| | - reflex-like activity
- (from the article "stereotyped response") Reflex-like activities of entire organisms may be unoriented or oriented. Unoriented responses include kineses-undirected speeding or slowing of the rate of locomotion or frequency of change from rest to movement ...
- reflexivity
- (from the article "formal logic") A relation phi that always holds between any object and itself is said to be reflexive; i.e., phi is reflexive if(∀x)phixx(example: "is identical with"). If phi never holds between any ...
- reflexology
- (from the article "theatre") ...in a chart of gestures, which was used as a guide for expression and characterization by many amateur theatre companies in the middle years of the 20th century. The further ...
- reflux
- (from the article "sedimentary rock") ...of calcium-rich evaporite minerals like gypsum and anhydrite. These magnesium-rich brines then tend to be flushed downward owing to their high density; the entire process is named evaporative reflux. Penecontemporaneous ...
- reflux
- (from the article "petroleum refining") ...fractionating column pressure at the desired figure, usually near atmospheric pressure (about 1 kilogram per square centimetre, or 15 pounds per square inch). Part of the condensed liquid, called reflux, ...
- reform
- (from the article "Ottoman Empire") The Ottoman reforms introduced during the 17th century were undertaken by sultans Osman II (ruled 1618-22) and Murad IV (1623-40) and by the famous dynasty of Koprulu grand viziers who ...
- Reform Bill
- any of the British parliamentary bills that became acts in 1832, 1867, and 1884-85 and that expanded the electorate for the House of Commons and rationalized the representation of that ... [25 Related Articles]
- Reform Club
- (from the article "Inukai Tsuyoshi") In 1922 Inukai organized another new party, the Reform Club (Kakushin Kurabu), and the following year he again joined the cabinet, this time as minister of communications. In 1924, however, ...
- Reform Judaism
- a religious movement that has modified or abandoned many traditional Jewish beliefs, laws, and practices in an effort to adapt Judaism to the changed social, political, and cultural conditions of ... [14 Related Articles]
- reform movement
- (from the article "social movement") A commonly used but highly subjective distinction is that between "reform" and "revolutionary" movements. Such a distinction implies that a reform movement advocates a change that will preserve the existing ...
- Reform Party
- political movement in Canada West (later called Upper Canada from 1841 to 1867; now Ontario) and the Maritime Provinces that came into prominence shortly before 1837. Radical Reformers in Canada ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reform Party
- (from the article "Canada") ...Chretien, a veteran politician who had held a number of cabinet posts in the Trudeau government, led the Liberal Party to a majority government and became prime minister. The western-based ...
- Reform Party
- (from the article "Estonia") ...political life during 2005. In late March the cabinet of Prime Minister Juhan Parts, Res Publica's leader, resigned following a vote of no confidence. It was replaced by a three-party ...
- Reform Party
- (from the article "Perot, Ross") In September 1995 Perot established the Reform Party, which he hoped to build into a major political party. The party's broadly defined platform called for campaign reform, congressional term limits, ...
- Reforma, La
- (Spanish: The Reform), liberal political and social revolution in Mexico between 1854 and 1876 under the principal leadership of Benito Juarez. [3 Related Articles]
- Reforma, Paseo de la
- (from the article "Latin American architecture") These countries had newly diversified export economies that participated in international markets. Capital investment from France and England helped these economies expand rapidly. The Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico ...
- Reformation
- the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century; its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social ... [157 Related Articles]
- Reformation by the Middle Way
- (from the article "Schwenckfeld, Kaspar") German theologian, writer, and preacher who led the Protestant Reformation in Silesia. He was a representative of a phenomenon called Reformation by the Middle Way, and he established societies that ...
- Reformation Day
- anniversary of the day Martin Luther is said to have posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Ger. (Oct. 31, 1517), later identified by ...
- Reformation Parliament
- (from the article "United Kingdom") With Wolsey and his papal authority gone, Henry turned to the authority of the state to obtain his annulment. The so-called Reformation Parliament that first met in November 1529 was ...
- reformatory
- correctional institution for the treatment, training, and social rehabilitation of young offenders. [1 Related Articles]
- reformatting
- (from the article "library") In response to this problem, libraries have developed several preservation strategies. The most important method of preserving library materials has been reformatting. Brittle and crumbling books and photographs are preserved ...
- Reformed Alliance
- (from the article "Reformed and Presbyterian churches") A Reformed Alliance was organized in Germany in 1884 to preserve the Reformed heritage. A synod held in Altona in January 1934 drew up a confessional statement in opposition to ...
- Reformed and Presbyterian churches
- name given to various Protestant churches that share a common origin in the Reformation in 16th-century Switzerland. Reformed is the term identifying churches regarded as essentially Calvinistic in doctrine. The ... [33 Related Articles]
- Reformed church
- any of several major representative groups of classical Protestantism that arose in the 16th-century Reformation. Originally, all of the Reformation churches used this name (or the name Evangelical) to distinguish ... [31 Related Articles]
- Reformed Church in America
- church that developed from the Dutch settlements in New Netherlands (New York) in the 17th century. The Dutch Reformed Church was the first Reformed church of continental European background in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reformed Church in Hungary
- Reformed church that developed in Hungary during and after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. The influence of the Reformation was felt early in Hungary. A synod at Erdod adopted the Lutheran ...
- Reformed Church in the United States
- (from the article "Evangelical and Reformed Church") Protestant church in the United States, organized in 1934 by uniting the Reformed Church in the United States and the Evangelical Synod of North America. The church brought together churches ...
- Reformed Church of France
- church organized in 1938 by merging several Reformed churches that had developed in France during and after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. During the early part of the Reformation, Protestant movements ... [2 Related Articles]
- Reformed Churches in The Netherlands
- (from the article "Kuyper, Abraham") ...Kuyper founded the Free University at Amsterdam in 1880. After seceding from the Reformed Church (Hervormde Kerk) of The Netherlands (1886), which he viewed as overly aristocratic, he founded the ...
- Reformed Episcopal Church
- (from the article "Cummins, George David") dissident American clergyman who founded and became the first bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church.role of CheneyCheney, Charles Edward...and suspended. ...
- Reformed League
- voluntary association of German Reformed churches founded at Marburg in 1884 to aid Reformed churches and to conserve the Reformed heritage in Germany. It was organized by Reformed pastors and ...
- reforming
- in chemistry, processing technique by which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties. The process is frequently applied to low-quality gasoline stocks to improve their ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reformist Workers' Unions, Confederation of
- (from the article "Turkey") Industrial development, urbanization, and the growth of trade unions provided a base for the development of a radical left that included a new trade union federation, the Confederation of Reformist ...
- Reformverein
- (from the article "Germany") ...and particularism, why not the Germans? National sentiment in Germany, dormant since the revolution, suddenly awoke. Patriotic organizations like the Nationalverein (National Union) and the Reformverein (Reform Union) initiated agitation ...
- refracting telescope
- (from the article "telescope") Commonly known as refractors, telescopes of this kind are used to examine the visible-light region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Typical uses include viewing the Moon, other objects of the solar ...
- refraction
- in physics, the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another caused by its change in speed. For example, waves in deep water travel faster than ... [25 Related Articles]
- refractive index
- measure of the bending of a ray of light when passing from one medium into another. If i is the angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum (angle between ... [23 Related Articles]
- refractive index detector
- (from the article "chromatography") ...bends or refracts on passing through an interface between air and a liquid or liquid solution. The degree of refraction depends on the nature of the liquid or the composition ...
- refractive loss
- (from the article "telecommunications media") ...reflecting boundary is a dielectric, or nonconducting material, part of the wave may be reflected while part may be transmitted (refracted) through the medium-leading to a phenomenon known as refractive ...
- refractometer
- (from the article "instrumentation") ...rely on instrumentation for monitoring chemical, physical, and environmental properties, as well as the performance of production lines. Instruments to monitor chemical properties include the refractometer, infrared analyzers, chromatographs, and ...
- refractometry
- (from the article "analysis") Another category of spectral analysis in which the incident radiation changes direction is refractometry. The refractive index of a substance is defined as the ratio of the velocity of electromagnetic ...
- refractory
- any material that has an unusually high melting point and that maintains its structural properties at very high temperatures. Composed principally of ceramics, refractories are employed in great quantities in ... [7 Related Articles]
- refractory inclusion
- (from the article "carbonaceous chondrite") ...reasons. First, members of the CI group have the most primitive bulk compositions of any chondrite-i.e., their nonvolatile element compositions are very similar to that of the Sun. Second, refractory ...
- refractory ore
- (from the article "gold processing") Many gold-bearing ores and concentrates are not readily amenable to cyanidation, owing to the presence of substances that consume the cyanide reagent before it can dissolve the gold, preferentially adsorb ...
- refractory period
- (from the article "muscle") ...the stimulation. Muscle, like other excitable tissues, has a period following its action potential during which the membrane will not respond to stimulation regardless of the strength. This absolute refractory ...
- refractory shock
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") The terms refractory shock and irreversible shock are widely used by physicians and other medical workers to refer to types of shock that present particularly difficult problems. The term refractory ...
- refrain
- a phrase, line, or group of lines repeated at intervals throughout a poem, generally at the end of the stanza. Refrains are found in the ancient Egyptian Book of the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Refreshment of the Saints
- (from the article "millennialism") ...among Christians. Paradoxically, antimillenarian writings, like St. Jerome's commentary on The Book of Daniel, provided the basis for new forms of millennialism, such as belief in the "Refreshment of the ...
- refrigerant
- (from the article "The Environment") On June 22, at a conference in Brussels on "green" refrigerants supported by UNEP and Greenpeace, Coca-Cola, McDonald's, and Unilever announced that they would phase out their use of hydrofluorocarbon ...
- refrigeration
- the process of removing heat from an enclosed space or from a substance for the purpose of lowering the temperature. [14 Related Articles]
- refrigerator car
- (from the article "Swift, Gustavus Franklin") founder of the meat-packing firm Swift & Company and promoter of the railway refrigerator car for shipping meat.
- refugee
- any uprooted, homeless, involuntary migrant who has crossed a frontier and no longer possesses the protection of his former government. Prior to the 19th century the movement from one country ... [128 Related Articles]
- refugium
- (from the article "tropical rainforest") ...Africa, South America, Australia, peninsular India, and Antarctica. An alternative explanation for this geographic pattern is that in the Southern Hemisphere, especially on islands, there are more refugia-i.e., isolated areas ...
- refuse
- (from the article "environmental works") ...in Hazardous-waste management. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site is called refuse or municipal solid waste. Refuse includes ...
- refuse cell
- (from the article "environmental works") The basic element of a sanitary landfill is the refuse cell. This is a confined portion of the site in which refuse is spread and compacted in thin layers; several ...
- refuse collection
- (from the article "environmental works") Solid-waste collection
- refuse disposal system
- technique for the collection and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste management. [4 Related Articles]
- refuse-derived fuel system
- (from the article "environmental works") Waste-to-energy plants operate as either mass burn or refuse-derived fuel systems. A mass burn system uses all the refuse, without prior treatment or preparation. A refuse-derived fuel system separates combustible ...
- reg
- (from the article "desert") The peculiar climatic environment of deserts has favoured the development of certain characteristic landforms. Stony plains called regs or gibber plains are widespread, their surface covered by desert pavement consisting ...
- Rega
- (from the article "art, African") The Lega, who inhabit the area between the Luba and the northernmost peoples, have produced figures and masks, mostly carved from ivory in a schematic style. These objects are used, ...
- regal
- a small, easily portable pipe organ usually having only a single set, or rank, of reed pipes. The beating reeds are surmounted by small resonators, producing a nasal, buzzing tone. ... [1 Related Articles]
- regal moth
- any of a group of moths in the family Saturniidae (order Lepidoptera) that are large and brightly coloured and occur only in the New World.
- regal pipe
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") ...partials. Some reed pipes, such as the vox humana, have very short resonators of quarter or eighth length. Pipes the resonators of which have no mathematical relationship to the pitch ...
- regal stop
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") ...Some reed pipes, such as the vox humana, have very short resonators of quarter or eighth length. Pipes the resonators of which have no mathematical relationship to the pitch are ...
- regalist
- (from the article "Spain") ...than has sometimes been maintained. Charles III himself was a devoted Catholic who dedicated Spain to the Immaculate Conception. While some of his servants were fashionable anticlericals, most were regalists; ...
- Regan
- the king's deceitful middle daughter in Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear. [1 Related Articles]
- Regan, Donald Thomas
- American businessman and politician (b. Dec. 21, 1918, Cambridge, Mass.-d. June 10, 2003, Williamsburg, Va.), was the innovative chairman of Merrill Lynch & Co. (1971-80) before becoming a top aide ... [2 Related Articles]
- Regan, Tom
- (from the article "animal rights") It has been said that the modern animal rights movement is the first social reform movement initiated by philosophers. The Australian philosopher Peter Singer and the American philosopher Tom Regan ...
- regatta
- (from the article "rowing") ...century there were more than 40,000 liveried watermen. Doggett's Coat and Badge, an organized watermen's race, has been held annually since 1715. The watermen were, of course, professionals, and the ...
- regelation
- (from the article "glacier") ...is subjected to higher pressure, which lowers the melting temperature and causes some of the ice to melt; on the downstream side the converse is true, and meltwater freezes. This ...
- Regen, Ivan
- (from the article "sound reception") ...to the inference that the primary purpose of these noises was to attract a female. That this is indeed the case was first established by the extensive observations of the ...
- Regence style
- transition in the decorative arts from the massive rectilinear forms of Louis XIV furniture to those prefiguring the Rococo style of Louis XV. The style encompasses about the first 30 ... [3 Related Articles]
- regency
- (from the article "Spain") ...bones of Bourbon administrative centralism and resulted in the explicit formulation of a liberal ideology that was to be a dynamic factor in Spanish history. The Central Junta and its ...
- Regency Crisis
- (from the article "Sheridan, Richard Brinsley") ...of his time but never achieved greater political influence in Parliament because he was thought to be an unreliable intriguer. Some support for this view is to be found in ...
- Regency style
- decorative arts produced during the regency of George, prince of Wales, and during his entire reign as King George IV of England, ending in 1830. The major source of inspiration ... [6 Related Articles]
- Regener, Sven
- (from the article "Literature") Sven Regener's novel Neue Vahr Sud, named after a neighbourhood in Bremen, was a prequel to his highly successful 2001 novel Herr Lehmann; Neue Vahr Sud told the story of ...
- regenerated cellulosic fibre
- (from the article "natural fibre") ...the Industrial Revolution encouraged the further invention of machines for use in processing various natural fibres, resulting in a tremendous upsurge in fibre production. The introduction of regenerated cellulosic fibres ...
- regeneration
- in biology, the process by which some organisms replace or restore lost or amputated body parts. [20 Related Articles]
- Regeneration
- (from the article "Nunez, Rafael") ...his second term (1884-86). The constitution of 1886 solidified his regime and inaugurated 50 years of Conservative dominance. Nunez then instituted a series of reforms called the Regeneration, which replaced ...
- Regeneration
- (from the article "Mexico") ...began to question the country's apathetic acceptance of the Porfirian peace. The earliest and most vocal critics were Mexican radical groups, perhaps the most important of which called itself Regeneration. ...
- regenerative circuit
- (from the article "Armstrong, Edwin H.") ...in 1906 by Lee De Forest, a pioneer in the development of wireless telegraphy and television. Armstrong made exhaustive measurements to find out how the tube worked and devised a ...
- regenerative fuel cell
- (from the article "fuel cell") A fuel cell can be designed to operate reversibly. In other words, a hydrogen-oxygen cell that produces water as a product can be made to regenerate hydrogen and oxygen. Such ...
- regenerative furnace
- (from the article "industrial glass") Natural gas, oil, or electricity may be used to generate the heat of melting. For fossil-fuel firing, the furnaces are often of the regenerative type (see Figure 8). In regenerative ...
- regenerative heat exchanger
- (from the article "gas-turbine engine") Both approaches require considerable additional equipment and are used less frequently than the third improvement. Here, the hot exhaust gases from the turbine are passed through a heat exchanger, or ...
- regenerative pump
- (from the article "pump") A regenerative pump is also called a turbine, or peripheral, pump. The impeller has vanes on both sides of the rim that rotate in a ringlike channel in the pump's ...
- Regenerator Party
- (from the article "Portugal") ...from the Napoleonic invasions and from civil wars, political strife, and pronunciamentos (military coups). But, although the main parties were now defined as Historicals (i.e., radicals) and Regenerators (moderates), the ...
- regens cancellariam
- (from the article "diplomatics") ...so far been done on the papal chancery during the 14th and 15th centuries. Whereas formerly, when the vice chancellor was absent, one of the notaries had deputized for him, ...
- Regensberg
- (from the article "Switzerland") ...Geneva, and Lucerne combine local glacial topography with urban structures, including architecturally significant cathedrals, to form a composite landscape of nature and culture. Hill towns such as Regensberg and Gruyeres, ...
- Regensburg
- city, Bavaria Land (state), southeastern Germany. It lies on the right bank of the Danube River along its most northerly course, where it is joined by the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Regensburg Book
- (from the article "Bucer, Martin") ...for a colloquy between Catholics and Protestants at Regensburg in 1541. Charles selected three Catholic and three Protestant theologians (including Bucer) to discuss an anonymous document called the Regensburg Book, ...
- Regensburg, Colloquy of
- (from the article "Christianity") ...Germany, in 1529. In 1541 John Calvin (who never ceased to view the church in its catholicity), Bucer, and Melanchthon met with Cardinal Gasparo Contarini and other Roman Catholics at ...
- Regensburg, diets of
- (from the article "Otakar II") ...as German king (1273). After having incurred the enmity both of rival princes and of his own nobility, Otakar was first divested of his rights to Austria, Styria, and Carinthia ...
- Regensburg, Treaty of
- (from the article "Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de") ...garrisons into parts of the duchy of Lorraine, which were claimed as fiefs of France. There followed intricate diplomatic maneuvers, culminating in Richelieu's dramatic refusal to ratify the peace Treaty ...
- Regensburg, Truce of
- (from the article "Saarland") ...Saarbrucken, though inhabited by German-speaking people, was much influenced by France in the 150 years following the Peace of Westphalia (1648). Saar became a French province in 1684 under the ...
- regent
- (from the article "Netherlands, The") ...Most of the Dutch elite were wealthy townsmen whose fortunes were made as merchants and financiers, but they frequently shifted their activities to government, becoming what the Dutch called regents, ...
- regent bowerbird
- (from the article "bowerbird") ...consists of two close-set parallel walls of sticks, interwoven and sometimes overarching, on a circular mat of twigs. Avenues are made by the satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus); the regent bowerbird ...
- Regent diamond
- a brilliant-cut stone with a slight blue tinge that once was the outstanding gem of the French crown jewels; it was discovered in India in 1701 and weighed 410 carats ... [1 Related Articles]
- Regent's Park
- park in the Greater London boroughs of Westminster and Camden. It occupies an area of 487 acres (197 hectares) north and east of the St. Marylebone district. Originally a part ... [2 Related Articles]
- regents' exam
- (from the article "New York") ...of the most comprehensive educational organizations in the world-governs all educational activities in the state. It was established in 1784 and its governance placed under a Board of Regents. In ...
- Reger, Max
- German composer and teacher noted for his organ works, which use Baroque forms; he was one of the last composers to infuse life into 19th-century musical traditions. [3 Related Articles]
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