| | - retronuevo
- (from the article "urban contemporary music") Responding to disco's waning popularity in the late 1970s, African-American-oriented radio created two new, nearly synonymous formats, retronuevo and quiet storm (the latter named after a Smokey Robinson hit); both ...
- retrospection
- (from the article "mind, philosophy of") ...some states of mind cannot be introspected, but it does not follow that none can be introspected; they might still be private for all that. Ryle, for instance, while denying ...
- retrospective searching
- (from the article "library") The outcome of a search can take many forms, from a short, factual statement that gives the needed information to a short list of relevant references or a full-scale bibliography. ...
- retrosynthetic analysis
- (from the article "Corey, Elias James") In October 1957, Corey began to shape his many ideas on chemical synthesis into a coherent strategy that became known as retrosynthetic analysis. At that time the traditional way of ...
- retrovirus
- any of a group of viruses that, unlike most other viruses and all cellular organisms, carry their genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Retroviruses are responsible for ... [9 Related Articles]
- Retsova, Anfisa
- (from the article "Olympic Games") ...each. Ski jumper Toni Nieminen, a 16-year-old Finn, used the new V-style method to capture two gold medals and one bronze. Women's biathlon events were introduced, and the 7.5-km event ...
- Rett syndrome
- rare progressive neurological disorder that causes mental retardation, compulsive hand movements, reduced muscle tone, difficulties in walking, autism, decreased body weight, failure of the head to grow with age, and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rett, Andreas
- (from the article "Rett syndrome") ...first year of life. It is a sex-linked hereditary disorder that exclusively affects girls and occurs in about one of every 15,000 female births. The disease was identified by the ...
- Rettifilo
- (from the article "Naples") ...Municipio to the railway station, by the slum clearance, or risanamento, that, following a calamitous epidemic of cholera in 1884, drove the straight, ugly Corso Umberto I (also called the ...
- Rettig Guissen, Raul
- Chilean lawyer and statesman (b. May 26, 1909, Temuco, Chile-d. April 30, 2000, Santiago, Chile), headed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission responsible for investigating human rights abuses in Chile during ...
- retting
- process employing the action of bacteria and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and gummy substances surrounding bast-fibre bundles, thus facilitating separation of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Retton, Mary Lou
- gymnast who was the first American woman to win an individual Olympic gold medal in gymnastics. At the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Retton achieved perfect scores in ... [1 Related Articles]
- return
- (from the article "coal mining") ...through the use of fans. Fresh air is conducted through a set of mine entries (called intakes) to all places where miners may be working. After passing through the workings, ...
- return
- (from the article "lightning") ...polarity rises and meets it at a point typically about 30 metres (100 feet) above the ground. When the junction is complete, the cloud is effectively connected to the ground, ...
- return crease
- (from the article "cricket") ...of whitewash demarcate the creases at each wicket: the bowling crease is a line drawn through the base of the stumps and extending 4.33 feet (1.32 metres) on either side ...
- return stroke
- (from the article "thunderstorm") As the stepped leader nears the ground, approximately five coulombs of charge have been deposited along the channel, inducing an opposite charge on the ground and increasing the electric field ...
- Return, Law of
- (from the article "Israel") ...survivors and a large influx of Sephardic Jews from Arab states, who felt increasingly insecure in their home countries following the Arab defeat in 1948. As a result, the Knesset ...
- return-air plenum
- (from the article "building construction") ...but more often in commercial buildings this is accomplished by placing the entire sandwich space between the ceiling and the structural deck above under negative pressure to make what is ...
- Returned Services League of Australia
- (from the article "Australia") The aftermath of war continued, but finally resolved, this turbulence. Some radicals hoped that returning servicemen would force social change, but instead the Returned Sailors' and Soldiers' Imperial League of ...
- returning boomerang
- (from the article "boomerang") The Aboriginals used two kinds of boomerangs and many varieties of boomerang-shaped clubs. The returning boomerang (the name derives from the word used by the Turuwal tribe in New South ...
- returns to scale
- (from the article "production, theory of") In response to any level of output that it expects to continue for some time, the firm will desire and eventually acquire the fixed plant for which the short-run costs ...
- Retz, Jean-Francois-Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de
- one of the leaders of the aristocratic rebellion known as the Fronde (1648-53), whose memoirs remain a classic of 17th-century French literature. [3 Related Articles]
- Retzius, Anders Adolf
- anatomist and anthropologist who is best known for his pioneer studies in craniometry (measurement of the skull as a means of establishing the characteristics of human fossil remains).
- Retzius, Magnus Gustaf
- Swedish anatomist and anthropologist best-known for his studies of the histology of the nervous system.
- Reuben
- one of the 12 tribes of Israel that in biblical times comprised the people of Israel who later became the Jewish people. The tribe was named after the oldest of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reuben sandwich
- (from the article "sandwich") ...are a popular base. The United States contributed elaborate sandwich formulas, two of the most successful being the club sandwich of sliced chicken or turkey, bacon, lettuce, and tomato, and ...
- Reubeni, David
- Jewish adventurer whose grandiose plans inspired the messianic visions of the martyr Solomon Molcho (q.v.; d. 1532). Reubeni claimed to be a prince descended from the tribe of Reuben (hence ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reuchlin, Johannes
- German humanist, political counselor, and classics scholar whose defense of Hebrew literature helped awaken liberal intellectual forces in the years immediately preceding the Reformation. [4 Related Articles]
- Reuenthal, Neidhart von
- (from the article "minnesinger") ...the artificial conventions with which the Minnesang had been governed by introducing an element of practical realism, both in his love poetry and in his Spruche. By the time of ...
- Reumert, Poul
- Danish stage and film star, regarded for more than 50 years as one of the most important character actors in Denmark. [1 Related Articles]
- Reunion
- island of the Mascarene Islands and a French overseas departement in the western Indian Ocean. It is located about 420 miles (680 km) east of Madagascar and ... [11 Related Articles]
- Reus
- city, Tarragona provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. It lies on a coastal plain just west-northwest of Tarragona ...
- reused wool
- (from the article "wool") ...results in the use of recovered wools. In the United States, wool recovered from fabric never used by the consumer is called reprocessed wool; wool recovered from material that has ...
- Reuss
- two former German principalities, merged into Thuringia in 1920. In their final years they comprised two blocks, separated by part of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The southern and larger block, or Oberland, with ...
- Reuss River
- (from the article "Lucerne") capital of Lucerne canton, central Switzerland, on the Reuss River, where it issues from the northwestern branch of Lake Lucerne (German: Vierwaldstatter See; French: Lac des Quatre Cantons), southwest of ...
- Reuter, Ernst
- leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. While mayor of post-World War II West Berlin, his leadership helped that city survive the Soviet blockade.
- Reuter, Fritz
- German novelist who helped to initiate the development of regional dialect literature in Germany. His best works, which mirrored the provincial life of Mecklenburg, are written in Plattdeutsch, a north ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron von
- German-born founder of one of the first news agencies, which still bears his name. Of Jewish parentage, he became a Christian in 1844 and adopted the name of Reuter. [3 Related Articles]
- Reuters
- news agency founded in Britain in 1851 that became one of the leading newswire services in the world. Its headquarters are in New York City. [2 Related Articles]
- Reutersvard, Oscar
- (from the article "number game") ...the representation is flawed by faulty perspective, false juxtaposition, or psychological distortion. Among the first to produce these drawings-also called undecidable figures-was Oscar Reutersvard of Sweden, who made them the ...
- Reuther board
- (from the article "vaulting") ...was placed lengthwise, and the vaulting table is placed in that same position whether for men or for women. For men the height of the apparatus is 1.35 metres (4.43 ...
- Reuther, Walter
- American labour leader who was president of the United Automobile Workers (UAW) and of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and was active in national and international affairs. [2 Related Articles]
- Reutlingen
- city, Baden-Wurttemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the Echaz River below the Achalm mountain in the Swabian Alps (Schwabische Alb), south of Stuttgart. Founded by ...
- Reuveran Stage
- major division of geologic time and deposits in The Netherlands. The Reuveran Stage, named for a clay deposit of the same name, is Pliocene in age (between 1,600,000 and 5,300,000 ...
- revaluation
- (from the article "devaluation") In contrast to devaluation, revaluation involves an increase in the exchange value of a country's monetary unit in terms of gold, silver, or foreign monetary units. It may be undertaken ...
- revascularization
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") ...of myocardial infarction has important consequences with respect to long-term mechanical function of the ventricle. Therapy is often designed to reduce the amount of damage caused by rapid revascularization immediately ...
- Revda
- city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), western Russia, in the mid-Urals on the Revda River, at the confluence of the Chusovaya River. Founded in 1734, when a metallurgical factory was built, it ...
- Reve, Gerard
- Dutch writer noted for his virtuoso style and sardonic humour. His subject matter was occasionally controversial, treating such topics as homosexuality and sadism. [2 Related Articles]
- Reveil
- (from the article "Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume") A liberal in his early years, he was converted about 1830 to strict Calvinist orthodoxy, becoming one of the pillars of the Reveil, a religious revival and antimodernist movement. In ...
- Reveillon
- (from the article "Jacobs, Hirsch") ...he raced pigeons. When he was 13, he dropped out of school to work as a steamfitter. Then, in 1924, he was asked by his boss's brother Charlie Ferraro to ...
- Reveillon, Jean-Baptiste
- (from the article "wallpaper") French supremacy in design and execution reached its apex during the early part of the 19th century with the flock papers and distemper-coloured papers of Jean-Baptiste Reveillon and panoramic decorations ...
- Revel, Jean-Francois
- French philosopher and journalist (b. Jan. 19, 1924, Marseille, France-d. April 30, 2006, Kremlin-Bicetre, near Paris, France), was a defender of American liberal democracy, an unusual position for a French ...
- revelation
- in religion, the disclosure of divine or sacred reality or purpose to mankind. In the religious view, such disclosure may come through mystical insights, historical events, or spiritual experiences that ... [35 Related Articles]
- Revelation to John
- last book of the New Testament. It is the only book of the New Testament classified as apocalyptic literature rather than didactic or historical, indicating thereby its extensive use of ... [14 Related Articles]
- Revell, Viljo
- Finnish architect, one of the foremost exponents of Functionalism in Finnish architecture.
- Revels, Hiram R
- American clergyman and educator who became the first black citizen to be elected to the U.S. Senate (1870-71), during Reconstruction.
- Revels, Master of the
- English court official, who, from Tudor times up until the Licensing Act of 1737, supervised the production and financing of often elaborate court entertainments. He later was the official issuer ...
- Revelstoke
- city, southeastern British Columbia, Canada. It lies along the Columbia River between the Monashee and Selkirk mountains, 392 miles (631 km) northeast of Vancouver. Originally called Second Crossing, the site ...
- Revelstoke, Edward Charles Baring, 1st Baron
- (from the article "Baring family") With the death of Thomas Baring in 1873, Edward Charles Baring (1828-97), son of Henry Baring and grandson of Sir Francis Baring, became head of Baring Brothers, and in 1885 ...
- revenge tragedy
- drama in which the dominant motive is revenge for a real or imagined injury; it was a favourite form of English tragedy in the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras and found ... [4 Related Articles]
- Reventador
- (from the article "Ecuador") To the east of the main ranges are peaks Reventador (11,434 feet [3,485 metres]) and Sumaco (12,759 feet [3,889 metres]); the Cordillera de Cutucu, which borders the Upano valley and ...
- Reventazon River
- (from the article "Costa Rica") The Valle Central is separated into two parts by the continental divide. The eastern part is drained by the Reventazon River to the Caribbean, and the western sector forms part ...
- Reventlow, Christian Ditlev Frederik, Greve (count)
- Danish state official whose agrarian reforms led to the liberation of the peasantry in Denmark.
- Reventlow, Juliane von
- (from the article "Hardenberg, Karl August, Furst von") In 1774 Hardenberg married the 15-year-old countess Juliane von Reventlow, who bore him a son and a daughter; they were divorced in 1788. Because his career had come to a ...
- Revenue Act
- (from the article "Great Depression") Fiscal policy played a relatively small role in stimulating recovery in the United States. Indeed, the Revenue Act of 1932 increased American tax rates greatly in an attempt to balance ...
- Revenue Act
- (from the article "United States") ...preferred over the alternatives of raising taxes even higher or making war bond purchases compulsory. In consequence the national debt increased fivefold, amounting to $259,000,000,000 in 1945. The Revenue Act ...
- revenue bond
- bond issued by a municipality, state, or public agency authorized to build, acquire, or improve a revenue-producing property such as a mass transit system, an electric generating plant, an airport, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Revenue Equalization Reserve Fund
- (from the article "Kiribati") ...growth rates of 2.25%, particularly on South Tarawa, where about half of the population resided. This growth generated economic and environmental challenges. Kiribati had a well-managed Revenue Equalization Reserve Fund, ...
- revenue obligation
- (from the article "public debt") ...obligations (issued and backed by the government), contingent obligations (issued typically by a governmental corporation or other quasi-governmental body but guaranteed by the government), or revenue obligation (backed by anticipated ...
- revenue sharing
- a government unit's apportioning of part of its tax income to other units of government. For example, provinces or states may share revenue with local governments, or national governments may ... [2 Related Articles]
- revenue tariff
- (from the article "international trade") ...are often classified as either protective or revenue-producing. Protective tariffs are designed to shield domestic production from foreign competition by raising the price of the imported commodity. Revenue tariffs are ...
- Revenue, Board of
- (from the article "India") ...was arraigned for corruption; the charges could not be proved, however, even with the approving support of the British authorities. Hastings substituted British for Indian collectors working under a Board ...
- reverberation
- (from the article "acoustics") Although architectural acoustics has been an integral part of the design of structures for at least 2,000 years, the subject was only placed on a firm scientific basis at the ...
- reverberation time
- (from the article "acoustics") ...basis at the beginning of the 20th century by Wallace Sabine. Sabine pointed out that the most important quantity in determining the acoustic suitability of a room for a particular ...
- reverberatory furnace
- in copper, tin, and nickel production, a furnace used for smelting or refining in which the fuel is not in direct contact with the ore but heats it by a ... [3 Related Articles]
- Reverdy, Pierre
- French poet and moralist who first reflected Cubist and then Surrealist influence. [1 Related Articles]
- Revere
- city, Suffolk county, Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along Massachusetts Bay just northeast of Boston. First known as Rumney Marsh, it was settled in 1626 and was part of Boston from ...
- Revere, Anne
- (from the article "1945: Best Supporting Actress") Other Nominees
- Revere, Paul
- folk hero of the American Revolution whose dramatic horseback ride on the night of April 18, 1775, warning Boston-area residents that the British were coming, was immortalized in a ballad ... [1 Related Articles]
- reverend
- the ordinary English prefix of written address to the names of ministers of most Christian denominations. In the 15th century it was used as a general term of respectful address, ...
- Reverend, Claude
- (from the article "pottery") ...of success in Florence about 1575 at workshops under the patronage of Duke Francesco de'Medici. No further attempts of any kind appear to have been made until the mid-17th century, ...
- Reverend, Francois
- (from the article "pottery") ...a measure of success in Florence about 1575 at workshops under the patronage of Duke Francesco de'Medici. No further attempts of any kind appear to have been made until the ...
- reversal
- (from the article "purification rite") ...the specific purifying techniques outlined above. They simply make use of techniques believed to have generalized ritual efficacy, no matter what the disorder. Thus, some purification rites involve reversals, especially ...
- reversal film
- (from the article "photography, history of") ...Jr., and Leopold Mannes, two American musicians working with the Kodak Research Laboratories, initiated the modern era of colour photography with their invention of Kodachrome film. With this reversal (slide) ...
- reversal learning
- (from the article "training, transfer of") In reversal learning, the individual first learns to make a discrimination, such as choosing a black object in a black-white discrimination problem, and then is supposed to learn to reverse ...
- reversal processing
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") The processing steps for the many different types of film are similar in principle, though there are variations in specific solutions and treatments. One variation is known as reversal processing. ...
- reverse
- (from the article "hearts") card game in which players aim to avoid taking tricks that contain hearts. Hearts first appeared in the United States about 1880, although it derives from the much older European ...
- reverse
- (from the article "surfing") ...(withdrawing the fins from the wave and allowing the board to slip down the face of the wave), "floaters" ("floating" the board along the top of a breaking wave), "reverses" ...
- reverse combustion
- (from the article "heavy oil and tar sand") ...front. The air-water combination minimizes the amount of air injected and the amount of in-place oil burned (to between 5 and 10 percent). In another variation of in situ combustion ...
- reverse discrimination
- (from the article "affirmative action") By the late 1970s the use of racial quotas and minority set-asides led to court challenges of affirmative action as a form of "reverse discrimination." The first major challenge was ...
- reverse dive
- (from the article "diving") ...more turns before entering the water. The second comprises the backward dives, in which the diver stands at the edge, facing away from the water, then springs and rotates backward. ...
- reverse engineering
- (from the article "Compaq Computer Corporation") Before it could do anything, however, Compaq had to "reverse engineer" technology that was copyrighted by IBM. Unlike traditional engineering, which seeks to invent new ways of doing something, reverse ...
- reverse fault
- (from the article "fault") Reverse dip-slip faults result from horizontal compressional forces caused by a shortening, or contraction, of the Earth's crust. The hanging wall moves up and over the footwall. Thrust faults are ...
- reverse genetics
- (from the article "recombinant DNA technology") Recombinant DNA technology has made possible a type of genetics called reverse genetics. Traditionally, genetic research starts with a mutant phenotype, and, by Mendelian crossing analysis, a researcher is able ...
- reverse lend-lease
- (from the article "lend-lease") ...the war more than 40 nations had received lend-lease help. Much of the aid, valued at $49,100,000,000, amounted to outright gifts. Some of the cost of the lend-lease program was ...
- reverse osmosis
- (from the article "Separations based on rate phenomena") ...solvent) while preventing passage of larger molecules. The natural tendency is for the solvent to flow from the side where its concentration is higher to the side where its concentration ...
- reverse sexual dichromatism
- (from the article "Life Sciences") ...that in the original descriptions of the birds, they were classified as separate species. In all other bird species in which females are more colourful than males (a characteristic referred ...
- reverse swing
- (from the article "cricket") ...a ball bowled with fingerspin that breaks unexpectedly in the opposite direction from that anticipated by the batsman given the motion of the bowler. A more recent variation in bowling ...
- reverse transcriptase
- (from the article "Baltimore, David") American virologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1975 with Howard M. Temin and Renato Dulbecco. Working independently, Baltimore and Temin discovered reverse transcriptase, an enzyme ...
- reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- (from the article "drug") ...is a retrovirus. Like other retroviruses, HIV contains reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that converts viral RNA into DNA. This DNA is integrated into the DNA of the host cell, where ...
- reverse transcription
- (from the article "Life Sciences") ...modified plants to resist infection from the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a virus that attacks many agriculturally important plants, including cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbages. CaMV uses reverse transcription to create ...
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