| | - Raemaekers, Louis
- Dutch cartoonist who gained international fame with his anti-German cartoons during World War I. [1 Related Articles]
- Raeren brownware
- (from the article "pottery") ...with pewter or silver mounts. The Doppelfrieskruge were jugs with two molded friezes (usually portraying classical subjects) around the middle. They and the tankards were made in Raeren brownware by ...
- Raeti
- (from the article "Austria") ...tribes invaded the eastern Alps about 400 BC and eventually founded the kingdom of Noricum, the first "state" on Austrian territory known by name. In the west, however, the ancient ...
- Raetia
- ancient Roman province comprising Vorarlberg and Tirol states in present-day Austria, the eastern cantons of Switzerland, and parts of Bavaria and Baden-Wurttemberg states in Germany. Its native inhabitants were probably ... [3 Related Articles]
- Raetian language
- language spoken by the ancient Raetians in southern Germany and in the Alpine regions of Italy, Austria, and Switzerland in pre-Roman times. The language is known from a number of ...
- Raff and Gammon
- (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...continuous 47-foot (14-metre) film loop ran on spools between an incandescent lamp and a shutter for individual viewing. Starting in 1894, Kinetoscopes were marketed commercially through the firm of Raff ...
- Raff, Joachim
- German composer and teacher, greatly celebrated in his lifetime but nearly forgotten in the late 20th century.
- Raffarin, Jean-Pierre
- When newly reelected Pres. Jacques Chirac named Jean-Pierre Raffarin prime minister of France on May 6, 2002, fewer than half the French people knew who the latter was. That, of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Raffi
- celebrated Armenian novelist. [1 Related Articles]
- raffia palm
- (from the article "palm") ...tigillarium and Calamus erinaceus (and, in Borneo, Daemonorops longispathus) are found. In the Amazon estuary Raphia taedigera covers extensive areas; other species of the raffia palm dominate similar habitats in ...
- raffinose
- (from the article "nutrition, human") ...are glucose, fructose, and galactose; disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose. A slightly more complex type of carbohydrate is the oligosaccharide (e.g., raffinose and stachyose), which ...
- Raffles, Sir Stamford
- British East Indian administrator and founder of the port city of Singapore (1819), who was largely responsible for the creation of Britain's Far Eastern empire. He was knighted in 1816. [5 Related Articles]
- Rafflesia
- (from the article "Rafflesiaceae") The family Rafflesiaceae includes the following genera, mostly in the Old World subtropics: Pilostyles (22 species), Bdallophytum (4 species), Apodanthes (5 species), Rafflesia (12 species), Cytinus (6 species), Rhizanthes (1 ...
- Rafflesiaceae
- plant family in the Malpighiales order, notable for being strictly parasitic upon the roots or stems of other plants and for the remarkable growth forms exhibited as adaptations to this ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rafi
- (from the article "Israel Labour Party") The third partner was Rafi (an acronym for Reshimat Po'ale Yisra'el ["Israel Workers List"]), formed in 1965 when Ben-Gurion, after a political and personal feud with Eshkol, withdrew with his ...
- Rafi' al-Darajat
- (from the article "India") ...and violated the age-old Mughal notion of statecraft. In Farrukh-Siyar's place the brothers raised to the throne three young princes in quick succession within eight months in 1719. Two of ...
- Rafi' ibn Harthama
- (from the article "Iran") ...Mecca when they passed through Baghdad. But 'Amr remained useful to Baghdad so long as Khorasan was victimized by the rebels Ahmad al-Khujistani and, for longer, Rafi' ibn Harthama. After ...
- Rafidah
- (Arabic: "Rejectors"), broadly, Shi'ite Muslims who reject (rafd) the caliphate of Muhammad's two successors Abu Bakr and 'Umar. Many Muslim scholars, however, have stated that the term Rafidah cannot be ...
- Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
- naturalist, traveler, and writer who made major and controversial contributions to botany and ichthyology.
- Rafiqah, Al-
- (from the article "Raqqah, Al-") ...there in the 9th and 10th centuries. Mongol invasions in the 13th century destroyed much of the settlement. Gradually the town fell into decay and was replaced in importance by ...
- Rafsanjani, Hashemi
- Iranian cleric and politician, who was president of Iran from 1989 to 1997. [5 Related Articles]
- raft
- simplest type of watercraft, made up of logs or planks fastened together to form a floating platform. The earliest were sometimes made of bundles of reeds. Most rafts have been ...
- raft zither
- (from the article "stringed instrument") ...the flat zither; in Africa it is made either from a hollowed plank over which strings are fastened (board zither) or from individual narrow canes lashed together, each having one ...
- rafter
- (from the article "building construction") ...limited the use of sizable timbers to frames. These frames were usually rectangular in plan, with a central row of columns to support a ridgepole and matching rows of columns ...
- rag
- (from the article "papermaking") Cotton and linen fibres, derived from textile and garment mill cuttings; cotton linters (the short fibres recovered from the processing of cottonseed after the separation of the staple fibre); flax ...
- RAG Aktiengesellschaft
- German company that was created in order to consolidate all coal-mining activities in the Ruhr region. Company headquarters are in Essen.
- rag paper
- (from the article "printmaking") A fairly heavy pure rag paper is normally used. It is soaked until its fibres are softened and then, before printing, it is blotted until no surface water is visible. ...
- rag worm
- any of a group of mostly marine or shore worms of the class Polychaeta (phylum Annelida). A few species live in fresh water. Other common names include mussel worm, pileworm, ... [8 Related Articles]
- rag, the
- (from the article "confidence game") ...for him to bet on the winner after the race was won. As soon as the mark committed a large amount of money, sometimes as much as $250,000, the operators ...
- rag-dung
- (from the article "wind instrument") ...organ, along with the oboe (hichiriki). In Tibet the low-pitched chanting of Buddhist monks is accompanied by a variety of instruments, the most spectacular of which is the long copper ...
- raga
- (from Sanskrit, meaning "colour" or "passion") in the classical music of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, a melodic framework for improvisation and composition. A raga is based on a scale with ... [8 Related Articles]
- ragam-tanam-pallavi
- (from the article "South Asian arts") The longest item in the South Indian concert, called ragam-tanam-pallavi, is, on the other hand, mostly improvised. It begins with a long alapa, called ragam in this context, presumably because ...
- ragamala
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...distinguished. Some splendid portraits of him, more lyrical and poetic in concept than contemporary Mughal portraits, are to be found. A wonderful series depicting symbolically the musical modes (ragamala) also ...
- ragbenle
- (from the article "Temne") The chief's office is partly religious, and he is sometimes a member of the ragbenle and poro male secret societies. The
- Ragenfrid
- (from the article "Chilperic II") As the alleged son of Childeric II, Chilperic was taken from a monastery (where he was living under the religious name of Daniel) and made king of Neustria in 715 ...
- ragfish
- (genus Icosteus aenigmaticus), marine fish, the single species in the family Icosteidae (order Perciformes). The ragfish is found throughout the North Pacific. The name refers to their floppy, limp bodies, ...
- ragged school
- any of the 19th-century English and Scottish institutions maintained through charity and fostering various educational and other services for poor children, such as elementary schooling, industrial training, religious instruction, clothing ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ragged School Union
- (from the article "ragged school") ...children, such as elementary schooling, industrial training, religious instruction, clothing clubs, and messenger and bootblack brigades. The schools were allied in 1844 with the founding of the Ragged School Union ...
- Raggi, I
- (from the article "Italy") ...Disillusionment with French policies, however, did not reconcile the Italian Jacobins with their former rulers; instead, it bolstered their nationalism. In Piedmont, for instance, a secret society, I Raggi ("The ...
- Raghavanka
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...of the Saiva saints, including the Virasaiva (or Lingayat) and the earlier Tamil Nayanars. In the early 13th century, his disciple and nephew, Raghavanka, wrote, in satpadis (six-line stanzas), of ...
- Raghuji Bhonsle
- (from the article "India") ...of Vyamkoji at Thanjavur, both of whom claimed a status equal to that of the Satara raja, the line at Nagpur was clearly subordinate to the Satara rulers. A crucial ...
- Raghunath
- (from the article "Pudukkottai") town, administrative headquarters of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu state, southern India, located 237 mi (381 km) south of Madras city, the state capital. It was founded by Raghunath, raja of ...
- Raghunath Rao
- (from the article "India") ...India, Hastings was the victim of Bombay brashness and of directorial blunders. A succession struggle in Pune for the peshwa-ship led Bombay to support Raghunatha Rao in ...
- Raghunatha Siromani
- philosopher and logician who brought the New Nyaya school, representing the final development of Indian formal logic, to its zenith of analytic power. [2 Related Articles]
- Ragib Pasa, Koca
- (from the article "Turkish literature") The leading poet of the middle of the 18th century was Koca Ragib Pasa, whose public life was that of a high bureaucrat and diplomat. His career extended from serving ...
- raglan sleeve
- (from the article "Raglan, FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron") Raglan's name was applied to the raglan sleeve, which came into use in about 1855.
- Raglan, FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron
- field marshal, first British commander in chief during the Crimean War. His leadership in the war has usually been criticized. [2 Related Articles]
- Ragnar Lothbrok
- Viking whose life passed into legend in medieval European literature.
- Ragnarok
- (Old Norse: "Doom of the Gods"), in Scandinavian mythology, the end of the world of gods and men. The Ragnarok is fully described only in the Icelandic poem Voluspa ("Sibyl's ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ragnvald
- (from the article "Scotland") ...successfully asserted his authority in the northern and western isles and made an agreement with the king of Scots on their respective spheres of influence. A mid-12th-century earl of Orkney, ...
- ragout a brun
- (from the article "stew") The French ragout a brun is a brown stew that is flavoured with garlic, tomato, and herbs. A navarin is a ragout a brun made with lamb or mutton; navarin ...
- Rags to Riches
- (from the article "Equestrian Sports") ...next to last in a field of 20 to win the 133rd Kentucky Derby by 212 lengths over Hard Spun as the 4.90-1 favourite. Curlin finished third. Five weeks later ...
- ragtime
- propulsively syncopated musical style, one forerunner of jazz and the predominant style of American popular music from about 1899 to 1917. Ragtime evolved in the playing of honky-tonk pianists along ... [4 Related Articles]
- Ragunan Zoological Gardens
- zoo in Jakarta, Indon., that is one of the world's notable collections of Southeast Asian flora and fauna. More than 3,500 specimens of approximately 450 animal species are exhibited on ...
- Ragusa
- city, southeastern Sicily, Italy. The city lies in the Hyblaei Hills above the gorge of the Irminio River, west of Syracuse. The old lower town of Ragusa Ibla (on the ...
- Ragusan Dalmatian
- (from the article "Dalmatian language") extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot ...
- ragweed
- (genus Ambrosia), any of a group of about 40 species of weedy plants of the family Asteraceae. Most species are native to North America. The ragweeds are coarse annuals with ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rahab
- (from the article "biblical literature") ...of Jesse, the father of David (the architect of the Israelite empire), which may be the reason why this story was included in Joshua. Also in the New Testament, in ...
- Rahabi, David Ezekiel
- (from the article "Bene Israel") ...of a Jewish community in India first attracted public attention-from David Rahabi, who according to Bene Israel tradition may have arrived as early as AD 1000, but who may have ...
- Rahad River
- (from the article "Nile River") The Blue Nile, the most important of the three great Ethiopian affluents, plays an overwhelming part in bringing the Nile flood to Egypt. It receives two tributaries in The Sudan-the ...
- Rahad Scheme
- (from the article "Sudan, The") ...of Khartoum. Other major farming areas are watered by the Khashm Al-Qirbah Dam on the 'Atbarah River and by the Ar-Rusayris Dam, which provides irrigation water for the Rahad Scheme.
- rahbaniyah
- (Arabic: "monasticism"), the monastic state, whose admissibility in Islam is much disputed by Muslim theologians. The term appears but once in the Qur'an: "And we set in the hearts of ... [1 Related Articles]
- rahbar
- (from the article "Iran") ...executive, parliament, and judiciary are overseen by several bodies dominated by the clergy. At the head of both the state and oversight institutions is the leader, or
- Rahi, Sultan
- (MUHAMMAD SULTAN), Pakistani actor whose film Maula Jat broke box-office records and established Punjabi as the major language of Pakistani cinema (b. 1938--d. Jan. 9, 1996).
- rahil
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...poem's speaker comes across a deserted encampment and muses nostalgically about times past and especially about his absent beloved. Via a transition, a second section (the rahil) ...
- Rahimyar Khan
- town, southern Punjab province, Pakistan. The town was founded in 1751 as Naushehra and received its present name in 1881. It is linked by road and rail with Bahawalpur, Multan, ...
- Rahit
- (from the article "Sikhism") ...upon initiation into the Khalsa, are now bestowed to all Sikhs in a birth and naming ceremony (see below Rites and festivals). All of these changes have been incorporated into the ...
- rahit-nama
- in Sikhism, sets of guidelines that govern the behaviour of Sikhs. The rahit-namas provide systematic statements of the principles of the Khalsa (the community of initiated Sikhs) ... [3 Related Articles]
- Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah
- (from the article "Qatar") ...the ruling family throughout the 20th century. Following the departure of the Al Khalifah from Qatar, the country was ruled by a series of transitory sheikhs, the most famous of ...
- Rahman, A.R.
- Although it opened on Broadway in April 2004 to scathing reviews, the musical Bombay Dreams was a commercial hit and exposed North American audiences to A.R. Rahman, India's hottest composer. ...
- Rahman, Hasim
- (from the article "Boxing") ...a series of injuries and did not fight at all in 2005. He announced his retirement after having surgery to repair his right knee, which was injured while training for ...
- Rahman, Maulana Fazlur
- (from the article "United Arab Emirates") ...election at a future date. The government reiterated its stance on promoting a moderate form of Islam and rooting out radical elements in the country. This position was underscored in ...
- Rahman, Mujibur
- Bengali leader and first prime minister (1972-75) and later president (1975) of Bangladesh. [6 Related Articles]
- Rahman, Shamsur
- Bengali poet, journalist, and human rights advocate (b. Oct. 24, 1929, Dacca, British India [now Dhaka, Bangladesh]-d. Aug. 17, 2006, Dhaka), earned the designation "unofficial poet laureate of Bangladesh" with ...
- Rahman, Zia ur-
- (from the article "Bangladesh") ...and declared East Pakistan the independent state of Bangladesh. Internal resistance was mobilized by some Bengali units of the regular army. Among the most notable of the resistance leaders was ...
- Rahmaniyah
- (from the article "Suhrawardiyah") ...at Ardabil, Iran, gave rise to the Iranian Safavid dynasty (1502-1736) and several Turkish branches active against the Ottomans early in the 16th century. The Algerian Rahmaniyah grew out of ...
- Rahmat Ali, Choudhary
- (from the article "Pakistan") Also missing at the time was a name to describe such a South Asian country where Muslims would be masters of their own destiny. That task fell to Choudhary Rahmat ...
- Rahner, Karl
- German Jesuit priest who is widely considered to have been one of the foremost Roman Catholic theologians of the 20th century. He is best known for his work in Christology ... [3 Related Articles]
- Rahr Plains
- geographic region that composes part of the Lower Ganges Plains in northern West Bengal state, eastern India, with an area of about 12,400 square miles (32,000 square km). Except in ...
- Rahula
- (from the article "Buddha") When he had been informed seven days earlier that his wife had given birth to a son, he said, "A fetter has arisen." The child was named Rahula, meaning "fetter." ...
- Rahv, Philip
- Ukrainian-born American critic who was cofounder (1933) with William Phillips of The Partisan Review, a journal of literature and social thought.
- Rai
- tribe indigenous to northeastern Nepal, living west of the Arun River in the area drained by the Sun Kosi River, at elevations of 5,500-7,700 feet (1,700-2,300 m), and also in ...
- rai
- (from the article "Performing Arts") Farther north the Algerian rai music scene lost one of its most colourful and legendary singers with the passing of Cheikha Rimitti in May 2006. (See Obituaries.) ...
- Raiatea
- largest island of the Iles Sous le Vent (Leeward Islands), in the Society Islands, French Polynesia, in the central South Pacific Ocean. With an area of 92 square miles (238 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Raich, Benjamin
- Austrian Alpine skier who won gold medals in both the slalom and the giant slalom (GS) at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. [4 Related Articles]
- Raichur
- city, eastern Karnataka (formerly Mysore) state, southern India. It contains a palace-citadel (1294) and fort (c. 1300) built on a hill 290 feet (88 m) above the surrounding plain. In ...
- raiding
- (from the article "tactics") The oldest, most primitive field tactics are those that rely on concealment and surprise-i.e., the ambush and the raid. Such tactics, which are closely connected to those used in hunting ...
- Raiganj
- city, northern West Bengal state, northeastern India, on the Kulik River. An important agricultural-trade and jute-exporting centre, it is connected by road with English Bazar and with Dinajpur (in Bangladesh). ...
- Raigarh
- historic region of western India, immediately south of Bombay, formerly a princely state of the Chhattisgarh states. Though part of the Konkan coastal plain, its terrain undulates with rugged transverse ...
- Raigarh
- city, northwestern Madhya Pradesh state, central India, just west of the Kelo River, a tributary of the Mahanadi. The city was capital of the former Raigarh princely state. A major ...
- raigo
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...image of the descending Amida takes on central prominence. This image of the Amida Buddha and attendants descending from the heavens to greet the soul of the dying believer is ...
- Raijua Island
- (from the article "Sawu Island") island and island group in the Savu Sea, Nusa Tenggara Timur provinsi ("province"), Indonesia. The island group includes Sawu (160 square miles [414 square km]), Raijua (14 square miles [36 ...
- Raikes, Robert
- British journalist, philanthropist, and pioneer of the Sunday-school movement. His philanthropic work began with a concern with prison reform. [1 Related Articles]
- Raikin, Arkady Isaakovich
- Soviet comedian and variety-show entertainer, among the most popular and respected Soviet humorists of the 20th century.
- Raikkonen, Kimi
- (from the article "Automobile Racing") The battle to become the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Formula 1 (F1) world drivers' champion took several unexpected turns in 2007 as veteran driver Kimi Raikkonen (Ferrari) of Finland ...
- rail
- any of 127 species of slender, somewhat chicken-shaped marsh birds, with short rounded wings, short tail, large feet, and long toes, of the family Rallidae (order Gruiformes). The name is ... [3 Related Articles]
- rail
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") ...end of a crane, also on a dolly. In some cases the assemblage is smoothly driven to follow the action being pictured, such as movement along a street. If the ...
- rail
- (from the article "railroad") The modern railroad rail has a flat bottom, and its cross section is much like an inverted T. An English engineer, Charles Vignoles, is credited with the invention of this ...
- rail-babbler
- any member of the songbird subfamily Orthonychinae (order Passeriformes), placed by some authorities with other babblers in the family Timaliidae and by others near the subfamily Timaliinae when the latter ...
- rail-highway grade crossing
- (from the article "traffic control") ...traffic control and safety problems can exist where rail systems cross road networks at the same grade or level (i.e., without a bridge or tunnel to separate them). These areas, ...
- railroad
- mode of land transportation in which flange-wheeled vehicles move over two parallel steel rails, or tracks, either by self-propulsion or by the propulsion of a locomotive. [101 Related Articles]
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