| | - receptor-effector coupling
- (from the article "drug") ...processes must take place before the drug effect is measurable. Various mechanisms are known to be involved in the processes between receptor activation and the cellular response (also called receptor-effector ...
- recession
- in economics, a downward trend in the business cycle characterized by a decline in production and employment, which in turn causes the incomes and spending of households to decline. Even ... [10 Related Articles]
- recessional moraine
- (from the article "moraine") A recessional moraine consists of a secondary terminal moraine deposited during a temporary glacial standstill. Such deposits reveal the history of glacial retreats along the valley; in some instances 10 ...
- recessiveness
- in genetics, the failure of one of a pair of genes (alleles) present in an individual to express itself in an observable manner because of the greater influence, or dominance, ... [8 Related Articles]
- Rechabite
- member of a conservative, ascetic Israelite sect that was named for Rechab, the father of Jehonadab. Jehonadab was an ally of Jehu, a 9th-century-BC king of Israel, and a zealous ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rechendorfer, Joseph
- (from the article "eraser") ...was named rubber in 1770 by the English chemist Joseph Priestley, because it was used to rub out marks. The first patent on an integral pencil and eraser was issued ...
- Rechicourt
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...trade route connecting the Paris Basin with the industrial regions of Alsace-Lorraine. The improvements included major works on either side of the Vosges summit level, replacing 23 old locks. At ...
- Rechitsa
- city and centre of Rechitsa rayon (sector), Gomel oblast (province), Belarus, a port on the Dnieper River. The city dates from at least the 12th century, and it became an ...
- rechtbanken
- (from the article "Netherlands, The") ...which exercise jurisdiction in a whole range of minor civil and criminal cases. More-important cases are handled by one of the district courts (rechtbanken), which also can ...
- Rechy, John
- American novelist whose semiautobiographical works explore the worlds of sexual and social outsiders and occasionally draw on his Mexican-American heritage. [1 Related Articles]
- recibiendo
- (from the article "bullfighting") ...small cape used in the bullfight's final act. Romero was famous for executing the more dangerous, dramatic, and difficult of the two methods of killing the bull-the
- recidivism
- tendency toward chronic criminal behaviour leading to numerous arrests and re-imprisonment. Studies of the yearly intake of prisons, reformatories, and jails in the United States and Europe show that from ... [2 Related Articles]
- Recife
- capital of Pernambuco estado (state), northeastern Brazil, and centre of an area that includes several industrial towns. It is an Atlantic seaport located at the confluence of ... [2 Related Articles]
- reciprocal altruism
- (from the article "ethics") One of the recorded sayings of Confucius is an answer to a request from a disciple for a single word that could serve as a guide to conduct for one's ...
- reciprocal innervation
- (from the article "nervous system, human") Any cold, hot, or noxious stimulus coming in contact with the skin of the foot contracts the flexor muscle of that limb, relaxes the extensor muscles of the same limb, ...
- reciprocal servitude
- (from the article "servitude") In subdivisions and planned developments, burdens and benefits are often reciprocal. Each lot or unit is burdened by servitudes for the benefit of all the others. In most U.S. states, ...
- Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
- (from the article "Hull, Cordell") ...19th century. He first won presidential support and public acclaim for such proposals at the inter-American Montevideo Conference (December 1933). He next succeeded in getting Congress to pass the Reciprocal ...
- reciprocating compressor
- (from the article "compressor") ...piston, compressed by decreasing the volume of the gas by moving the piston in the opposite direction, and, lastly, discharged when the gas pressure exceeds the pressure acting on the ...
- reciprocating engine
- (from the article "airplane") ...more fuel to be burned. With afterburners, fuel is injected behind the combustion section and ignited to increase thrust greatly at the expense of high fuel consumption. The power delivered ...
- reciprocating saw
- (from the article "hand tool") ...stroke to draw the branch toward the operator. Blades that are thin and narrow, as in the coping saw (fretsaw or scroll saw), are pulled through the workpiece by a ...
- reciprocating screw injection molding
- (from the article "plastic") ...the liquefying of the resin and the regulating of its flow is carried out in a part of the apparatus that remains hot, while the shaping and cooling is carried ...
- reciprocity
- in international trade, the granting of mutual concessions in tariff rates, quotas, or other commercial restrictions. Reciprocity implies that these concessions are neither intended nor expected to be generalized to ... [3 Related Articles]
- reciprocity
- (from the article "kinship") But what had encouraged this notional exchange of women in the first place? According to Levi-Strauss, two factors obtained: the principle of reciprocity and the incest taboo. He suggested that ...
- reciprocity
- (from the article "electromagnetic radiation") ...waves. For example, a piece of glass heated next to iron looks nearly colourless, but it feels hotter to the skin (it emits more infrared rays) than does the iron. ...
- Reciprocity Treaty
- (from the article "Canada") ...favoured American annexation, but to no avail. In an attempt to draw the trade of the American Midwest down the St. Lawrence River valley, work was begun on the Grand ...
- Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
- free-trade agreement between the United States and the Hawaiian kingdom that guaranteed a duty-free market for Hawaiian sugar in exchange for special economic privileges for the United States that were ... [2 Related Articles]
- recit
- a brief novel, usually with a simple narrative line. One of the writers who consciously used the form was Andre Gide. Both L'Immoraliste (1902; The Immoralist) and La Porte etroite ... [2 Related Articles]
- recitative
- style of monody (accompanied solo song) that emphasizes and indeed imitates the rhythms and accents of spoken language, rather than melody or musical motives. Modeled on oratory, recitative developed in ... [5 Related Articles]
- recitativo accompagnato
- (from the article "recitative") ...by the accents of the words. Accompaniment, usually by continuo (cello and harpsichord), is simple and chordal. The melody approximates speech by using only a few pitches. The second variety, ...
- recitativo secco
- (from the article "recitative") Two principal varieties developed. Recitativo secco ("dry recitative") is sung with a free rhythm dictated by the accents of the words. Accompaniment, usually by continuo (cello and harpsichord), is simple ...
- Reckless, Walter
- American criminologist known for his containment theory of criminology, which stated that juvenile delinquency commonly arises from a breakdown in moral and social forces that otherwise "contain" deviant behaviour.
- Recklinghausen
- city, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. The city is situated on the northern edge of the Ruhr industrial region, north of Essen, and has port facilities ...
- Recklinghausen, Friedrich Daniel von
- German pathologist, best known for his descriptions of two disorders, each called Recklinghausen's disease: multiple neurofibromatosis (1882), characterized by numerous skin tumours associated with areas of pigmentation, and osteitis fibrosa ...
- Reclams Universal-Bibliothek
- (from the article "publishing, history of") ...British and American Authors (1841-1939) became known to thousands of travelers. Tauchnitz voluntarily paid royalties and forbade the sale of his editions in Britain. Even more successful was Reclams Universal-Bibliothek, ...
- Reclus, Elisee
- French geographer and anarchist who was awarded the gold medal of the Paris Geographical Society in 1892 for La Nouvelle Geographie universelle. [1 Related Articles]
- recognition
- (from the article "international law") Recognition is a process whereby certain facts are accepted and endowed with a certain legal status, such as statehood, sovereignty over newly acquired territory, or the international effects of the ...
- recognition
- in psychology, a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered; in such situations a correct response can be identified when presented ... [3 Related Articles]
- recognition lag
- (from the article "government economic policy") ...no delay, or lag, because of political controversies, administrative problems, or difficulties in determining whether the time has come to act. There are three types of lag in economic policy: ...
- recognition sequence
- (from the article "restriction enzyme") ...a short, specific sequence of nucleotide bases (the four basic chemical subunits of the linear double-stranded DNA molecule-adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine). These regions are called recognition sequences and are ...
- recognizance
- in Anglo-American law, obligation entered into before a judge or magistrate whereby a party (the recognizor) binds himself to owe a sum of money in the event that he does ... [1 Related Articles]
- recoil
- (from the article "electromagnetic radiation") During the mid-1800s the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff observed that atoms and molecules emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation at characteristic frequencies and that the emission and absorption frequencies are ...
- recoil
- (from the article "French 75") field gun of 75-millimetre (2.95-inch) bore devised in 1894 by Colonel Albert Deport of the French army. It was distinguished from other cannon of its time by its recoil system: ...
- recoil electron
- (from the article "radiation measurement") ...process of Compton scattering. In this process, the photon abruptly changes direction and transfers a portion of its original energy to the electron from which it scattered, producing an energetic ...
- recoil nucleus
- (from the article "radiation measurement") ...elastic scattering of neutrons from nuclei. They exploit the fact that a significant fraction of a neutron's kinetic energy can be transferred to the nucleus that it strikes, producing an ...
- recoil sputtering
- (from the article "radiation") ...into the target. The recoiling atom promptly collides with a neighbouring atom in the target, rebounds elastically, and is ejected from the surface. A similar but somewhat more complex mechanism ...
- recoiling energetic hydrogen nucleus
- (from the article "radiation measurement") The result of a fast-neutron scattering from hydrogen is a recoiling energetic hydrogen nucleus, or recoil proton. One type of detector based on these recoil protons is a proportional counter ...
- recoilless rifle
- any of several antitank weapons developed during World War II. They are lightweight and can be operated by one or two men. Recoil was eliminated by allowing part of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- recollection, doctrine of
- (from the article "Plato") ...are "mouthpieces" through whom he inculcates tenets of his own without concern for dramatic or historical propriety. Thus it has often been held that the theory of Forms, or Ideas, ...
- recombinant activated factor VII
- (from the article "Advances in Battlefield Medicine") ...is still used to treat combat casualties because it retains its ability to clot far better than frozen stored blood. In 2004 military doctors began using an experimental blood-clotting drug ...
- recombinant alpha interferon
- (from the article "therapeutics") Interferon-alpha is produced by a recombinant DNA process using genetically engineered Escherichia coli. Recombinant interferon-alpha appears to be most effective against hairy-cell leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, ...
- recombinant DNA technology
- joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and ... [14 Related Articles]
- recombination
- in genetics, regrouping of the maternal and paternal genes during the formation of gametes (sex cells). Recombination occurs randomly in nature as a normal event of meiosis, the process by ... [8 Related Articles]
- recombination
- (from the article "crystal") ...on the semiconductor. The short lifetime is due to the preference for the electron to reenter a covalent bond state, thereby eliminating both the hole and the conduction electron. This ...
- recombination line
- (from the article "nebula") The spectra of H II regions show bright emission lines arising from two fundamentally different processes. The first are recombination lines, which are produced when any ion combines with an ...
- recommendation
- (from the article "France") ...epoch, bonds of personal dependence, present in both Roman and Germanic institutions, competed with weakened governmental institutions. In the 7th century these bonds took one of two forms: commendation (a ...
- Reconcavo
- (from the article "Bahia") The colonization of the territory began in the Reconcavo-that is, in the coastal region-where sugarcane and tobacco were grown for export and other crops raised for the settlers' food. In ...
- reconciliation
- (from the article "absolution") in the Christian religion, a pronouncement of remission (forgiveness) of sins to the penitent. In Roman Catholicism, penance is a sacrament and the power to absolve lies with the priest, ...
- reconnaissance
- (from the article "warning system") The observation balloon was an important technological advance. First used in warfare by the French in the late 18th century, primarily for offensive reconnaissance on the battlefield, its defensive possibilities ...
- reconnaissance aircraft
- (from the article "Approximate Strengths of Selected Regular Armed Forces of the World") At the outbreak of World War I, heavier-than-air craft were used only for visual reconnaissance, since their feeble engines could carry little more than a pilot and, in some cases, ...
- reconnection
- (from the article "Earth") ...hours an enormous amount of energy-several billion megajoules, which is roughly equivalent to the yearly electricity production of many smaller countries). This occurs through a process called reconnection, in which ...
- Reconquista
- in medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early ... [10 Related Articles]
- Reconstruction
- (1865-77), in U.S. history, period during and after the American Civil War in which attempts were made to solve the political, social, and economic problems arising from the readmission to ... [24 Related Articles]
- Reconstruction Acts
- (from the article "McCardle, Ex Parte") (1869), refusal of the U.S. Supreme Court to hear a case involving the Reconstruction Acts. The court's refusal marked the apogee of Radical Republican power to determine national policy.Johnson administration
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation
- U.S. government agency established by Congress on January 22, 1932, to provide financial aid to railroads, financial institutions, and business corporations. With the passage of the Emergency Relief Act in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Reconstructionism
- in American Judaism, movement and ideology founded in 1922 that holds that Judaism is in essence a religious civilization the religious elements of which are purely human, naturalistic expressions of ... [2 Related Articles]
- reconstructive dentistry
- (from the article "dentistry") Reconstructive dentistry involves any major rebuilding of the mouth, typically with porcelain and metal. Reconstructive dentistry may be needed by individuals who have many severe cavities, have generalized severe gum ...
- reconstructive surgery
- (from the article "therapeutics") Reconstructive surgery is employed when a significant amount of tissue is missing as a result of trauma or surgical removal. A skin graft may be required if the wound cannot ...
- record
- (from the article "computer programming language") COBOL uses an English-like notation-novel when introduced. Business computations organize and manipulate large quantities of data, and COBOL introduced the record data structure for such tasks. A record clusters heterogeneous ...
- record producer
- (from the article "Independent record labels and producers") From 1946 to 1958 the American music business was turned upside down by a group of mavericks who knew little about music but were fast learners about business. What they ...
- Recordak system
- (from the article "microform") The earliest large-scale commercial use of greatly reduced-size copying onto narrow rolls of film (microfilm) resulted from the introduction of the Recordak system by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928. ...
- recordation
- (from the article "property law") In the example of the watch, the distinction between contract and conveyance became important as soon as the rights of a third person became involved. But from the point of ...
- Recorde, Robert
- physician, mathematician, and author of introductory mathematics textbooks.
- Recorded Minister
- (from the article "Friends, Society of") Though Friends have no ordination, they have always given a special place to Recorded Ministers (or Public Friends). Recorded Ministers are those whose testimony in local meetings has been officially ...
- recorder
- in Anglo-American judicial systems, an officer appointed by a city, county, or other administrative unit to keep legal records. In England and Wales the recorder, in the course of time, ...
- recorder
- in music, wind instrument of the fipple, or whistle, flute class, closely related to the flageolet. Most recorders made since their revival in 1919 by the English instrument maker Arnold ... [3 Related Articles]
- recording gauge
- (from the article "gauging station") ...and the like. Among the measuring devices used are a staff gauge, which is a graduated scale anchored in the water and read by observing the level of the water ...
- recording industry
- (from the article "rock") ...Europe in the '60s, and by the '90s its impact was obvious globally (if in many different local guises). Rock's commercial importance was by then reflected in the organization of ...
- Recording Industry Association of America
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Online music piracy continued unabated, even though the Russian Web site AllofMP3.com-a particularly egregious offender in the view of the music industry-was shut down. The Web site had sold albums ...
- recovery
- (from the article "spaceflight") Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth's atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic ...
- recreation
- (from the article "African dance") Dance is the most popular form of recreation in Africa. In towns, men and women of all ages meet informally in dance clubs to dance to the rhythms of popular ...
- recreational architecture
- (from the article "architecture") Few recreations require architecture until they become institutionalized and must provide for both active and passive participation (athletic events, dramatic, musical performances, etc.) or for communal participation in essentially private ...
- recreational vehicle
- (from the article "camping") ...from primitive to motorized, continue to grow in popularity, particularly in the United States, Canada, and western Europe. Much of this growth is the result of the proliferation of campsites ...
- recrudescence
- (from the article "testis") ...young, sexually immature males. Frequently in these animals the testes are drawn back into the body cavity except in the breeding season, when they again descend and mature; this process ...
- Recruit
- (from the article "Takeshita Noboru") ...obtained the passage of a new national sales tax. In April 1988 he publicly disclosed that he and several aides had been among those politicians who had received stocks, donations, ...
- recruiting reflex
- (from the article "nervous system, human") Although a reflex response is said to be rapid and immediate, some reflexes, called recruiting reflexes, can hardly be evoked by a single stimulus. Instead, they require increasing stimulation to ...
- recruitment
- (from the article "ear, human") ...not be heard at all by the ear with a sensorineural impairment, more intense sounds may be as loud as they are to a healthy ear. This rapid increase in ...
- recruitment
- (from the article "guerrilla warfare") Such are the vicissitudes of guerrilla warfare that outstanding leadership is necessary at all levels if a guerrilla force is to survive and prosper. A leader must not only be ...
- recrystallization
- (from the article "glacier") any large mass of perennial ice that originates on land by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and that shows evidence of past or present flow.
ice
- recrystallization
- (from the article "metamorphic rock") The word metamorphism is taken from the Greek for "change of form"; metamorphic rocks are derived from igneous or sedimentary rocksthat have altered their form (recrystallized) as a result of ...
- rectal ampulla
- (from the article "digestive system, human") ...of the sigmoid colon, begins in front of the midsacrum (the sacrum is the triangular bone near the base of the spine and between the two hipbones). It ends in ...
- rectal valve
- (from the article "digestive system, human") Two to three large crescentlike folds known as rectal valves are located in the rectal ampulla. These valves are caused by an invagination, or infolding, of the circular muscle and ...
- rectangle
- (from the article "mathematics") ...between the values a and b, Cauchy went back to the primitive idea of the integral as the measure of the area under the graph of the function. He approximated ...
- rectangular coordinates
- (from the article "reference frame") ...The position of a point moving parallel to a plane (plane motion) can be described by two numbers: (1) either the distances of the point from two lines at right ...
- rectification
- (from the article "quadrature") ...the limit (as the divisions become ever finer) of the sum of these areas. When this process is performed with solid figures to find volume, the process is called cubature. ...
- Rectification Campaign
- (from the article "Mao Zedong") ...of them enjoyed. He could and did claim, however, to know and understand China. The differences between him and the Soviet-oriented faction in the party came to a head at ...
- rectification of names
- (from the article "Confucianism") The social vision, contained in the Liji, shows society not as an adversarial system based on contractual relationships but as a community of trust with emphasis on communication. Society organized ...
- rectification still
- (from the article "distilled spirit") Rectification is the process of purifying alcohol by repeatedly or fractionally distilling it to remove water and undesirable compounds. As mentioned above, a fermentation mixture primarily contains water and ethyl ...
- rectifier
- device that converts alternating electric current into direct current. It may be an electron tube (either a vacuum or a gaseous type), vibrator, solid-state device, or mechanical device. Direct current ... [9 Related Articles]
- rectilinear figure
- (from the article "mathematics") ...solids-known as the Platonic solids-in a given sphere (compare the constructions of plane figures in Book IV). The measurement of curved figures in Book XII is inferred from that of ...
- rectilinear locomotion
- (from the article "locomotion") Unlike the three preceding patterns of movement, in which the body is thrown into a series of curves, in rectilinear locomotion in snakes the body is held relatively straight and ...
- Recto, Claro Mayo
- statesman and leader of the "Filipino-first" movement that attacked U.S. "neo-colonialism" in the Philippines.
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