| | - real bills doctrine
- (from the article "bank") ...early bankers of focusing on short-term commercial loans, which was understandable given the assets they had to choose from, eventually became the basis for a fallacious theory known as the ...
- real contract
- (from the article "Roman law") If an agreement was not clothed in the form of a stipulation, it must, to be valid, fall under one of the types of real or consensual contracts. A real ...
- Real Cuerpo de Mineria
- (Spanish: "Royal Mining Company"), guild of mine owners in the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The guild was set up by royal decree in 1777 in the Viceroyalty of New ...
- real definition
- (from the article "epistemology") ...used to discover unchanging forms through the method of dialectic, which Plato inherited from his teacher Socrates. The method involves a process of question and answer designed to elicit a ...
- Real del Monte
- (from the article "Pachuca") ...silver mines are said to have been worked in the area in pre-Columbian times. The Spanish founded the city-one of the first settlements in New Spain-in 1534 and took over ...
- real earnings
- (from the article "labour economics") The rise of real earnings may be traced by comparing the movements of earnings in money with those of an index number of the prices of the articles on which ...
- real estate agent
- (from the article "agency") ...other hand, has no possession of the object of sale but is empowered to make contracts for the purchase or sale of personal property on behalf of his principal. More ...
- real evidence
- (from the article "evidence") The remaining form of evidence is so-called real evidence, also known as demonstrative or objective evidence. This is naturally the most direct evidence, since the objects in question are inspected ...
- real exchange rate
- (from the article "money") ...do not care about the nominal exchange rate (the official rate set by national governments under a fixed exchange rate or set by the market under floating rates). What matters ...
- real field
- (from the article "metalogic") ...of these theorems is in the introduction of nonstandard analysis, which was originally instituted by other considerations. By using a suitable ultrapower of the structure of the field R of ...
- REAL identification act
- (from the article "United States") ...over mandates in a federal law broke into the open during 2007 when several state legislatures-including New Hampshire, Montana, Oklahoma, and Washington-refused to comply with the Real ID Act. Many ...
- real image
- (from the article "optical image") the apparent reproduction of an object, formed by a lens or mirror system from reflected, refracted, or diffracted light waves. There are two kinds of images, real and virtual. In ...
- Real Irish Republican Army
- (from the article "Omagh") The town came to international attention on Aug. 15, 1998, when a car bomb exploded in a shopping district, killing 29 people and leaving more than 200 injured. The Real ...
- Real Madrid
- (from the article "football (soccer)") ...top foreign players. For example, the Welshman John Charles, known as "the Gentle Giant," remains a hero for supporters of the Juventus club of Turin, Italy, while the later success ...
- real number
- in mathematics, a quantity that can be expressed as an infinite decimal expansion. Real numbers are used in measurements of continuously varying quantities such as size and time, in contrast ... [11 Related Articles]
- Real Plan
- (from the article "Brazil") Franco appointed as finance minister Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who put forth the Real Plan, a financial program partly inspired by a successful Argentine plan. The program stopped the government from ...
- Real Presence
- (from the article "Eucharist") ...the 19th and 20th centuries the Roman Catholic Liturgical Movement put new emphasis on the frequency of communion, the participation of the entire congregation in the priestly service, and the ...
- real tennis
- racket sport that is descended from and almost identical to the medieval tennis game jeu de paume ("game of the palm"). Real tennis has been played since the Middle Ages, ... [2 Related Articles]
- real yellowwood
- (from the article "yellowwood") ...the miro (P. ferrugineus), and the totara (P. totara), all native to New Zealand; kusamaki, or broad-leaved podocarpus (P. macrophyllus), of China and Japan; real yellowwood (P. latifolius), South African ...
- Real, Cordillera
- major mountain system, the easternmost of the two in Bolivia. It extends generally north-south for about 750 miles (1,200 km) through the length of the country. The Cordillera Real separates ... [4 Related Articles]
- real-time echocardiography
- (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...M-mode echocardiography, however, does not permit effective evaluation of the shape of cardiac structures, nor does it depict lateral motion (i.e., motion perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam). Real-time (cross-sectional or ...
- real-time operation
- (from the article "computer science") The design of real-time systems is becoming increasingly important. Computers have been incorporated into cars, aircraft, manufacturing assembly lines, and other applications to control processes as they occur-known as "in ...
- realgar
- an important ore of arsenic, a red or orange mineral containing both arsenic and sulfur. Typically it is a minor constituent of ore veins in association with orpiment (into which ... [1 Related Articles]
- realia
- (from the article "library") ...such materials as collections of photographs, slides, films and filmstrips, videotapes, and artifacts for work in subjects such as history and mathematics. Some school librarians use the term "realia" to ...
- realism
- in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism ... [40 Related Articles]
- realism
- in philosophy, the viewpoint which accords to things which are known or perceived an existence or nature which is independent of whether anyone is thinking about or perceiving them. [21 Related Articles]
- realism
- (from the article "international relations") ...conflict resolution and adherence to international law grew more distant from the existing world of aggressive dictatorships, a new approach to the study of international relations, known as realism, increasingly ...
- realism
- (from the article "Belgian literature") Led by a Realist, Domien Sleeckx, a reaction against Romanticism set in about 1860. Writing became characterized by acute observation, description of local scenery, humour, and, not infrequently, a pervasive ...
- realistic anti-Platonism
- (from the article "mathematics, philosophy of") There are two different versions of realistic anti-Platonism, namely, psychologism and physicalism. Psychologism is the view that mathematical theorems are about concrete mental objects of some sort. In this view, ...
- Realistic Theatre
- (from the article "theatre, Western") ...in any way impressionistic was condemned as belonging to "abstract art." One of the most successful directors of the time was Nikolay Pavlovich Okhlopkov, who was put in charge of ...
- realistic thinking
- (from the article "thought") ...within the human organism that can serve to represent absent events). If such a sequence is aimed at the solution of a specific problem and fulfills the criteria for reasoning, ...
- reality
- (from the article "nonfictional prose") Prose that is nonfictional is generally supposed to cling to reality more closely than that which invents stories, or frames imaginary plots. Calling it "realistic," however, would be a gross ...
- reality plane
- (from the article "projective geometry") With Desargues's provision of infinitely distant points for parallels, the reality plane and the projective plane are essentially interchangeable-that is, ignoring distances and directions (angles), which are not preserved in ...
- reality principle
- (from the article "human behaviour") ...gratification of one's major instinctual drives (sex, affection, aggression, self-preservation), the ego functions to set limits on this process. In Freud's language, as the child grows, the reality principle gradually ...
- reality show
- (from the article "Media and Publishing") The larger American television networks shored up their schedules-and financial bottom lines-with inexpensive yet reliably popular unscripted reality or game shows. Following the programming trend, NBC chief Jeff Zucker announced ...
- realm
- (from the article "biogeographic region") ...limits of a region are determined by mapping the distributions of taxa; where the outer boundaries of many taxa occur, a line delimiting a biogeographic region is drawn. Major regions ...
- realm, theory of
- (from the article "Wang Guowei") ...1908 he published the first 21 pieces of Renjian cihua ("Notes on Ci Poems in the World"); in this work he first advanced his "theory of realm," ...
- RealNetworks, Inc.
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Microsoft settled the last of the big antitrust suits that it faced in the U.S. by agreeing to pay RealNetworks $761 million. Chief among RealNetworks' claims was that Microsoft had ...
- Realpolitik
- (from the article "India") Hastings had a natural gift for realpolitik, but he was tied to a policy of nonaggression. Much of his diplomatic skill was spent repairing the blunders of others. His major ...
- realschule
- German secondary school with an emphasis on the practical that evolved in the mid-18th century as a six-year alternative to the nine-year gymnasium. It was distinguished by its practical curriculum ... [3 Related Articles]
- ream weight
- (from the article "papermaking") ...and paperboard products. From the first uses of paper in the printing trades, it has been measured in reams, originally 480 sheets (20 quires) but now more commonly 500 sheets ...
- Ream, Vinnie
- American sculptor, who is best remembered for her sculpture of Abraham Lincoln in the rotunda of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. [1 Related Articles]
- reamer
- rotary cutting tool of cylindrical or conical shape used for enlarging and finishing to accurate dimensions holes that have been drilled, bored, or cored. A reamer cannot be used to ...
- reaming
- (from the article "fruit processing") ...for such fruits as pineapples. In one large class of fruit, citrus fruit, juice extraction and separation from the peel are combined. Two major juice extraction systems for citrus exist. ...
- Reaney, James Crerar
- Canadian poet and playwright whose works transform Ontario small-town life into the realm of dream and symbol. [1 Related Articles]
- reanimation rite
- in Egyptian religion, rite to prepare the deceased for the afterlife, performed on statues of the deceased, the mummy itself, or statues of a god located in a temple. An ...
- reaper
- any farm machine that cuts grain. Early reapers simply cut the crop and dropped it unbound, but modern machines include harvesters, combines, and binders, which also perform other harvesting operations. ... [4 Related Articles]
- rear
- (from the article "tactics") ...three days, and one week-long series of engagements became known as the Seven Days' Battles. Since modern weapons permitted fighting at longer ranges, gradually a situation was created where the ...
- rearmament
- (from the article "international relations") ...integration when the United States, bogged down in Asia, requested a sizable increase in the European contribution to NATO. In 1951 the French and British cabinets both fell over the ...
- reason
- in philosophy, the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences. The term "reason" is also used in several other, narrower senses. Reason is in opposition to sensation, perception, feeling, desire, ... [48 Related Articles]
- Reason for the Fatherland
- (from the article "Bolivia") ...PIR). Both groups established important factions in the national congress of 1940-44. In 1943 the civilian president General Enrique Penaranda was overthrown by a secret military group, Reason for the ...
- reasonable man
- (from the article "negligence") The standard of behaviour is external. Generally the law examines only conduct, not the excitability, ignorance, or stupidity that may cause it. The courts determine what the hypothetical "reasonable man" ...
- reasonable-use doctrine
- (from the article "riparian right") ...undiminished quantity and unimpaired quality. By the mid-19th century, however, virtually all American states had repudiated the natural-flow doctrine in favour of a second doctrine, that of "reasonable use." Unlike ...
- Reaumur temperature scale
- scale established in 1730 by the French naturalist Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur (1683-1757), with its zero set at the freezing point of water and its 80° mark at the boiling ... [1 Related Articles]
- Reaumur, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de
- French scientist and foremost entomologist of the early 18th century who conducted research in widely varied fields. [1 Related Articles]
- Rebagliati, Ross
- (from the article "Olympic Games") ...honoured a cease-fire for the duration of the Games. Two new sports, curling and snowboarding, were added to the Winter Olympic program. Snowboarding made a somewhat ignominious debut when Canadian ...
- rebate
- retroactive refund or credit given to a buyer after he has paid the full list price for a product or for a service such as transportation. Rebating was a common ...
- Rebatet, Lucien
- (from the article "French literature") ...Republican government in Spain. Drieu's example was followed by younger men, such as Robert Brasillach, author of Notre Avant-guerre (1941; "Our Prewar"), and Lucien Rebatet, who, like ...
- rebbe
- (from the article "Judaism") ...emphasizing prayer and personal religious devotion here and now. The major innovation that Hasidism introduced into Jewish religious life was the charismatic leader, the rebbe, who served ...
- rebec
- bowed, stringed musical instrument of European medieval and early Renaissance music. It was originally called a rubebe, developed about the 11th century from the similar Arab rabab, and was carried ... [3 Related Articles]
- Rebecca Riots
- disturbances that occurred briefly in 1839 and with greater violence from 1842 to 1844 in southwestern Wales. The rioting was in protest against charges at the tollgates on the public ... [1 Related Articles]
- rebel group
- (from the article "Military Affairs") Approximately 200,000 people died and more than 2,000,000 were displaced during the four-year-old war ravaging the Darfur region of The Sudan. Rebels representing several black African groups had been fighting ...
- Rebelo, Jorge
- African poet, lawyer, and journalist.
- Reber, Grote
- American astronomer and radio engineer who built the first radio telescope and was largely responsible for the early development of radio astronomy, which opened an entirely new research front in ... [6 Related Articles]
- rebetika
- (from the article "bouzouki") ...tanbur, the bouzouki was traditionally used for dancing and entertainment at social gatherings. It became a featured instrument in rebetika, a type of improvised ...
- Rebild Hills
- (from the article "Himmerland") ...Vildmose (marsh). Rare clovers, orchids, and blue anemones grow in the Rold Forest, the remnant of a spruce forest that once covered most of the region. North of Rold Forest ...
- rebirth
- (from the article "Christianity") "Rebirth" has often been identified with a definite, temporally datable form of "conversion," especially in the pietistic and revival type of Christianity. In the history of Christian piety a line ...
- Rebka, Glen A.
- (from the article "electromagnetic radiation") ..."up" loses energy and its frequency is shifted toward the red (longer wavelengths). These shifts are very small but have been detected by the American physicists Robert V. Pound and ...
- Rebmann, Johannes
- German missionary and explorer, the first European to penetrate Africa from its Indian Ocean coast. Rebmann and his associate, Johann Ludwig Krapf, also were the discoverers of Kilimanjaro and Mt. ... [5 Related Articles]
- reboil
- (from the article "industrial glass") Two problems that may arise toward the working end of the glassmaking process are known as devitrification and reboil. Devitrification, or loss of the glassy state, entails the development of ...
- rebolera
- (from the article "bullfighting") ...bull's charge; these maneuvers were invented, respectively, by the Mexican Rodolfo Gaona and by the Spaniard Manuel Jimenez, known as "Chicuelo." The rebolera is a finishing flourish ...
- Rebora, Roberto
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...Luciano Erba-include Erba himself and the poet and filmmaker Nelo Risi, both of them Milanese, as well as the Italian Swiss Giorgio Orelli. All three are from northern Italy and, ...
- rebound
- (from the article "basketball") Both teams attempting to gain possession of the ball after any try for a basket that is unsuccessful, but the ball does not go out-of-bounds and remains in play.
- rebound sputtering
- (from the article "radiation") ...are most common. The latter avoid unwanted chemical interactions between the ions of the beam and the substrate. Sputtering results from several interaction mechanisms. Conceptually, the simplest is rebound sputtering, ...
- Rebozo, Charles Gregory
- American banker who for over 40 years was Richard Nixon's best friend and confidant, remaining loyal throughout the scandal that brought down Nixon's presidency (b. Nov. 17, 1912, Tampa, Fla.--d. ...
- Rebreanu, Liviu
- (from the article "Romanian literature") In the period of national unity in Romania following World War I, the novel began to compete with lyric poetry. Writers took inspiration from society or recent events, principally the ...
- rebuilding period
- (from the article "collective behaviour") The buoyed-up state of the disaster community can last only a short time. Tasks that call for intense effort within a brief time span are completed, and the slow and ...
- rebus
- representation of a word or syllable by a picture of an object the name of which resembles in sound the represented word or syllable. Several rebuses may be combined-in a ... [3 Related Articles]
- rebus sic stantibus
- (from the article "international law") The concept of rebus sic stantibus (Latin: "things standing thus") stipulates that, where there has been a fundamental change of circumstances, a party may withdraw from or ...
- RecA
- (from the article "nucleic acid") ...which the segment between the two nicks has been replaced. The enzymes involved in recombination have been characterized best in the prokaryote E. coli. A key enzyme ...
- recall
- (from the article "Business Overview") The toy industry suffered a wave of recalls and scandals after large numbers of Chinese-manufactured toys were discovered to be hazardous. Most seriously affected was Mattel, which recalled more than ...
- recall
- in psychology, the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information. A person employs recall, for example, when ... [8 Related Articles]
- recall
- (from the article "election") Like most populist innovations, the practice of recalling officeholders is an attempt to minimize the influence of political parties on representatives. Widely adopted in the United States, the recall is ...
- Recamier, Julie, dame de
- French hostess of great charm and wit whose salon attracted most of the important political and literary figures of early 19th-century Paris. [1 Related Articles]
- recapitulation
- (from the article "sonata") The basic elements of sonata form are three: exposition, development, and recapitulation, in which the musical subject matter is stated, explored or expanded, and restated. There may also be an ...
- Recared
- (from the article "Spain") Recognizing that the majority of the people adhered to the Catholic faith, Reccared (586-601) repudiated his father's religion and announced his conversion to Catholicism. As the Gothic nobles and bishops ...
- RecBC
- (from the article "nucleic acid") Another protein, known as RecBC, is important for the recombination process. Functioning at free ends of DNA, RecBC catalyzes an unwinding-rewinding reaction as it traverses the length of the molecule. ...
- Recceswinth
- (from the article "Liber Judiciorum") Visigothic law code that formed the basis of medieval Spanish law. It was promulgated in 654 by King Recceswinth and was revised in 681 and 693. Although called Visigothic, the ...
- Received Pronunciation
- (from the article "English language") British Received Pronunciation (RP), by definition, the usual speech of educated people living in London and southeastern England, is one of the many forms of standard speech. Other pronunciations, although ...
- received text
- (from the article "textual criticism") ...of learning was in reality a practical movement to enlist the heritage of classical antiquity in the service of the new Christian humanism. In order to make them usable (i.e., ...
- receiver
- (from the article "communication") ...the communication process extant nor is it universally accepted. As originally conceived, the model contained five elements-an information source, a transmitter, a channel of transmission, a receiver, and a destination-all ...
- receivership
- in law, the judicial appointment of a person, a receiver, to collect and conserve certain assets and to make distributions in accordance with judicial authorization. A receivership is properly an ... [1 Related Articles]
- receiving antenna
- (from the article "antenna") ...specifically to transmit or to receive, although these functions may be performed by the same antenna. A transmitting antenna, in general, must be able to handle much more electrical energy ...
- recension
- (from the article "textual criticism") The operation of recension is the reconstructing of the earliest form or forms of the text that can be inferred from the surviving evidence. Such evidence may be internal or ...
- receptacle
- (from the article "angiosperm") The receptacle is the axis (stem) to which the floral organs are attached. Floral organs are attached either in a low continuous spiral, as is common among primitive angiosperms, or ...
- reception
- (from the article "comparative law") The foreign inspiration of a number of legal rules or institutions is a well-known phenomenon, sometimes so all-embracing that one speaks of "reception"-reception, for instance, of the English common law ...
- receptive field
- (from the article "eye, human") Records from single optic nerve fibres of the frog and from the ganglion cell of the mammalian retina indicated three types of response. In the frog there were fibres that ...
- receptor
- (from the article "drug") Receptors are protein molecules that recognize and respond to the body's own (endogenous) chemical messengers, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Drug molecules may combine with receptors to initiate a series ...
- receptor
- (from the article "information processing") ...with the contents of the short-term memory. The memory stores symbolic expressions, including those that represent composite information processes, called programs. The two other components, the receptor and the effector, ...
- receptor
- in biology, a specialized cell or group of cells that translates a certain type of stimulus, received from the environment or from within the organism, into nerve impulses that aid ... [18 Related Articles]
- receptor potential
- (from the article "nervous system") ...designed to respond to that stimulus, then the energy of the stimulus (e.g., mechanical, chemical, light) is transduced, or transformed, into an electrical response. This response is called the receptor ...
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