislative elections since 1967 were held under a new constitution that formally placed Togo under civilian, one-party rule headed by President Eyadema and the Rally ...
- Ralov, Kirsten
- Danish dancer, ballet teacher, and, from 1978 to 1988, associate artistic director of the Royal Danish Ballet. [1 Related Articles]
- Ralph Of Coggeshall
- English chronicler of the late 12th and early 13th centuries.
- Ralston Purina Company
- former American manufacturer of cereals, packaged foods, pet food, and livestock feed. A merger with Nestle in December 2001 created Nestle Purina PetCare Company.
- Ralston, William C.
- (from the article "Belmont") city, San Mateo county, western California, U.S., near San Mateo. Settled in 1850 as a stagecoach station, it was known for its association with William C. Ralston, a Bank of ...
- raltegravir
- (from the article "Health and Disease") ...Pfizer and received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in August. The drug would be used to treat people with advanced HIV/AIDS who had not responded to other ...
- Ralu Vhimba
- (from the article "Venda") ...is also observed by the Venda, especially in the religious practice of the ancestor cult. Ancestral spirits, including those of chiefs, are among those thought to inhabit the Venda countryside. ...
- ram
- (from the article "goat") ...and hollow-horned mammal belonging to the genus Capra. Related to the sheep, the goat is lighter of build, has horns that arch backward, a short tail, and straighter hair. Male ...
- ram
- appurtenance fixed to the front end of a fighting vessel and designed to damage enemy ships when struck by it. It was possibly first developed by the Egyptians as early ... [3 Related Articles]
- ram
- (from the article "sheep") ...species of sheep, the outer coat takes the form of hair, and beneath this lies a short undercoat of fine wool that has been developed into the fleece of domesticated ...
- Ram Bagh
- (from the article "Babur") ...was killed. With his usual speed Babur occupied Delhi three days later and reached Agra on May 4. His first action there was to lay out a garden by the ...
- Ram Das
- fourth Sikh Guru and founder of the great Sikh centre of Amritsar, now headquarters or capital of the religion. [3 Related Articles]
- Ram Dass
- (from the article "New Age movement") ...Alpert, who, like Timothy Leary, was an advocate of the use of hallucinogenic drugs to achieve mystical experiences. Alpert, however, found enlightenment in India, and returning to the West as ...
- ram effect
- (from the article "jet engine") ...to this tendency is the additional pressure ratio developed in the engine's inlet as it slows down or diffuses the very high-speed airstream that is ingested as the engine's working ...
- Ram Gol
- (from the article "Hindu Kush") ...by a host of lesser mountains. Glaciers are poorly developed, but the mountain passes-which include Putsigram (13,450 feet [5,000 metres]), Veran (15,400 feet [4,694 metres]), Ram Gol (15,400 feet [4,694 ...
- Ram Janmabhoomi
- (from the article "India") ...deity Rama. The Babri Masjid, a mosque erected by the Mughal emperor Babur in Ayodhya, was said to have been built over the very site of Rama's birthplace, where a ...
- ram pressure
- (from the article "airspeed indicator") ...the speed of an aircraft relative to the surrounding air, using the differential between the pressure of still air (static pressure) and that of moving air compressed by the craft's ...
- Ram Rai
- (from the article "Ram Raiya") member of a group of dissenters within Sikhism, a religion of India. The Ram Raiyas are descendants of Ram Rai, the eldest son of Guru Har Rai (1630-61), who was ...
- Ram Raiya
- member of a group of dissenters within Sikhism, a religion of India. The Ram Raiyas are descendants of Ram Rai, the eldest son of Guru Har Rai (1630-61), who was ...
- Ram Singh
- Sikh philosopher and reformer and the first Indian to use noncooperation and boycott of British merchandise and services as a political weapon. [1 Related Articles]
- ram truck
- (from the article "industrial truck") ...on the front end designed to pick up loads on specially designed platforms, called pallets, elevate the load to the desired height, transport it, and deposit it at the desired ...
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