| | - restoring force
- (from the article "mechanics") ...but has its maximum magnitude, equal to omegaA, when x is equal to zero. Physically, after the mass is displaced from equilibrium a distance A to the right, the restoring ...
- Restormel
- borough (district), administrative and historic county of Cornwall, extreme southwestern England, in the central part of the county. Restormel borough spans the peninsular county and is thus bordered by the ...
- Restormel Castle
- (from the article "Lostwithiel") ...administrative and historic county of Cornwall, England, built on a medieval grid plan by the River Fowey, spanned there at the lowest bridge point by a 14th-century bridge. The town ...
- Restraint of Appeals, Act of
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...court to Rome had to be destroyed; this could be done only by cutting the constitutional cords holding England to the papacy. Consequently, in April 1533 the crucial statute was ...
- Restrepo, Laura
- (from the article "Literature") The Alfaguara Prize was awarded unanimously to Colombian Laura Restrepo for her novel Delirio, which was enthusiastically praised by jury member Jose Saramago. It was a familiar saga, seen through ...
- restricted diffusion
- (from the article "nervous system") A membrane with pores allowing passage of molecules of only a particular size is called a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane imposes a condition of restricted diffusion in which the ...
- restricted stopping power
- (from the article "radiation") ...screening, the relativistic stopping power tends to infinity as the electron velocity approaches the speed of light (v/c = beta → 1). One-half of the stopping power, called the restricted ...
- restriction enzyme
- a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule. In the bacterial cell, restriction enzymes cleave foreign DNA, thus eliminating infecting organisms. Restriction enzymes can ... [8 Related Articles]
- Restrictions on Hazardous Substances
- (from the article "The Environment") In July the Restrictions on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive came into force. It required manufacturers of electrical and electronic equipment to phase out the use of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent ...
- restrictive cardiomyopathy
- (from the article "cardiomyopathy") Restrictive cardiomyopathy also is characterized by a stiff heart and impaired ventricular filling. In this case the abnormality is caused by the presence of fibrous (scar) tissue introduced by a ...
- restrictive covenant
- in Anglo-American property law, an agreement limiting the use of property. Known to Roman law but little used in England or the United States until the 19th century, restrictive covenants ... [5 Related Articles]
- reststrahlen
- (German: "residual radiation"), light that is selectively reflected from the surface of a transparent solid when the frequency of the light is nearly equal to the frequency of vibration of ...
- resultant
- (from the article "emergence") ...evolutionary theory, the rise of a system that cannot be predicted or explained from antecedent conditions. George Henry Lewes, the 19th-century English philosopher of science, distinguished between resultants and emergents-phenomena ...
- resultant
- (from the article "mechanics") When a body has a net force and a net torque acting on it owing to a combination of forces, all the forces acting on the body may be replaced ...
- resulting trust
- (from the article "trust") ...parent-child), the acquired property is held in trust for the person who provided the money even though the second party holds the legal title. (This type of trust is frequently ...
- Resumption Act of 1875
- in U.S. history, culmination of the struggle between "soft money" forces, who advocated continued use of Civil War greenbacks, and their "hard money" opponents, who wished to redeem the paper ... [3 Related Articles]
- resurfacing
- (from the article "Jupiter") ...number per unit area is comparable to that on the continental regions of Earth, indicating that the surface is relatively recent. Some scientists think the surface is so young that ...
- resurgent boiling
- (from the article "igneous rock") ...at a very late stage of magmatic crystallization, they are exsolved from the melt as a separate fluid phase that under most circumstances is a supercritical gas. This process has ...
- resurrection
- the rising from the dead of a divine or human being who still retains his own personhood, or individuality, though the body may or may not be changed. The belief ... [24 Related Articles]
- resurrection plant
- (from the article "spike moss") ...yellow-green strobili rise up to 8 cm (about 3 inches). The similar rock selaginella (S. rupestris) of North America has smaller leaves, and its branching stems grow on rocks or ...
- resuscitation
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") The use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) coupled with electrical defibrillation (the use of electrical shocks), if applied within a few minutes of the sudden death episode, may successfully resuscitate the ...
- Reszke, Jean de
- Polish operatic tenor, celebrated for his beautiful voice, phrasing, and enunciation as well as his charm and striking presence. [1 Related Articles]
- RET
- (from the article "endocrine system, human") Nearly all patients with MEN2 and FMTC-only have germ line mutations in the RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene (a gene susceptible to mutations that transform it into ...
- retable
- ornamental panel behind an altar and, in the more limited sense, the shelf behind an altar on which are placed the crucifix, candlesticks, and other liturgical objects. The panel is ... [2 Related Articles]
- retail cooperative
- (from the article "marketing") ...a rule, offering the same brands of products but remaining an independent enterprise. Wholesaler-sponsored chains offer the same types of services for their clients as do the financially integrated retail ...
- retail organization
- (from the article "marketing") While merchants can sell their wares through a store or nonstore retailing format, retail organizations can also structure themselves in several different ways. The major types of retail organizations are ...
- Retail Research Association
- (from the article "Lazarus, Fred, Jr.") Lazarus in 1921 suggested to a merchants group, the Retail Research Association, that all its members keep their books the same way in order to share profit and sales information. ...
- retailing
- the selling of merchandise and certain services to the consumer. It ordinarily involves the selling of individual units or small lots to large numbers of customers by a business set ... [15 Related Articles]
- retained earnings
- (from the article "accounting") In the United States, for example, the owners' equity is divided between paid-in capital and retained earnings. Paid-in capital represents the amounts paid to the corporation in exchange for shares ...
- Retainers, Board of
- (from the article "Japan") ...The official business of the Mandokoro was to control the finances of the bakufu; and later the Ise family, who were hereditary retainers of the Ashikaga, came to inherit this ...
- retaining wall
- freestanding wall that either resists some weight on one side or prevents the erosion of an embankment. It may also be "battered," that is, inclined toward the load it is ... [3 Related Articles]
- Retalhuleu
- city, southwestern Guatemala. It is situated on the Pacific piedmont at an elevation of 784 feet (239 metres) above sea level. Retalhuleu is a commercial and manufacturing centre for a ...
- retaliation
- (from the article "Germanic law") ...known as wergild in homicide cases and bot in others. Payment was voluntary at first; only later did it become obligatory. Even in the 7th century, Visigothic law still allowed ...
- retardation factor
- (from the article "analysis") Qualitative analysis is performed by comparing the retardation factor (Rf) of the analyte components with the retardation factors of known substances. The retardation factor is defined as the distance from ...
- rete
- (from the article "astrolabe") ...and was made of metal-usually brass or iron. It had several principal parts: a base plate (the mater) with a network of lines representing celestial coordinates; an open-pattern disk (the ...
- rete mirabile
- (from the article "cetacean") ...heart with paired ventricles and auricles. The pattern of circulation is similar to that of other mammals, with the exception of a series of well-developed reservoirs for oxygenated blood called ...
- rete ovarii
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") ...supports the ovary) at a narrow hilus, at which nerves and vessels enter the ovary. In the medulla of the mammalian ovary near the hilus are small masses of blind ...
- rete testis
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") ...in them. Seminiferous tubules may begin blindly at the tunic, or outermost tissue layer, and pass toward the centre, becoming tortuous before emptying into a system of collecting tubules, the ...
- Retek
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...acquisition of Siebel was less than a year after Oracle's year-and-a-half pursuit and hostile takeover of business software firm PeopleSoft for $10.3 billion. Early in 2005 Oracle outbid SAP for ...
- retention index
- (from the article "chromatography") ...the retention of solutes is most often referred to the behaviour of the straight-chain hydrocarbons; i.e., relative retention volumes are used. On a logarithmic scale this becomes the retention index ...
- retention time
- (from the article "analysis") ...for the component to pass through the column with the corresponding times for known substances. The interval between the instant of injection and the detection of the component is known ...
- retention volume
- (from the article "chromatography") ...the peak maximum occurs. The adjusted retention time is measured from the appearance of an unretained solute at the outlet. The dependence of these times on flow rate is removed ...
- Retezat National Park
- (from the article "Principal national parks of the world") ...of Mounts Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 metres]) and Negoiu (8,317 feet [2,535 metres]), both in the Fagaras Mountains, which, together with the Bucegi, Parang, and Retezat-Godeanu massifs, form the major ...
- reth
- (from the article "Shilluk") ...of hamlets with a headman elected by a council of hamlet heads from among the members of a dominant lineage. The Shilluk were historically united in a single state headed ...
- Rethel, Alfred
- German artist who painted historical and biblical subjects on a heroic scale that was rare in the Germany of his time. Rethel is best remembered for his vitriolic series of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rethel, Battle of
- (from the article "Turenne, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de") ...at Stenay on the eastern border of Champagne. They tied themselves by treaty to the Spaniards, then at war with France, and waged war in Champagne until Turenne was completely ...
- Retherford, Robert Curtis
- (from the article "spectroscopy") ...still higher resolution, two energy levels of the hydrogen atom in the first excited state were predicted by Dirac's theory to be exactly the same. In 1947, the American physicists ...
- Rethimnon
- town and capital of the nomos (department) of Rethimni, north-central Crete, Greece. A town and port on Almirou Bay, Rethimnon trades in wheat, almonds, olive oil, and wine. It lies ...
- Rethondes
- (from the article "World War II") ...War I. In the night of June 16 the French request for an armistice was transmitted to Hitler. While discussion of the terms went on, the German advance went on ...
- Reti, Richard
- Hungarian chess master, writer, and theoretician who was one of the chief exponents of the Hypermodern school of chess. [1 Related Articles]
- Reti, Rudolph
- (from the article "musical criticism") When Rudolph Reti, the Viennese critic, was a young man studying music at the Vienna Conservatory, he once stood up in the middle of a composition class and put the ...
- retiarius
- (from the article "gladiator") ...the mirmillones, who were armed in Gallic fashion with helmet, sword, and shield and were so called from the name of the fish that served as the crest of their ...
- reticella
- (Italian: "little net"), Renaissance fabric, akin to lace, with an open, gridlike pattern. The grid base for the pattern is formed either by threads remaining after warps and wefts have ... [1 Related Articles]
- reticular cell
- (from the article "lymphoid tissue") Several types of cells are included in the lymphoid system-for example, reticular cells and white blood cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. Reticular cells provide structural support, since they produce ...
- reticular fibre
- in anatomy, fine fibrous connective tissue occurring in networks to make up the supporting tissue of many organs. The reticular fibres are composed of randomly oriented collagenous fibrils lying in ... [1 Related Articles]
- reticular formation
- (from the article "activation") in psychology, the stimulation of the cerebral cortex into a state of general wakefulness, or attention. Activation proceeds from various portions of the brain, but primarily from the reticular formation, ...
- reticular lamina
- (from the article "ear, human") ...6). This membrane is an acellular, gelatinous structure that covers the top of the spiral limbus as a thin fibrillar layer, then becomes thicker as it extends outward over the ...
- reticulated giraffe
- (from the article "giraffe") Nine subspecies of giraffes are recognized on the basis of coat pattern. For example, the reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) of northeastern Africa has smooth-edged polygonal patches ...
- reticulated python
- (from the article "python") any of about 28 species of nonvenomous snakes, all but one of which are found in the Old World tropics and subtropics. Most are large, with the reticulated python (
- reticulated work
- type of facing used on ancient Roman concrete or mortared rubblework walls. It appeared during the late Roman Republic and became widespread by the reign of Augustus. It succeeded the ... [1 Related Articles]
- reticulin
- (from the article "scleroprotein") ...in many tissues; certain proteins of marine sponges (spongin) and corals (gorgonin, antipathin); flagellin, a structural protein in the whiplike structures (flagella) of certain bacteria; and reticulin, found with elastin ...
- reticulocyte
- (from the article "erythrocyte") ...the erythroblast gradually fills with hemoglobin, and its nucleus and mitochondria (particles in the cytoplasm that provide energy for the cell) disappear. In a late stage the cell is called ...
- reticuloendothelial system
- class of cells that occur in widely separated parts of the human body and that take up particular substances. These cells are part of the body's defense mechanisms. [5 Related Articles]
- reticulopodium
- (from the article "protist") ...are hyaline, slender, and often branching structures in which contraction of microfilaments moves the organism's body along the substrate, even if it is bearing a relatively heavy test or shell. ...
- reticulospinal tract
- (from the article "pain") ...different pathways, the spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts, transmit impulses to the brainstem and thalamus. Spinothalamic input is thought to effect the conscious sensation of pain, and the spinoreticular tract is ...
- reticulum
- (from the article "artiodactyl") In the most advanced ruminants, the much enlarged stomach consists of four parts. These include the large rumen (or paunch), the reticulum, the omasum (psalterium or manyplies)-which are all believed ...
- Retief, Piet
- one of the Boer leaders of the Great Trek, the migration of independence-minded Boers from British rule in Cape Colony to uncolonized lands in the interior of South Africa. [3 Related Articles]
- retina
- layer of nervous tissue that covers the inside of the back two-thirds of the eyeball, in which stimulation by light occurs, initiating the sensation of vision. The retina is actually ... [20 Related Articles]
- Retina reader
- (from the article "printing") One intake device no longer reads perforated tape but is an optical mechanism for scanning a typewritten text. The Retina reader, for example, is a sort of artificial retina made ...
- retinaculum
- (from the article "lepidopteran") ...primitive moths a fingerlike lobe on the forewing overlaps the base of the hind wing. In most moths a strong bristle or cluster of bristles (frenulum) near the base of ...
- retinal
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...can play in the chemistry of complex molecules. Valentyn Prokhorenko of the University of Toronto and colleagues investigated whether the wave property of matter could influence the chemistry of retinal, ...
- retinal diseases
- (from the article "eye disease") Once parallelism of the visual axes has been lost, the images no longer lie on corresponding areas of each retina, and two images are perceived. This condition of double vision, ...
- retinal rivalry
- (from the article "eye, human") Stereoscopic perception results from the presentation to the two eyes of different images of the same object; if two pictures that cannot possibly be related as two aspects of the ...
- retinitis pigmentosa
- group of hereditary eye diseases in which progressive degeneration of the retina leads to severe impairment of vision. In the usual course of disease, the light-sensitive structures called rods-which are ... [3 Related Articles]
- retinoblastoma
- (from the article "tumour suppressor gene") Cancer research has led to the identification and characterization of many tumour suppressor genes. In 1971 Alfred Knudson, Jr., postulated that a rare form of eye cancer called retinoblastoma is ...
- retinoic acid
- (from the article "vitamin") ...activity may be an even more direct active form than retinol. The ester form of retinol is the storage form of vitamin A; presumably, it must be converted to retinol ...
- retinoid
- (from the article "psoriasis") ...at relieving the associated skin symptoms. Topical treatments for psoriasis come in different forms (e.g., creams and gels) and generally provide relief from inflammation and scaling. Some, such as retinoids ...
- retinopathy of prematurity
- disease in which retinal blood vessels develop abnormally in the eyes of premature infants. In mild forms of retinopathy of prematurity, developing blood vessels within the retina, which originate at ...
- retinospora
- a condition common in horticultural varieties of conifers, especially arborvitae, junipers, cypresses, and false cypresses, in which needlelike, spreading juvenile leaves persist on adult trees that normally have small, scalelike ...
- retinula
- (from the article "insect") ...(a part of the brain) by sensory axons. Each visual sense cell has a zone at its surface, which, on exposure to light, gives rise to chemical products that stimulate ...
- retirement
- (from the article "Germany") An unpopular measure was the agreement to raise the official retirement age for German workers from 65 to 67 as a consequence of demographic pressures. The measure was to be ...
- Retiro Park
- the main park of Madrid, Spain. Originally called the Parque del Buen Retiro, or "pleasant retreat," and today covering approximately 350 acres (142 hectares), it was planned in the 1550s ...
- retort
- vessel used for distillation of substances that are placed inside and subjected to heat. The simple form of retort, used in some laboratories, is a glass or metal bulb having ... [2 Related Articles]
- retractile claw
- (from the article "cat, domestic") There is a remarkable mechanism for retracting the cat's claws when they are not in use. The claw is retracted or extended by pivoting the end bone of the toe, ...
- retractor muscle
- (from the article "bivalve") ...ribbed; shell with outer aragonitic prismatic layer and inner nacre layers; strong hinge teeth transversely grooved; typically isomyarian, with pedal elevator and protractor muscles as well as retractors; ctenidia filibranch, ...
- retractor problem
- (from the article "chess") ...number of moves. Another is the selfmate, in which White moves first and forces Black-who is not cooperating-to deliver mate in the specified number of moves. (See the composition.) In ...
- retraining program
- occupational training program designed to aid workers in obtaining new employment. Formal retraining programs were first developed in Europe around the end of World War II as part of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- retreat
- (from the article "monasticism") ...German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920), Protestantism has always emphasized active engagement in the world rather than seclusion. This explains the existence of various part-time Protestant retreats, usually in rural settings, ...
- retreating longwall method
- (from the article "coal mining") Two main longwall systems are widely practiced. The system described above, known as the retreating method, is the most commonly used in the United States. In this method the block ...
- retribution
- (from the article "punishment") The retributive theory of punishment holds that punishment is justified by the moral requirement that the guilty make amends for the harm they have caused to society. Retributive theories generally ...
- retrieval
- (from the article "memory") The common experience of having a name or word on the tip of the tongue seems related to specific perceptual (e.g., visual or auditory) attributes. In particular, people who report ...
- retriever
- any of several sporting dogs bred and trained to retrieve game. Retrievers are characterized by water-resistant coats, a keen sense of smell, and "soft" mouths that do not damage game. ...
- retroactive inhibition
- (from the article "learning theory") ...In general, it is found that associations tend to interfere with or to inhibit one another. Interference deriving from earlier (and later) associations is called proactive inhibition (and retroactive inhibition). ...
- retroactivity
- (from the article "crime") One widely accepted principle of criminal law is the rule against retroactivity, which prohibits the imposition of ex post facto laws (i.e., laws that would allow an individual to be ...
- retrobulbar neuritis
- (from the article "optic neuritis") Optic neuritis may be centred in the optic disk, the point of exit of the nerve from the eye (papillitis), or it may be in the nerve shaft behind the ...
- retroflex
- in phonetics, a consonant sound produced with the tip of the tongue curled back toward the hard palate. In Russian the sounds sh, zh (like the English s sound in ... [1 Related Articles]
- retrofocus lens
- (from the article "photography, technology of") Short-focus, wide-angle lenses are usually mounted near the film. Single-lens reflex cameras need a certain minimum lens-to-film distance to accommodate the swinging mirror. Wide-angle (and sometimes normal-focus) lenses for such ...
- retrograde amnesia
- (from the article "memory abnormality") In addition, sufferers almost always show evidence of retrograde amnesia that can span as little as a few weeks past to as much as 15 or 20 years before onset ...
- retrograde analysis
- (from the article "chess") In retrograde analysis problems the objective is to determine how the given position was reached. (See the composition.)
- retrograde metamorphism
- (from the article "metamorphism") Other types of metamorphism can occur. They are retrograde metamorphism, the response of mineral assemblages to decreasing temperature and pressure; metasomatism, the metamorphism that includes the addition or subtraction of ...
- retrograde motion
- in astronomy, actual or apparent motion of a body in a direction opposite to that of the (direct) motions of most members of the solar system or of other astronomical ... [2 Related Articles]
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