Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

reverse-biased junction ... Reymond, Pierre

reverse-biased junction: (from the article "integrated circuit") ...in the n material will still be attracted to the positive voltage, but the voltage will now be on the same side of the barrier as the electrons. In this ...
reverse-blocking state: (from the article "semiconductor device") ...current-voltage characteristic of a thyristor is illustrated in Figure 6C. It exhibits three distinct regions: the forward-blocking (or off) state, the forward-conducting (or on) state, and the reverse-blocking state, which ...
reverse-phase chromatography: (from the article "separation and purification") A significant liquid-solid chromatography procedure is reverse-phase chromatography, in which the liquid mobile phase is water combined with an organic solvent such as methanol or acetonitrile and the stationary phase ...
reversed-field pinch: (from the article "nuclear fusion") ...within the plasma. Since the late 1960s the tokamak has been the major focus of magnetic fusion research worldwide, though other approaches such as the stellarator, the compact torus, and ...
reversed-search problem: (from the article "operations research") A "reversed-search" problem arises when the search procedure is not under control but the object of the search is. Most retailers, for example, cannot control the manner in which customers ...
reversibility: in thermodynamics, a characteristic of certain processes (changes of a system from an initial state to a final state spontaneously or as a result of interactions with other systems) that ... [3 Related Articles]
reversible dehydration: (from the article "zeolite") This ease of movement of ions and water within the framework allows reversible dehydration and cation exchange, properties which vary considerably with chemical and structural differences. Dehydration character varies with ...
reversible double-woven cloth: (from the article "textile") Reversible double-woven cloth is produced by multiple plain weaving. It is woven in two layers, which may be completely independent, may be joined at one or both selvages, may be ...
reversible hydrogen electrode: (from the article "electrochemical reaction") ...If all the reactions are fast enough, an equilibrium is attained between hydrogen ions and gaseous hydrogen. A metal in contact with solution at which such a situation exists is ...
reversible phosphorylation: (from the article "Fischer, Edmond H.") Fischer and Krebs made their discoveries in the mid-1950s while studying reversible phosphorylation-i.e., the attachment or detachment of phosphate groups to cell proteins. The two men were the first to ...
reversible toxic response: (from the article "poison") ...their eventual outcomes; the body can recover from some toxic responses, while others are irreversible. Irritation of the upper respiratory tract by inhaled formaldehyde gas, for example, is rapidly reversible ...
reversible-pump turbine: (from the article "turbine") Modern pumped storage units in the United States normally use reversible-pump turbines that can be run in one direction as pumps and in the other direction as turbines. These are ...
reversing falls rapids: (from the article "Saint John River") ...(130 km). Just above Grand Falls, the river enters Canada and flows through New Brunswick into the Bay of Fundy at Saint John. At Grand Falls the river drops 75 ...
reversing layer: (from the article "chromosphere") ...obscured by the Moon. Except during eclipses, it can be observed only with special instruments-i.e., the spectroheliograph or coronagraph. The lower chromosphere was formerly called the reversing layer because it ...
reversing thermometer: (from the article "undersea exploration") ...it is inverted, its mercury column breaks. The amount of mercury remaining in the graduated capillary portion of the thermometer indicates the temperature at the point of inversion. This type ...
reversion: in Anglo-American law, interest held by a prior owner in property given to another, which, upon the happening of some future event, will return to that prior owner. A reversion ... [1 Related Articles]
Revillagigedo Islands: archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, approximately 300 miles (500 km) south-southwest of the tip of the Baja California peninsula and 370 miles (595 km) west-southwest of Cape Corrientes on the ...
Revised Standard Version: (from the article "Books of the Bible") The American Standard Version had been an expression of sensitivity to the needs of the American public. At the same time, several individual and unofficial translations into modern speech made ...
revisionism: (from the article "international relations") ...left-liberal scholars smarting from the excesses of McCarthyism and new leftists of the Vietnam era began publishing revisionist interpretations of the origins of the Cold War. The "hard revisionism" of ...
revisionism: in Marxist thought, originally the late 19th-century effort of Eduard Bernstein to revise Marxist doctrine. Rejecting the labour theory of value, economic determinism, and the significance of the class struggle, ... [8 Related Articles]
revitalization movement: organized attempt to create a more satisfying culture, with the new culture often modeled after previous modes of living. Nativistic, revivalistic, messianic, millenarian, and utopian movements are all varieties of ... [1 Related Articles]
Revius, Jacobus: Dutch Calvinist poet long esteemed only as a theologian but later acknowledged as the greatest Christian lyricist of his period. [1 Related Articles]
revivalism: generally, renewed religious fervour within a Christian group, church, or community, but primarily a movement in some Protestant churches to revitalize the spiritual ardour of their members and win new ... [6 Related Articles]
Revive Han Association: (from the article "China") ...in order to plan an uprising, but the scheme ended unsuccessfully. Early in 1900 the Revive China Society revolutionaries also formed a kind of alliance with the Brothers and Elders, ...
Revlon: (from the article "Revson, Charles H") ...was passed over for the position of national distributor. That same year, during the depths of the Great Depression, Revson joined with his brother Joseph and a chemist, Charles Lachman, ...
Revolucion, Plaza de la: (from the article "Havana") The expansive Plaza de la Revolucion, west of Old Havana, is the site of President Castro's major speeches, which are delivered before crowds of, it is estimated, up to 1,000,000 ...
Revolution: (from the article "roller coaster") In 1976, with the first successful vertical loop, the Great American Revolution ride at Six Flags Magic Mountain (Valencia, Calif.) heralded a new age for looping coasters. Now known simply ...
revolution: in social and political science, a major, sudden, and hence typically violent alteration in government and in related associations and structures. The term is used by analogy in such expressions ... [21 Related Articles]
Revolution Day: public holiday celebrated in Egypt to commemorate the military coup of July 23, 1952, that led to the end of the monarchy and the establishment of an independent republic.
Revolution Peak: mountain in the northwestern Pamirs range in Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (province), Tajikistan. At 22,880 feet (6,974 m), it is the highest point in the eastern part of the Yazgulem Range. ... [1 Related Articles]
Revolution Square: (from the article "Bucharest") Republic Square-with the palace hall and the historic Cretulescu Church (1722)-is one of the most beautiful squares of the city. It is linked to Revolution Square (formerly Palace Square), which ...
Revolution, Council of the: (from the article "Portugal") The role of the military as the watchdog of the 1974 revolution and the subsequent transition to democracy was enshrined by the 1976 constitution in the Council of the Revolution. ...
Revolution, The: weekly American women's rights newspaper, first published on January 8, 1868, under the proprietorship of Susan B. Anthony and edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury. [1 Related Articles]
Revolutionary Command Council: (from the article "Iraq") ...Under a provisional constitution adopted by the party in 1970, Iraq was confirmed as a republic, with legislative power theoretically vested in an elected legislature but also in the party-run ...
Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation: (from the article "Nimeiri, Gaafar Mohamed el-") ...Fort Leavenworth, Kan. Three years later he overthrew the civilian regime of Isma'il al-Azhari and was promoted to major general. He became prime minister and chairman of the Revolutionary Command ...
Revolutionary Committee: (from the article "Honan") ...and county-level municipalities (shih). The province was badly affected by political conflict during the Cultural Revolution. During much of that time it was governed by a provincial Revolutionary Committee, which ...
Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action: (from the article "National Liberation Front") The FLN was created by the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (Comite Revolutionnaire d'Unite et d'Action [CRUA]), a group of young Algerian militants, organized in March 1954. The CRUA ...
Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma: (from the article "Ne Win, U") ...down that same year after U Nu's reelection and the restoration of parliamentary government. However, on March 2, 1962, Ne Win carried out a coup d'etat, imprisoning U Nu and ...
Revolutionary Ensemble: (from the article "Performing Arts") ...the 1960s who had emerged from decades of self-imposed obscurity in 2003, advanced his second jazz career with European tours and appearances at New York's Vision Festival. At the same ...
Revolutionary Front: (from the article "Suriname") ...leaders, initially without a clear political ideology, began to take a conciliatory approach toward left-wing radical factions close to the NMR, which led to the formation in August 1981 of ...
Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor: (from the article "East Timor (Timor-Leste)") The general elections in late June resulted in widespread violence and arson. Fretilin, the ruling party, won the most seats with 29% of the vote, but the Fretilin leader, former ...
Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic: (from the article "Sumatera Barat") ...Sumatera Barat, together with the rest of Sumatra, was incorporated into the Republic of Indonesia in 1950. The province was a seat of rebellion against the Sukarno government in early ...
revolutionary group: (from the article "Russia") The intelligentsia did not consist of active revolutionaries, although it preferred the revolutionaries to the government, but it was from the intelligentsia that the professional revolutionaries were largely recruited. The ...
Revolutionary Guards: (from the article "Iran") Iran's military obtains much of its manpower from conscription, and males are required to serve 21 months of military service. The army is the largest branch of Iran's military, followed ...
Revolutionary Party: (from the article "Guatemala") There is a constant flux in the formation and demise of political parties. Those displaying the most continuity are the Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario; PR), which has shifted from left ...
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification: (from the article "El Salvador") Elected to a six-year term as president in 1950, Osorio organized the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificacion Democratica; PRUD) and launched a variety of reform projects, ...
Revolutionary Party of Tanzania: (from the article "Tanzania") On the eve of 2006, the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party won a landslide victory in Tanzania's parliamentary and presidential elections. The new president, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, appointed the ...
Revolutionary People's Party: (from the article "Suriname") ...toward left-wing radical factions close to the NMR, which led to the formation in August 1981 of the Revolutionary Front, headed by Lieutenant Colonel Desi Bouterse. The Front included the ...
Revolutionary People's Struggle: (from the article "Greece") In February 2004 the trial of five suspected members of Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA), an extreme-left terrorist organization, opened, with one defendant admitting having been a member of ELA and ...
Revolutionary Socialist Party: (from the article "Sneevliet, Hendricus") On returning to Europe, Sneevliet was employed by the Communist International. After 1924 he limited his activities to The Netherlands, where he founded the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1929 and ...
Revolutionary Struggle: (from the article "Greece") On January 12 a rocket-propelled grenade was fired at the U.S. embassy in Athens, causing minor material damage. The extremist Revolutionary Struggle group claimed responsibility for the attack. No suspects ...
revolutionary terrorism: (from the article "terrorism") Revolutionary terrorism is arguably the most common form. Practitioners of this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition of a political system and its replacement with new structures. Modern instances ...
Revolutionary Trade Union Movement: (from the article "Zapotocky, Antonin") ...served as secretary-general of the Communist Trade Unions from 1929 to 1939, an association that gave him political strength and recognition. Thus, after World War II when the Revolutionary Trade ...
Revolutionary Tribunal: court that was instituted in Paris by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders. It became one of the most powerful engines of the ... [2 Related Articles]
Revolutionary Ukrainian Party: (from the article "Ukraine") ...Toward the end of the century, younger, primarily student-led hromadas became involved in more overtly political activities. One such group in Kharkiv developed into the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party, which in ...
Revolutionary United Front: (from the article "Sierra Leone") ...Sierra Leone, with the help of the UN, was preoccupied with the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) war-crimes tribunal. A number of cases were heard involving the leading members ...
Revolutionary Youth League: (from the article "Vietnam") ...movement, had appeared on the scene as an expatriate revolutionary in South China. He was Nguyen Ai Quoc, better known by his later pseudonym of Ho Chi Minh. In June ...
revolutionization: (from the article "China") ...World," which summarized most of Mao's doctrinal principles on contradiction, class struggle, and political structure and operation. This summary provided the basis for the reeducation ("revolutionization") of all youth hoping ...
revolve: (from the article "stage design") ...casters so that it can be quickly rolled onstage and offstage; the jackknife stage, similar to the wagon except that it is anchored at one corner from which it pivots ...
revolver: pistol (q.v.) whose multi-shot action depends on a revolving cylinder. Some early versions, known as "pepperboxes," had several barrels, but as early as the 17th century pistols were manufactured with ... [4 Related Articles]
revolving credit: system of retail credit in which the buyer makes periodic payments to an account to which his purchases and service charges have been debited. The service charge is based on ...
revolving stage: theatrical device for scene changes, or shifts, by which three or more settings are constructed on a turntable around a central pivot and revolved before the audience. It was invented ... [2 Related Articles]
revolving-beam lighthouse: (from the article "lighthouse") Although the mirror could effectively concentrate the light into an intense beam, it was necessary to rotate it to make it visible from any direction. This produced the now familiar ...
revolving-cup electric anemometer: (from the article "anemometer") device for measuring the speed of airflow in the atmosphere, in wind tunnels, and in other gas-flow applications. Most widely used for wind-speed measurements is the revolving-cup electric anemometer, in ...
Revson, Charles H: American businessman who turned a $300 investment into the largest retail cosmetics and fragrance manufacturing firm in the United States, with more than 3,000 products and annual sales at his ...
revue: light form of theatrical entertainment consisting of unrelated acts (songs, dances, skits, and monologues) that portray and sometimes satirize contemporary persons and events. [1 Related Articles]
Revue des Deux Mondes: fortnightly journal of criticism of and commentary on literature and other arts, published in Paris in 1829 and from 1831 to 1944. It was one of a number of journals ... [3 Related Articles]
Revuelta, Pilar: (from the article "2006: Other Winners") ...Little Miss SunshineAdapted Screenplay: William Monahan for The DepartedCinematography: Guillermo Navarro for Pan's LabyrinthArt Direction: Eugenio Caballero (art direction) and Pilar Revuelta (set decoration) for Pan's LabyrinthOriginal Score: Gustavo Santaolalla ...
Revueltas, Jose: Mexican novelist, short-story writer, and political activist who was one of the originators of the new Mexican novel.
Revueltas, Rosaura: Mexican actress (b. 1910?, Durango, Mex.--d. April 30, 1996, Cuernavaca, Mex.), gave a vibrant performance in the controversial film Salt of the Earth (1954), which was based on a violent ...
Revueltas, Silvestre: Mexican composer, teacher, and violinist, best known for his colourfully orchestrated music of distinctive rhythmic vitality. [1 Related Articles]
Revuers, the: (from the article "Holliday, Judy") ...word for holiday. After working briefly as a switchboard operator for Orson Welles's Mercury Theatre ensemble, she joined with several friends to form a comedy sketch troupe in 1939. Called ...
Rewa: town, northeastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The town was chosen as the capital of the former Rewa princely state in 1597 and served also as capital of the British ...
Rewa River: longest and most important stream of Fiji, South Pacific Ocean. Rising in north-central Viti Levu on the flanks of Tomanivi, Fiji's highest point (4,344 feet [1,324 metres]), it flows southeast ...
rewarding: (from the article "human resources management") ...from pre-employment, preparatory job training to executive development programs; (5) collective bargaining-negotiating agreements and following through in day-to-day administration; (6) rewarding-providing financial and nonfinancial incentives for individual commitment and contribution; ...
Rewari: city, southern Haryana state, northwestern India. It is connected by rail to Delhi (northeast). A historic centre of trade between Delhi and Rajasthan, Rewari is said to have been built ...
rewritable disc: (from the article "information processing") Since the introduction of this technology, three main types of optical storage media have become available: (1) rewritable, (2) write-once read-many (WORM), and (3) compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM). Rewritable ...
Rex cat: curly-coated breed of domestic cat that has a dense, soft coat lacking any projecting guard hairs, or outer coat. Except on the head, legs, and paws, the coat forms fairly ...
rex sacrorum: (from the article "priesthood") ...in ancient Rome when the agricultural religion of Numa (the legendary second king) was transformed into an institutional state cult in the republic, it was organized as a hierarchy with ...
Rexburg: city, seat (1913) of Madison county, southeastern Idaho, U.S. Founded by Mormon farmers led by Thomas Ricks in 1883, the city lies in the irrigated agricultural district of the Snake ...
Rexist Party of Belgium: (from the article "Belgium") ...in accordance with the ideas of the socialist theorist Hendrik de Man. At the same time, there emerged two Belgian parties: a strictly Flemish party that enjoyed little success and ...
Rexroth, Kenneth: American painter, essayist, poet, and translator, an early champion of the Beat movement.
Rexurdimento: (from the article "Galicia") ...when its metre, drawing on that of Provencal, showed greater refinement and versatility than the then relatively underdeveloped Castilian metre. Other noteworthy literary periods include the Rexurdimento ("Resurgence" or "Revival") ...
Rey, Abel: (from the article "Positivism") ...now largely forgotten. But The Grammar of Science (1892), written by Karl Pearson, a scientist, statistician, and philosopher of science, still receives some attention; and in France it was Abel ...
Rey, Fernando: (FERNANDO CASADO ARAMBILLET VEIGA), Spanish actor (b. Sept. 20, 1917, La Coruna, Spain--d. March 9, 1994, Madrid, Spain), excelled at portraying suave, complex villains, especially in a series of motion ...
Rey, Margret Elisabeth: German-born U.S. writer and illustrator who (with her husband, H.A. Rey, and later with Allan J. Shalleck) created the widely popular children's books about Curious George, an irrepressible monkey; the ...
Reye syndrome: acute neurologic disease that develops primarily in children following influenza, chicken pox, or other viral infections. It may result in accumulation of fat in the liver and swelling of the ... [3 Related Articles]
Reye, R. D. K.: (from the article "Reye syndrome") ...following influenza, chicken pox, or other viral infections. It may result in accumulation of fat in the liver and swelling of the brain. The disease was first reported by the ...
Reyes y Florentino, Isabelo de los: (from the article "Philippine Independent Church") independent church organized in 1902 after the Philippine revolution of 1896-98 as a protest against the Spanish clergy's control of the Roman Catholic Church. Cofounders of the church were Isabelo ...
Reyes, Alfonso: poet, essayist, short-story writer, literary scholar and critic, educator, and diplomat, generally considered one of the most distinguished Mexican men of letters of the 20th century. [1 Related Articles]
Reyes, Anthony: (from the article "Baseball") ...defeated the Tigers 7-2 behind home runs by Scott Rolen and Albert Pujols. (See Biographies.) In the first World Series opening game ever started by two rookie ...
Reyes, Bernardo: (from the article "Madero, Francisco") Madero's former supporter Bernardo Reyes led the first uprising against him, which was easily suppressed. Two more conservative-inspired rebellions led, respectively, by Pascual Orozco and the former president's nephew, Felix ...
Reyes, Jose: (from the article "Baseball") ...Justin Morneau, who was named AL MVP after a breakout season that included 34 home runs and 130 runs batted in. Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners led the major ...
Reyes, Rafael: explorer and statesman who was president and dictator of Colombia from 1904 to 1909. He attempted to give his nation a strong one-man rule that would attract foreign investment and ...
Reyes, Raul: (from the article "Colombia") ...Liberation Army [ELN] continued in Havana). Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chavez offered to mediate, however, and Uribe's ally Sen. Piedad Cordoba met with the FARC's second in command, Raul Reyes, and ...
Reyher, Andreas: German educator who was a pioneering advocate of broadening the traditional elementary school curriculum.
Reykjanes Ridge: (from the article "ocean") ...offset by transform faults, to Iceland. Iceland has been created by a hot spot (see below) located directly below an oceanic spreading centre. The ridge leading south from Iceland is named ...
Reykjanesbaer: municipality, southwestern Iceland, on Reykja Peninsula, overlooking Faxa Bay. It was administratively created when Keflavik merged with the nearby towns of Njardvik and Hafnir in 1994. A fishing port and ... [2 Related Articles]
Reykjavik: capital and largest town of Iceland. It is located on the Seltjarnar Peninsula, at the southeastern corner of Faxa Bay, in southwestern Iceland. [11 Related Articles]
Reykjavik summit: (from the article "Reagan, Ronald W.") ...during Reagan's second term, not least because Reagan softened his anticommunist rhetoric and adopted a more encouraging tone toward the changes then taking place in the Soviet Union. At a ...
Reymond, Pierre: (from the article "Limoges painted enamel") ...The earliest examples show religious scenes in the late Gothic style. But around 1520, Italian Renaissance motifs appeared and became especially characteristic of the work of Leonard Limosin and Pierre ...