| | - Railroad Convention
- (from the article "railroad") ...though it exercised joint occupation of the Oregon Country until 1846, when under a treaty with Britain it gained possession of the Pacific coast between the 42nd and 49th parallels. ...
- Railroad Euchre
- (from the article "euchre") ...his own partner. Each member of a side scores the points due to the side as a whole. (Note that if the absolute highest card of a called suit is ...
- Railroad Retirement Act
- (from the article "Social Security Act") ...Congress in 1935 enacted the Social Security Act, providing old-age benefits to be financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. Railroad employees were covered separately under the Railroad ...
- railroad station
- (from the article "railroad") ...sited and have good highway access. Provision for intermodal traffic exchange has become increasingly important. Particularly in conurbations, the forecourt and surroundings of new passenger stations are laid out to ...
- railroad track
- (from the article "railroad") Railroad track and roadwayhistory of railroadsrailroadSource in inland water transport...because with the flange on the wheel debris was less likely ...
- Railroad Tycoon
- train business simulation game created by American game designer Sid Meier and the electronic game manufacturer MicroProse Software. The title debuted in 1990 and helped launch the successful Tycoon line ...
- Railton, Peter
- (from the article "ethics") ...argued that, among the desires that would be retained under idealized conditions, those that deserve the label "moral" must express the values of equal concern and respect for others. Railton, ...
- Railway Act
- (from the article "Gladstone, William Ewart") He embarked on a major simplification of the tariff and became a more thoroughgoing free trader than Peel. In 1843 he entered the Cabinet as president of the Board of ...
- Raimbaut de Vaqueyras
- (from the article "Provencal literature") ...style, though he also composed songs of charming simplicity; Arnaut de Mareuil, noteworthy for his exquisite delicacy of sentiment; the somewhat eccentric Peire Vidal of Toulouse; the chivalrous Raimbaut de ...
- Raimondi Stone
- (from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") ...feline fangs and faces. These have been interpreted as attendants of the god worshiped in that part of the temple, who had perhaps superseded the Smiling God and could have ...
- Raimondi, Marcantonio
- Italian Renaissance master of engraving whose prints did much to disseminate the style of the High Renaissance throughout Europe. [2 Related Articles]
- Raimundo, Don
- English Don Raymond archbishop and leading prelate of the 12th-century Spanish Christian church, whose patronage of the Toledan school of translators contributed greatly to medieval learning.
- Rain
- In 2007 South Korean pop singer and actor Rain topped Time magazine's online poll as the most influential person in the world. Though this status was undoubtedly testament more to ...
- rain
- precipitation of liquid water drops with diameters greater than 0.5 mm (0.02 inch). When the drops are smaller, the precipitation is usually called drizzle. See also precipitation. [11 Related Articles]
- rain attenuation
- (from the article "telecommunications media") ...due to scattering occur when airborne particles, such as water droplets or dust, present cross-sectional diameters that are of the same order as the signal wavelengths. Scattering loss due to ...
- rain dance
- (from the article "Native American dance") The rutuburi is the typical ritual dance of the northern Mexican Tarahumara for three agricultural festivals-rain, green corn, and harvest-and for death and memorial rites. After triple ...
- rain frog
- (from the article "narrow-mouthed toad") A variety of microhylids are found in Asia and Africa. The genus Breviceps (rain frogs) includes a number of plump, short-faced, African species. These live and breed on land. B. ...
- rain gauge
- (from the article "climate") The amount of precipitation falling during a fixed period is measured regularly at many thousands of places on Earth's surface by rather simple rain gauges. Measurement of precipitation intensity requires ...
- rain god
- (from the article "Native American dance") ...in hand gestures. The Kwakiutl of northwest North America evolved codified ceremonial sign languages, as did the Pueblos, Aztecs, and Maya. In San Juan Pueblo of New Mexico, the appearance ...
- Rain Queen
- (from the article "Lovedu") Lovedu kinship, politics, economy, and religion are united in the person of the Rain Queen. Her lineage is traced to Karanga (Shona) immigrants from what is now southern Zimbabwe. The ...
- rain shadow
- (from the article "rain shadow") lee side of an orographic (mountainous) barrier, which receives considerably less precipitation than the windward side. See orographic precipitation.India's climateIndiaThe ...
- rain splash
- (from the article "sheet erosion") There are two stages of sheet erosion. The first is rain splash, in which soil particles are knocked into the air by raindrop impact. A hundred tons of particles per ...
- rain-fed agriculture
- (from the article "agricultural technology") Attempts to increase the amount of precipitation from clouds by seeding them with salt or silver iodide have been made for nearly three decades. Both aircraft and ground generators have ...
- Rainald Of Dassel
- German statesman, chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, and archbishop of Cologne, the chief executor of the policies of the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in Italy. [2 Related Articles]
- Rainaldi, Carlo
- Baroque architect, one of the leading architects of 17th-century Rome, noted for the scenic grandeur of his designs. He collaborated with his father, Girolamo Rainaldi (q.v.), a distinguished architect who ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rainaldi, Girolamo
- Italian architect in the northern Italian Mannerist tradition, who became chief architect of Rome (in 1602) and of the papacy (1644).
- rainband
- (from the article "tropical cyclone") In addition to deep convective cells (compact regions of vertical air movement) surrounding the eye, there are often secondary cells arranged in bands around the centre. These bands, commonly called ...
- Rainborow, Thomas
- English soldier and republican who fought for Parliament during the English Civil Wars.
- rainbow
- series of concentric coloured arcs that may be seen when light from a distant source-most commonly the Sun-falls upon a collection of water drops-as in rain, spray, or fog. The ... [6 Related Articles]
- rainbow boa
- (from the article "boa") ...is the 1.8-metre (6-foot) emerald tree boa (Corallus caninus) of tropical South America; the adult is green above, with a white dorsal stripe and crossbars, and yellow below. The rainbow ...
- Rainbow Bridge National Monument
- rainbow-shaped natural bridge of pink sandstone spanning a canyon 290 feet (88 metres) above a creek that winds toward man-made Lake Powell in southern Utah, U.S., near the Utah-Arizona boundary. ... [1 Related Articles]
- rainbow lorikeet
- (from the article "lorikeet") The rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) is among the most spectacular and variable of the group, with 21 races scattered over the southwestern Pacific. Most races of this 150-gram (5-ounce) species ...
- rainbow runner
- (from the article "runner") The rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata) is a spectacularly coloured fish, metallic blue on the upper half of the body and yellow on the lower. Two deeper blue longitudinal lines complement ...
- rainbow trout
- (species Oncorhynchus mykiss), game fish of the family Salmonidae noted for its spectacular leaps and hard fighting when hooked. It has been introduced from western North America to many other ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rainbow/PUSH Coalition
- (from the article "Jackson, Jesse") ...his liberal views. In 1984 he established the National Rainbow Coalition, which sought equal rights for African Americans, women, and homosexuals. These two organizations merged in 1996 to form the ...
- raindrop
- (from the article "climate") Growing clouds are sustained by upward air currents, which may vary in strength from a few centimetres per second to several metres per second. Considerable growth of the cloud droplets ...
- Raine, Craig
- (from the article "English literature") ...popular), it was in the 1980s and '90s that the form was given renewed prominence by poets such as the Kipling-influenced James Fenton. An especially ambitious exercise in the narrative ...
- Raine, Kathleen
- English poet, scholar, and critic noted for her mystical and visionary poetry. [1 Related Articles]
- Raine, Norman Reilly
- (from the article "1937: Other Winners") Screenplay: Heinz Herald, Geza Herczeg, Norman Reilly Raine for The Life of Emile ZolaOriginal Story: William A. Wellman and Robert Carson for A Star Is BornCinematography: Karl Freund for The ...
- Rainer, Luise
- (from the article "1936: Best Actress") Other NomineesOscar for best actress, 19371937: Best Actress Other Nominees
- Rainer, Yvonne
- American avant-garde choreographer and filmmaker whose work in both disciplines often featured the medium's most fundamental elements rather than meeting conventional expectations. [1 Related Articles]
- Rainey, Joseph Hayne
- former American slave, the first black to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives (1870-79).
- Rainey, Ma
- American singer, the "mother of the blues," recognized as the first great black professional blues vocalist. [2 Related Articles]
- rainforest
- luxuriant forest, generally composed of tall, broad-leaved trees and usually found in wet tropical uplands and lowlands around the Equator. [2 Related Articles]
- Rainger, Ralph
- (from the article "1938: Other Winners") ...Korngold for The Adventures of Robin HoodScoring: Alfred Newman for Alexander's Ragtime BandSong: "Thanks for the Memory" from The Big Broadcast of 1938; music by Ralph Rainger, lyrics by Leo ...
- Rainhill Trials
- (from the article "railroad") ...second project, can logically be thought of as the first fully evolved railway to be built. It was intended to provide an extensive passenger service and to rely on locomotive ...
- Rainier III, prince de Monaco
- 31st hereditary ruler of the principality of Monaco (1949-2005). He was the son of Prince Pierre, count de Polignac, and Princess Charlotte de Monaco, daughter of Louis II, prince de ... [4 Related Articles]
- Rainier, Mount
- highest mountain (14,410 feet [4,392 metres]) in the state of Washington, U.S., and in the Cascade Range. It lies about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the city of Tacoma, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Rainilaiarivony
- (from the article "Madagascar") ...and French Roman Catholics vied for supremacy, while business proprietors obtained excessive concessions. This policy led to Radama's overthrow by the Merina oligarchy in 1863. The head of the army, ...
- Rainis
- Latvian poet and dramatist whose works were outstanding as literature and for their assertion of national freedom and social consciousness. [1 Related Articles]
- rainmaking
- any process of increasing the amount of precipitation discharged from a cloud. Primitive methods, such as rain dances or the throwing of pebbles into water, failed to produce rain, but ... [4 Related Articles]
- Rainolds, John
- (from the article "emotion") Using Aristotle's system of causal explanation, the 16th-century British philosopher John Rainolds defined emotion as follows: the efficient cause of emotions is God, who implanted them; the material cause is ...
- Rains, Claude
- British motion picture and stage character actor noted for his smooth, distinguished voice, polished, ironic style, and intelligent portrayal of a variety of roles, ranging from villains to sympathetic gentlemen.
- Rainsy, Sam
- (from the article "Cambodia") ...jailed in previous months were released, relaxing the political atmosphere considerably. Imprisoned parliamentarian Cheam Channy was then pardoned on February 6. A day earlier opposition leader Sam Rainsy had been ...
- Rainwater, James
- American physicist who won a share of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1975 for his part in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei. [1 Related Articles]
- Rainy Lake
- narrow lake astride the Canadian-U.S. border, between the U.S. state of Minnesota and the Rainy River district of northwestern Ontario, Can. It has an area of 360 square miles (932 ...
- Raipur
- city, capital of Chhattisgarh state, central India. The community was founded in the 14th century by Rai Brahma Deo of the Ratanpur dynasty. It served as headquarters of the former ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rais, Gilles de
- Breton baron, marshal of France, and man of wealth whose distinguished career ended in a celebrated trial for satanism, abduction, and child murder. His name was later connected with the ... [2 Related Articles]
- raise
- (from the article "mining") Vertical or subvertical connections between levels generally are driven from a lower level upward through a process called raising. Raises with diameters of two to five metres and lengths up ...
- raise borer
- (from the article "tunnels and underground excavations") ...upward by a cable in a previously down-drilled pilot hole. A more significant step toward mechanized shaft raising occurred in 1962 when American mole manufacturers developed a device called a ...
- raise climber
- (from the article "tunnels and underground excavations") ...often by upward mining with men working from a cage hung from a cable through a small pilot hole drilled downward from above. In 1957 this procedure was improved by ...
- raised bog
- (from the article "bog") ...of Sphagnum are sufficient to maintain a wet, stagnant environment above the original water table represented by the lake surface. Thus, continued upward growth of the bog plants creates a ...
- raised bread
- (from the article "bread") ...in much of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. The principal grains used in such breads are corn (maize), barley, millet, and buckwheat-all lacking sufficient gluten (elastic protein) to make ...
- raised work
- form of embroidery practiced in England in the 17th century, characterized by biblical and mythological scenes of padded plants, animals, birds, and the like in high relief. Panels, which were ...
- Raisen
- city, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The city lies at the foot of a spur of the Vindhya Range, on which stands an ancient sandstone fort with several palaces ...
- raisin
- dried fruit of certain varieties of grape. Raisin grapes were grown as early as 2000 BC in Persia and Egypt, and dried grapes are mentioned in the Bible (Numbers 6:3) ...
- raisin tree
- (species Hovenia dulcis), shrub or tree, of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), native to East Asia and sometimes cultivated in other regions. It is so-named because the fruit resembles a raisin ...
- Raisina Hill
- (from the article "Delhi") ...in 1911 to transfer the capital of India from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi, and a town planning committee was formed, a site was chosen three miles south of the ...
- raising
- (from the article "hollowware") ...utensils and artifacts. The simplest metalwork technique for making hollowware is to join pieces of sheet metal together, using rivets, solder, or other means. A riveted bucket is a simple ...
- raison d'etat
- (from the article "diplomacy") ...a diplomat should have one master and one policy. He created the Ministry of External Affairs to centralize policy and to ensure his control of envoys as he pursued the ...
- Raitenau, Wolf Dietrich von
- (from the article "Salzburg") ...were acknowledged as princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1278, and the city became the seat of their powerful ecclesiastical principality. Among the most notable of the prince-archbishops were ...
- Raitt, Bonnie
- American singer, songwriter, and guitarist whose wide musical range encompassed blues, folk, rhythm and blues, pop, and country rock. Touring and recording with some of the leading session musicians and ...
- Raitt, John Emmet
- American actor-singer (b. Jan. 29, 1917, Santa Ana, Calif.-d. Feb. 20, 2005, Pacific Palisades, Calif.), employed his lyrical baritone voice and strong good looks to create a powerful presence in ...
- Raivavae
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...Islands were often incised with dense patterns of triangles, crescents, stars, and cross-hatching. The edges of such works were often notched in rows. Such lavish decoration covers carvings from Raivavae, ...
- raj
- (from the article "India") The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 1857-59, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj ...
- Raj Gond
- (from the article "Gond") There is no cultural uniformity among the Gond. The most developed are the Raj Gond, who once had an elaborate feudal order. Local rajas, linked by ties of blood or ...
- Raj-Nandgaon
- city, Madhya Pradesh state, central India, just north of the Seonath River. It was the capital of the former Raj Nandgaon princely state, which merged with Durg district in 1948. ...
- Raja
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") There are three commentaries on the Samkhya-karika: that by Raja, much referred to but not extant; that by Gaudapada (7th century), on which there is a subcommentary Candrika by Narayanatirtha; ...
- raja
- (from the article "India") ...which went to war against Sudas. The Bharatas survived and continued to play an important role in historical tradition. In the Rigveda the head of a clan is called the ...
- Raja Abdullah
- (from the article "Perak War") ...British adviser to the sultan), which had been created as part of the Pangkor Engagement, a treaty between the British government and the Malay chiefs. Birch hoped through his influence ...
- Raja Bhoja's school
- (from the article "Dhar") ...an overthrown iron pillar (13th century) bearing a later inscription recording the visit of the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1598. Dhar also houses the Kamal Maula mausoleum and a mosque ...
- Raja Dhilu
- (from the article "Delhi") ...km). The national capital territory is bounded to the east by the state of Uttar Pradesh and on the north, west, and south by Haryana. It generally has been presumed ...
- Raja Kechil
- (from the article "Daing Parani") ...a people who came from the southern Celebes seeking trade opportunities. The Buginese were skilled and astute fighting men and were soon drawn into Malay political struggles. Daing Parani helped ...
- Raja Mahdi
- (from the article "Selangor Civil War") ...Malay chiefs gradually became polarized into two camps-generally the lower-river versus the upper-river chiefs. The main issue concerned the lucrative collection of duties on tin exports. Raja Mahdi, the dispossessed ...
- Raja Yoga
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") Though Patanjali's yoga is known as Raja Yoga (that in which one attains to self-rule), Hatha Yoga (hatha = "violence," "violent effort": ha = "sun," tha = "moon," hatha = ...
- Raja'i, Mohammad Ali
- Iranian politician who was prime minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1980 to 1981. [2 Related Articles]
- rajadharma
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...Santi Parvan ("Book of Consolation," 12th book) of the Mahabharata, there is also a notable account of the origin of kingship and of rajadharma, or the dharma ...
- Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti
- the only Indian governor-general of independent India. He became the founder and leader of the Swatantra (Independent) Party in 1959. [1 Related Articles]
- Rajagrha
- (from the article "India") ...son Ajatashatru-who achieved the throne through patricide-implemented his father's intentions within about 30 years. Ajatashatru strengthened the defenses of the Magadhan capital, Rajagrha, and built a small fort on the ...
- Rajahmundry
- city, Andhra Pradesh state, southern India, at the head of the Godavari River delta. In 1449 Rajahmundry was captured by Kapilesvara, the Orissa ruler. In 1757 it was ceded to ...
- rajakariya
- traditional system of land tenure in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) until the early 19th century in which land was granted in exchange for services rendered. The services expected were of ...
- Rajamanickam
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...outstanding Tamil company since the independence of India in 1947 has been the T.K.S. Brothers of Madras, famous for trick scenes and gorgeous settings. Also famous is the actor-producer-proprietor Rajamanickam, ...
- Rajang River
- river in East Malaysia (northwest Borneo), rising in the Iran Mountains and flowing southwest to Kapit, where it turns westward to complete its 350-mile (563-kilometre) course to the South China ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rajapakse, Mahinda
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") ...65,610 sq km (25,332 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 20,102,000 | Capitals: Colombo (executive and judicial); Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (legislative) | Head of state and government: President Mahinda ...
- Rajapalaiyam
- city, Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India, at the eastern foot of the Western Ghats. It is named after its Raju inhabitants, Telugu speakers who migrated during the Vijayanagar (1336-1565) conquest.
- Rajaraja I
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...in the South Indian style, the Brhadisvara, or Rajarajesvara, temple, built at the Cola capital of Thanjavur. A royal dedication of Rajaraja I, the temple was begun around 1003 and ...
- Rajaraja III
- (from the article "Ganga Dynasty") ...the mouth of the Ganges River in the north to the mouth of the Godavari River in the south; he began building the great Jagannatha temple at Puri at the ...
- Rajaram
- (from the article "India") The good fortune of Shivaji did not fall to his son and successor, Sambhaji, who was captured and executed by the Mughals in the late 1680s. His younger brother, Rajaram, ...
- Rajarata
- (from the article "Sri Lanka") ...and economic consequences. Population gradually shifted in the direction to which the capital was shifting; this led to neglect of the interconnected systems of water storage. The once-flourishing Rajarata became ...
- rajas
- (from the article "Samkhya") ...They make up the prakriti but are further important principally as physiopsychological factors. The highest one is sattva, which is illumination, enlightening knowledge, and lightness; the second is rajas, which ...
- Rajasiha, Kittisiri
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...(1794-1947) took over the entire island. Buddhism suffered considerable disruption under Portuguese and Dutch rule, and the higher ordination lineage lapsed. In the 18th century, however, King Kittisiri Rajasiah (1747-81), ...
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