| | - Reiner, Fritz
- Hungarian-born American conductor known for his technical precision and control, both in symphonic music and in opera. He was especially known for his work with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, of ...
- Reines, Frederick
- American physicist who was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery 40 years earlier, together with his colleague Clyde L. Cowan, Jr., of the subatomic particle called ... [3 Related Articles]
- Reines, Yitzhaq Ya'aqov
- (from the article "Mizrahi") (Hebrew: "Spiritual Centre"), religious movement within the World Zionist Organization and formerly a political party within Zionism and in Israel. It was founded in 1902 by Rabbi Yitzhaq Ya'aqov Reines ...
- Reinfeldt, Fredrik
- (from the article "Sweden") Area: 450,295 sq km (173,860 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 9,142,000 | Capital: Stockholm | Chief of state: King Carl XVI Gustaf | Head of government: Prime Minister Fredrik ...
- reinforced ceramics
- (from the article "advanced structural ceramics") Among the strategies for achieving ceramics with improved mechanical properties, especially toughness, some involve the engineering of microstructures that either resist the propagation of cracks or absorb energy during the ...
- reinforced concrete
- (from the article "Hennebique, Francois") French engineer who devised the technique of construction with reinforced concrete.MaillartMaillart, RobertSwiss bridge engineer whose radical use of reinforced concrete ...
- reinforced plastic
- (from the article "plastic") Reinforcements, as the name suggests, are used to enhance the mechanical properties of a plastic. Finely divided silica, carbon black, talc, mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as short fibres ...
- reinforcement
- (from the article "Hull, Clark L.") ...Ivan Pavlov and also borrowed from American psychologists, including John B. Watson, who emphasized the objective study of behaviour, and Edward L. Thorndike, who asserted the importance of reinforcement in ...
- reingestion
- (from the article "mammal") Hares and rabbits, the sewellel, or "mountain beaver" (Aplodontia rufa), and some insectivores exhibit a phenomenon of reingestion called coprophagy, in which at intervals specialized fecal pellets ...
- Reinhard, Hans
- statesman and burgomaster of Zurich who headed the federal government six times and led the Swiss delegation at the Congress of Vienna (1814-15).
- Reinhardt, Ad
- American painter who painted in several abstract styles and influenced the Minimalist artists of the 1960s. [1 Related Articles]
- Reinhardt, Django
- guitarist who is generally considered one of the few European jazz musicians of true originality. [1 Related Articles]
- Reinhardt, Karl
- (from the article "classical scholarship") ...an Aristotelian scholar who succeeded Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in his Berlin chair, attempted, without much success, to achieve this by institutional means. More was accomplished by Karl Reinhardt (1886-1958), who, though a ...
- Reinhardt, Max
- one of the first theatrical directors to achieve widespread recognition as a major creative artist, working in Berlin, Salzburg, New York City, and Hollywood. He helped found the annual Salzburg ... [8 Related Articles]
- Reinhart, Tanya Miriam
- Israeli academic and writer was best known for her critical analyses of Israel's policies regarding Palestinians-which she compared unfavourably to South African apartheid-and her political activism in favour of ...
- Reinheim
- small village near Saarbrucken in Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is famous for an unusually rich Celtic grave found there in 1954. The grave, which may have belonged to ...
- Reinhold, Robert
- U.S. journalist at the New York Times (1964-94) and the Los Angeles Times (1994-96) who set a standard for precise reporting as a science writer, national correspondent, and editorialist (b. ...
- Reinicke, Peter
- (from the article "Affenkapelle ware") ...factory in Saxony (now in Germany) about 1747 and imitated later. Believed to be a parody of the Dresden Court Orchestra, the set was modeled by the German sculptors Johann ...
- Reiniger, Lotte
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") Other forms of animation include silhouette animation, developed by Lotte Reiniger in Germany during the 1920s. It uses jointed, flat-figure marionettes whose poses are minutely readjusted for each photographic frame. ...
- Reinitzer, Friedrich
- (from the article "liquid crystal") During the last decades of the 19th century, pioneering investigators of liquid crystals, such as the German physicist Otto Lehmann and the Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer, equipped ordinary microscopes with ...
- Reinkens, Joseph Hubert
- German bishop, historical scholar, and a leader of the Old Catholics (Altkatholiken), a dissident group that separated from the Roman Catholic church because of opposition to the doctrine of papal ...
- Reinmar von Hagenau
- German poet whose delicate and subtle verses constitute the ultimate refinement of the classical, or "pure," Minnesang (Middle High German love lyric; see minnesinger). [3 Related Articles]
- Reinsdorf, Jerry
- It was a turbulent year for the American "national pastime" as players of major league baseball went on strike in August 1994 after failing to negotiate a new labour contract ...
- reinsurance
- (from the article "insurance") A significant insurance practice is that of reinsurance, whereby risk may be divided among several insurers, reducing the exposure to loss faced by each insurer. Reinsurance is effected through contracts ...
- Reinsurance Treaty
- (June 18, 1887), a secret agreement between Germany and Russia arranged by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck after the German-Austrian-Russian Dreikaiserbund, or Three Emperors' League, collapsed in 1887 because ... [6 Related Articles]
- Reinwardtia
- (from the article "Linaceae") ...of cosmopolitan distribution. The genus Linum includes flax, perhaps the most important member of the family, grown for linen fibre and linseed oil and as a garden ornamental. Reinwardtia species ...
- reis
- (from the article "real") ...century, largely because of inflationary pressures, Brazil was forced to make many changes in its monetary system. From the colonial period through 1942, Brazil's monetary system was based on the ...
- Reis, Johann Philipp
- German physicist who constructed a precursor of the electric telephone. [1 Related Articles]
- Reisch, Gregor
- (from the article "encyclopaedia") ...classes with his Li livres dou tresor (c. 1264; "Treasure Books") and therefore used a concise and accurate style that evoked an immediate and general welcome. Gregor Reisch managed to ...
- Reisch, Walter
- (from the article "1953: Other Winners") Screenplay: Daniel Taradash for From Here to EternityMotion Picture Story: Dalton Trumbo for Roman HolidayStory and Screenplay: Charles Brackett, Walter Reisch, Richard Breen for TitanicCinematography, Black-and-White: Burnett Guffey for From ...
- Reischauer, Edwin O.
- American historian, diplomat, and educator and a leading expert on Asian, particularly Japanese, affairs.
- Reisen, Abraham
- (from the article "Yiddish literature") Abraham Reisen wrote politically engaged poetry and prose, expressing his socialist sympathies both directly and indirectly. His short stories excel in subtly portraying everyday conflicts in the lives of indigent ...
- Reiske, Johann Jakob
- preeminent 18th-century European scholar of Arabic literature whose commentary to his Abulfedae Annales Moslemici, 5 vol. (1754; "Abulfeda Muslim Annals"), laid the foundation for Arabic historical scholarship.
- Reisner, George Andrew
- U.S. archaeologist who directed many excavations in Egypt and Nubia (Nilotic Sudan) and discovered the tomb of Queen Hetepheres, mother of King Khufu (Cheops), builder of the Great Pyramid at ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reiss, Wilhelm
- (from the article "Cotopaxi") ...Humboldt in 1802. He failed to reach the top and pronounced the mountain unclimbable. Other failures in 1831 and 1858 seemed to confirm this verdict. But in 1872 the German ...
- Reiss, Winold
- German-born American artist known for his portraits of Native Americans and African Americans.
- Reissner's membrane
- (from the article "ear, human") ...ligament, which lies between the stria and the bony wall of the cochlea. A layer of flat cells bounds the stria and separates it from the spiral ligament. The hypotenuse ...
- Reisz, Karel
- Czech-born British film and stage director (b. July 21, 1926, Ostrava, Czech.-d. Nov. 25, 2002, London, Eng.), made only 11 movies during his career but was instrumental in the creation ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reiter syndrome
- disorder characterized by arthritis and sometimes inflammation of the eye, urogenital tract, or mucous membranes that is typically triggered by a sexually transmitted disease or a gastrointestinal infection. Presumably, Reiter ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reith Lecture
- (from the article "Rogers, Richard") ...of awards, including the Japan Art Association's Praemium Imperiale prize for architecture in 2000 and the Pritzker Prize in 2007. In 1995 he became the first architect to deliver the ...
- Reith, John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron
- a principal architect of the modern pattern of publicly owned but independent corporations in Great Britain. [2 Related Articles]
- Reitia
- (from the article "Veneti") The chief Venetic settlement was Este (later the Roman colony of Ateste), which was also the cult centre of their important divinity Reitia, possibly a goddess of childbirth. The horses ...
- Reitsch, Hanna
- aviator who was the leading female German pilot in the 20th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Reitsema, Harold
- (from the article "Saturn") ...Even the A ring's Encke gap, reported in 1837 by the German astronomer Johann Franz Encke, was considered dubious for well over a century until it was confirmed in 1978 ...
- Reiyu-kai
- (Japanese: Association of the Friends of the Spirit), Japanese lay religion based on the teachings of the Nichiren school of Buddhism. The Reiyu-kai was founded in 1925 by Kubo Kakutaro, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reizei Tamechika
- Japanese painter of the late Tokugawa period (1603-1867) whose talent and efforts contributed a great deal to the revival of the traditional Yamato-e (paintings stressing Japanese themes and techniques as ...
- Rej, Mikolaj
- (from the article "Polish literature") Mikolaj Rej of Naglowice was notable for combining medieval religious interests with Renaissance humanism. Self-educated, he was the first idiomatically Polish talent and a widely read writer of his time. ...
- reja
- (from the article "metalwork") ...Of all the Spanish craftsmen the smiths were the busiest, especially during the 16th century. The ironwork products that for more than a century dominated the craft are the monumental ...
- Rejang
- tribe inhabiting Bengkulu province, southern Sumatra, Indonesia, on the upper course of the Musi River. Of Proto-Malay stock and numbering about 238,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rejang language
- (from the article "Rejang") ...province, southern Sumatra, Indonesia, on the upper course of the Musi River. Of Proto-Malay stock and numbering about 238,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a Malayo-Polynesian dialect called ...
- rejection
- (from the article "transplant") Human beings possess complex defense mechanisms against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials that enter the body. These mechanisms, which collectively make up the immune system, cannot, unfortunately, differentiate between ...
- Rejewski, Marian
- (from the article "international relations") ...Axis. As early as 1931, Captain Gustave Bertrand of French intelligence procured documents from a German traitor concerning the cryptographic rotor device Enigma. The brilliant Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski cracked ...
- Rejlander, O.G.
- Swedish painter and photographer who is known as the "father of art photography." [1 Related Articles]
- rejon
- (from the article "rejoneo") a form of bullfighting in which the principal fighter, the rejoneador, is mounted on a highly trained horse and uses a rejon, a short, ...
- rejoncillo de la rosa
- (from the article "bullfighting") ...the bullfighting spectacle consisted of a mounted aristocrat armed with a lance. During the reign of Philip IV (1621-65), the lance was discarded in favour of the
- rejoneador
- (from the article "bullfighting") ...corrida common today, equestrian bullfighting was finely honed into an art and a national specialty in Portugal. The main performers in a Portuguese bullfight are the rejoneadores ...
- rejoneo
- a form of bullfighting in which the principal fighter, the rejoneador, is mounted on a highly trained horse and uses a rejon, a short, ... [1 Related Articles]
- rejuvenation
- (from the article "geomorphic cycle") ...called a peneplain, with an elevation near sea level. The cycle could be interrupted by uplift during any period of the life cycle and thus returned to the youthful stage; ...
- relacao
- (from the article "Latin America, history of") ...They intermarried with the planters and served on the town councils. Not only did a governor-general, later a viceroy, reside in Bahia, but there was (most of the time) a ...
- relapsing fever
- infectious disease characterized by recurring episodes of fever separated by periods of relative well-being and caused by spirochetes, or spiral-shaped bacteria, of the genus Borrelia. The spirochetes ... [4 Related Articles]
- relapsing polychondritis
- (from the article "connective tissue disease") Relapsing polychondritis is a rare inflammatory disease that primarily affects cartilage. It begins usually in the fourth or fifth decade and is marked by recurrent periods of inflammation of the ...
- relation
- (from the article "metaphysics") ...however, for the metaphysician to come up with more satisfactory answers of his own. Many metaphysicians have relied, in this connection, on the internally related notions of substance, quality, and ...
- relational database
- (from the article "database") ...linkages between sets by placing links, or pointers, to one set of records in another; the speed and versatility of network databases have led to their wide use within businesses ...
- relative abundance
- (from the article "biogeographic region") Species diversity is determined not only by the number of species within a biological community-i.e., species richness-but also by the relative abundance of individuals in that community. Species abundance is ...
- relative addition
- (from the article "logic, history of") Peirce developed this symbolism extensively for relations. His earlier work was based on versions of multiplication and addition for relations-called relative multiplication and addition-so that Boolean laws still held. Both ...
- relative aperture
- the measure of the light-gathering power of an optical system. It is expressed in different ways according to the instrument involved. The relative aperture for a microscope is called the ... [6 Related Articles]
- relative biologic effectiveness
- (from the article "radiation") ...per kilogram of tissue) and the rad (1 rad = 100 ergs per gram of tissue = 0.01 Gy). The sievert (Sv) and the rem make it possible to normalize ...
- relative dating
- (from the article "geology") ...of radiometric methods of dating rocks, the ages of rocks and other geologic features could not be expressed quantitatively, or as numbers of years, but instead were expressed solely in ...
- relative deprivation
- (from the article "revitalization movement") ...disadvantaged classes or groups; and absolute deprivation posits that dissatisfaction with a low standard of living leads people to adopt a revolutionary ideology. The most widely accepted theory, relative deprivation, ...
- relative electrode potential
- (from the article "electrochemical reaction") ...Instead, the voltage of a special cell, composed of the specific electrode being studied and of an arbitrarily selected reference electrode, is normally measured; the voltage is referred to as ...
- relative erythrocytosis
- (from the article "blood disease") ...rise in the total quantity of red cells in the circulation, or it may be the result of a loss of blood plasma and thus a relative increase in the ...
- relative frequency distribution
- (from the article "Letter frequency distribution for a sample English text") ...of data for a single variable is a frequency distribution. A frequency distribution shows the number of data values in each of several nonoverlapping classes. Another tabular summary, called a ...
- relative frequency interpretation
- (from the article "probability theory") ...in ordinary conversation. Two of these are particularly important for the development and applications of the mathematical theory of probability. One is the interpretation of probabilities as relative frequencies, for ...
- relative humidity
- ratio of the actual vapour pressure of water in the air to that in air saturated with water vapour; it is often expressed as a percentage. See humidity. [8 Related Articles]
- relative magnetometer
- (from the article "magnetometer") ...the Earth's field are of two types: absolute and relative (classed by their methods of calibration). Absolute magnetometers are calibrated with reference to their own known internal constants. Relative magnetometers ...
- relative motion
- (from the article "mechanics") A collision between two bodies can always be described in a frame of reference in which the total momentum is zero. This is the centre-of-mass (or centre-of-momentum) frame mentioned earlier. ...
- relative multiplication
- (from the article "logic, history of") Peirce developed this symbolism extensively for relations. His earlier work was based on versions of multiplication and addition for relations-called relative multiplication and addition-so that Boolean laws still held. Both ...
- relative polycythemia
- (from the article "polycythemia") ...cells and hemoglobin in the circulation, a situation that results in thickened blood, retarded flow, and an increased danger of clot formation within the circulatory system. Polycythemia may be relative ...
- relative price effect
- (from the article "government budget") ...the United Kingdom) have been abandoning this approach, largely because it gives inadequate control of total expenditure. One reason for a given volume's costing too much to supply is the ...
- relative refractory period
- (from the article "nervous system") ...during which a second action potential cannot be initiated, no matter how large a stimulus current is applied to the neuron. This is called the absolute refractory period, and it ...
- relative vorticity
- (from the article "climate") ...fluid to rotate is known as vorticity and is given by the following equation: zeta = ∂v/∂x - ∂u/∂y (5) where zeta is the relative vorticity with respect to Earth's ...
- relative wind
- (from the article "helicopter") The relative wind is the direction of the wind in relation to the airfoil. In an airplane, the flight path of the wing is fixed in relation to its forward ...
- relativism
- (from the article "language, philosophy of") ...difficulty of saying in one what can be said easily in another is the measure of the distance between them. According to its strongest interpretation, the hypothesis implies linguistic conceptual ...
- relativistic energy
- (from the article "relativistic mechanics") Consider a relativistic particle with positive energy and electric charge q moving in an electric field E and magnetic field B; it will experience ...
- Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
- (from the article "particle accelerator") ...protons in opposite directions in two separate beam pipes within the same structure. It is also designed to collide beams of heavy ions. At the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, ...
- relativistic mass
- in the special theory of relativity, the mass that is assigned to a body in motion. In physical theories prior to special relativity, the momentum p and energy E assigned ... [2 Related Articles]
- relativistic mechanics
- science concerned with the motion of bodies whose relative velocities approach the speed of light c, or whose kinetic energies are comparable with the product of their masses m and ... [4 Related Articles]
- relativistic momentum
- (from the article "relativistic mechanics") ...(1 − v2/c2) . Equation (107) is of the same form as Newton's second law of motion, which states that the rate of change of momentum equals ...
- relativistic time dilation
- (from the article "GPS") ...signals. These influences can translate into positional errors for GPS users-a problem that can be compounded by timing errors in GPS receiver clocks. Further errors may be introduced by relativistic ...
- relativity
- wide-ranging physical theories formed by the German-born physicist Albert Einstein. With his theories of special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1916), Einstein overthrew many assumptions underlying earlier physical theories, redefining ... [11 Related Articles]
- Relaxati
- (from the article "Bonaventure, Saint") ...according to strict views about poverty, the Franciscan order was at that time undergoing internal discord. One group, the Spirituals, disrupted the order by a rigorous view of poverty; another, ...
- relaxation
- (from the article "sleep") ...designation "sleep" would continue to be appropriate. The characteristic posture associated with sleep in humans and in many but not all other animals is that of horizontal repose. The relaxation ...
- relaxation method
- (from the article "electricity") ...The computation time as well as the computer memory size requirement increase rapidly, however, especially in three-dimensional problems with complex geometry. This method of solution is called the "relaxation" method.
- relaxation phenomenon
- in physics and chemistry, an effect related to the delay between the application of an external stress to a system-that is, to an aggregation of matter-and its response. It may ... [2 Related Articles]
- relaxation time
- (from the article "industrial glass") ...tension in critical regions, these stresses must be reduced by the process of annealing. As is explained in Properties of glass, the atomic structure of a glassy solid undergoes a ...
- relaxation training
- (from the article "therapeutics") ...sensitive electronic devices and the principles of reinforcement to provide continuous visual or auditory "feedback," which helps patients learn to control subtle physical processes. Relaxation training, like deep muscle relaxation ...
- relaxed walk
- (from the article "walk") During a relaxed, or free, walk the reins are nearly slack, freeing the horse's head and neck. The extended walk, a variation of the relaxed walk, results in a cadenced ...
- relaxin
- a hormone produced by the ovaries during pregnancy that causes pelvic and cervical expansion and relaxation. It inhibits muscular contractions of the uterus that would cause natural abortion of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- relay
- in electricity, electromagnetic device for remote or automatic control of current in one (relay) circuit, using the variation in current in another (energizing) circuit. For example, in a solenoid (q.v.) ... [1 Related Articles]
- relay lens
- (from the article "optics") A common feature of many optical systems is a relay lens, which may be introduced to invert an image or to extend the length of the system, as in a ...
- relay nucleus
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...of most, but not all, sensory and motor signals to specific regions of the cerebral cortex. Sensory signals generated in all types of receptors are projected via complex pathways to ...
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