| | - Razin, Stenka
- leader of a major Cossack and peasant rebellion on Russia's southeastern frontier (1670-71). [2 Related Articles]
- Raziyya
- (from the article "India") ...told the divines that this was impractical, since the Muslims were as few as grains of salt in a dish of food. Despite the Islamic proscription against women rulers, Iltutmish ...
- Razmara, Ali
- Iranian army officer and government official who was prime minister of Iran from 1950 to 1951.
- razor
- keen-edged cutting implement for shaving or cutting hair. Prehistoric cave drawings show that clam shells, shark's teeth, and sharpened flints were used as shaving implements, and flints are still in ... [2 Related Articles]
- razor clam
- any of the species of marine bivalve mollusks of the family Solenidae. In England the species of the genera Ensis and Solen are called razor shells. The Solenidae are common ... [1 Related Articles]
- razor-billed auk
- black and white seabird of the North Atlantic, bearing a sharp, heavy, compressed beak. About 40 cm (16 inches) long, it is the largest living member of the auk family, ... [1 Related Articles]
- razzia
- (from the article "ghanimah") ...early Islamic community (7th century AD), booty taken in battle in the form of weapons, horses, prisoners, and movable goods. In pre-Islamic Bedouin society, where the ghazw (razzia, or raid) ...
- RB
- (from the article "tumour suppressor gene") ...and characterization of many tumour suppressor genes. In 1971 Alfred Knudson, Jr., postulated that a rare form of eye cancer called retinoblastoma is caused by mutations in a gene called ...
- RB211
- (from the article "Rolls-Royce PLC") In the late 1960s Rolls-Royce undertook development of a new, powerful jet engine, the RB211. In order to beat its competitor General Electric, the company agreed to a fixed-price contract ...
- RBD
- (from the article "Media and Publishing") ...Web site. MTV's Logo channel and Stolichnaya vodka co-produced a commercial-free documentary series about gay life in the U.S. called Be Real. A Mexican soap opera launched the Latin pop ...
- RCA Building
- (from the article "skyscraper") ...Building (1913), by Cass Gilbert, is a prime example of neo-Gothic decoration. Even the Art Deco carvings on such towers as the Chrysler Building (1930), the Empire State Building (1931), ...
- RCA Corporation
- major American electronics and broadcasting conglomerate that is a unit of General Electric Company. Among its subsidiaries is the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Headquarters are in New York City. [9 Related Articles]
- RCA Electronic Music Synthesizer
- (from the article "music synthesizer") The first electronic sound synthesizer, an instrument of awesome dimensions, was developed by the American acoustical engineers Harry Olson and Herbert Belar in 1955 at the Radio Corporation of America ...
- RCA Records
- (from the article "RCA Records") Chet Atkins was a respected guitarist and songwriter long before he was put in charge of RCA's office in Nashville in 1957. Most producers took their cues from the prevailing ...
- RCA VideoDisc
- (from the article "television") ...product, and indeed he never developed a means to play back the recorded signal. A more sophisticated system was introduced commercially in 1981 by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). ...
- RDA
- (from the article "therapeutics") ...by the body and therefore must be taken regularly are essential amino acids, water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), one of ...
- RDX
- powerful explosive, discovered by Georg Friedrich Henning of Germany and patented in 1898 but not used until World War II, when most of the warring powers introduced it. Relatively safe ... [1 Related Articles]
- Re
- in ancient Egyptian religion, god of the sun and creator god. He was believed to travel across the sky in his solar bark and, during the night, to make his ... [12 Related Articles]
- Re Island
- island in the Bay of Biscay, Charente-Maritime departement, off the west coast of France, opposite La Pallice and La Rochelle. It was for long separated from the mainland by the ...
- Re Magi chapel
- (from the article "Borromini, Francesco") Even late in his life, Borromini's innovations continued to be as energetic and radical as ever. For the Re Magi chapel in the Collegio di Propaganda Fide, on which he ...
- Re River
- (from the article "Chengde") ...(province), China. The city is situated in the mountains separating the North China Plain from the plateaus of Inner Mongolia, approximately 110 miles (180 km) northeast of Beijing, on the ...
- re'aya
- (from the article "Serbia") The situation of the Christian reaya (literally "flock") was not one of unmitigated oppression. Christians were exempted from military service, and in some regions the tax burden ...
- re'em
- (from the article "unicorn") Certain poetical passages of the biblical Old Testament refer to a strong and splendid horned animal called re'em. This word was translated "unicorn" or "rhinoceros" in many versions of the ...
- Re-Harakhte
- (from the article "Egyptian religion") ...that deity was. All the main gods acquired the characteristics of creator gods. A single figure could have many names; among those of the sun god, the most important were ...
- re-photography
- (from the article "Levine, Sherrie") American conceptual artist known for remaking famous 20th-century works of art either through photographic reproductions (termed re-photography), drawing, watercolour, or sculpture. Her appropriations are conceptual gestures that question the Modernist ...
- REA Express, Inc.
- American company that at one time operated the nation's largest ground and air express services, transporting parcels, money, and goods, with pickup and delivery. [2 Related Articles]
- reabsorption
- (from the article "Effect of tubular reabsorption on urine") The mechanism of urine formation involves three processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Primary urine is formed by filtration from the blood. From this primary urine certain substances are reabsorbed into ...
- REACH
- (from the article "The Environment") Provisions of the final version of the EU's REACH (registration, evaluation, and authorization of chemicals) agreement, formally adopted in mid-December 2006, began to come into force on June 1, 2007. ...
- reactance
- in electricity, measure of the opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit presents to electric current insofar as the current is varying or alternating. Steady electric currents ... [2 Related Articles]
- reaction blading
- (from the article "turbine") Two types of blading have been developed to a high degree of perfection: impulse blading and reaction blading. The principle of impulse blading is illustrated in the schematic diagram of ...
- reaction centre
- (from the article "Huber, Robert") ...can be deduced by analyzing the manner in which the crystal's atoms scatter a beam of X rays. Huber and his colleagues used this technique to determine the structure of ...
- reaction formation
- (from the article "defense mechanism") 2. Reaction formation is the fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse. A mother who bears an unwanted child, for ...
- reaction injection molding
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...is so rapid that articles may be fabricated by injecting the reacting monomers directly into a mold, rather than the more usual method of molding a preformed polymer. This technology, ...
- reaction mechanism
- in chemical reactions, the detailed processes by which chemical substances are transformed into other substances. The reactions themselves may involve the interactions of atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, and free radicals, ... [1 Related Articles]
- reaction order
- (from the article "reaction mechanism") Because the possibilities that need to be considered for the transition state have been limited by determination of the chemical structures of the participants, the most powerful method of obtaining ...
- reaction rate
- the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds. It is often expressed in terms of either the concentration (amount per unit volume) of a product that is formed in a ... [10 Related Articles]
- reaction rim
- (from the article "mineral") A determining factor of the equilibrium state of minerals is the presence (or absence) of a reaction rim, which is a region separating two or more minerals consisting of the ...
- reaction sintering
- (from the article "advanced ceramics") Reaction sintering, or reaction bonding, is an important means of producing dense covalent ceramics. Reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) is made from finely divided silicon powders that are formed to shape ...
- reaction staging
- (from the article "turbine") Reaction staging is similar to pressure staging, except that a greater number of reaction stages are required. The first turbine stage, however, is often an impulse stage for controlling the ...
- reaction texture
- (from the article "igneous rock") Reaction textures occur at the corroded margins of crystals, from the corrosive rimming of crystals of one mineral by finer-grained aggregates of another, or as a result of other features ...
- reaction time
- (from the article "human behaviour") There is relatively clear evidence that, with advancing age, individuals show a tendency toward decreasing speed of response. This is a gradual change occurring across the entire life span that ...
- reaction time assay
- (from the article "vitamin") In a reaction time assay, an animal is first deprived of a vitamin until a specific deficiency symptom appears; then the animal is given a known amount of a food ...
- reaction turbine
- (from the article "turbine") In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by the reaction of an accelerating water flow in the runner while the pressure drops. The reaction principle can be ...
- reaction wood
- (from the article "tree") In branches, reaction tissue forms where its inherent reaction force (pushing in the case of conifers and pulling in the case of hardwoods) will restore the intrinsic growth direction (equilibrium, ...
- reaction, heat of
- the amount of heat that must be added or removed during a chemical reaction in order to keep all of the substances present at the same temperature. If the pressure ... [1 Related Articles]
- reaction-bonded silicon carbide
- (from the article "advanced ceramics") Reaction-bonded silicon carbide (RBSC) is produced from a finely divided, intimate mixture of silicon carbide and carbon. Pieces formed from this mixture are exposed to liquid or vapour silicon at ...
- reaction-bonded silicon nitride
- (from the article "advanced ceramics") Reaction sintering, or reaction bonding, is an important means of producing dense covalent ceramics. Reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) is made from finely divided silicon powders that are formed to shape ...
- reactionary movement
- (from the article "social movement") Killian advances still another typology based on the direction of the change advocated or opposed. A reactionary movement advocates the restoration of a previous state of social affairs, while a ...
- reactions, cycle of
- (from the article "chemical kinetics") ...This pair of reactions can thus occur with the production of two molecules of hydrogen bromide, the product of the reaction, without loss of bromine atoms. This pair of reactions ...
- reactive dye
- any of a class of highly coloured organic substances, primarily used for tinting textiles, that attach themselves to their substrates by a chemical reaction that forms a covalent bond between ... [5 Related Articles]
- reactive ion etching
- (from the article "integrated circuit") A layer can be removed, in entirety or in part, either by etching away the material with strong chemicals or by reactive ion etching (RIE). RIE is like sputtering in ...
- reactive oxygen species
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...vary, however. In April, Ludwig Limbach of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, and his colleagues examined how metal-oxide nanoparticles within a cell affected the production of reactive oxygen ...
- reactive vapour-phase glassmaking
- (from the article "industrial glass") ...vapour-phase glassmaking, elements such as silicon, germanium, and selenium or their alloys are vacuum-evaporated or sputtered and then condensed onto a cool substrate. In another process, known as reactive vapour-phase ...
- reactive waste
- (from the article "environmental works") Reactive wastes are chemically unstable and react violently with air or water. They cause explosions or form toxic vapours. Ignitable wastes burn at relatively low temperatures and may cause an ...
- reactive-liquid sintering
- (from the article "advanced ceramics") ...the growing grains are extremely difficult to eliminate, no matter how long the object is sintered. For this reason sintering aids are often used to enhance the sintering of advanced ...
- reactivity
- (from the article "nuclear reactor") A parameter called reactivity is positive when a reactor is supercritical, zero at criticality, and negative when the reactor is subcritical. Reactivity can be controlled in various ways: by adding ...
- reactor
- in chemical engineering, device or vessel within which chemical processes are carried out for experimental or manufacturing purposes.
- reactor
- (from the article "propaganda") ...for such media as news releases or broadcasts in ways designed specifically to reach certain groups (and especially their elites and leaders), who can then relay the messages to other ...
- reactor core
- (from the article "nuclear reactor") ...have developed reactors with solid fuels and liquid fuels, thick reflectors and no reflectors, forced cooling circuits and natural conduction or convection heat-removal systems, and so on. Most reactors, however, ...
- reactor system
- (from the article "gasoline engine") The reactor system for controlling emissions is often composed of a belt-driven air compressor connected to small nozzles installed in the exhaust manifold facing the outlet from each exhaust valve. ...
- reactor vessel
- (from the article "nuclear reactor") These are the parts of a reactor system that hold the reactor together and permit it to function as a useful energy source. The most important structural component is usually ...
- Read, A. C.
- (from the article "airplane") ...a Curtiss NC-4 flying boat accomplished the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic-between Newfoundland and Lisbon, with a stop in the Azores-under the command of Lieutenant Commander A.C. Read (see ...
- Read, Deborah
- (from the article "Franklin, Benjamin") ...pennies' worth of bread and got "three great Puffy Rolls." Carrying one under each arm and munching on the third, he walked up Market Street past the door of the ...
- Read, Herbert Harold
- geologist known for his research on the origins of granite.
- Read, Nathan
- (from the article "automobile") ...in Amiens, France, in 1790. Steam buses were running in Paris about 1800. Oliver Evans of Philadelphia ran an amphibious steam dredge through the streets of that city in 1805. ...
- Read, Opie
- American journalist, humorist, novelist, and lecturer. Read specialized in the homespun humour of life in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas; Southern colonels, blacks, and drunken printers are frequently found in his ...
- Read, Sir Herbert
- poet and critic who was the chief British advocate and interpreter of modern art movements from the 1930s to the '60s. His critical scrutiny embraced society, art, and literature from ... [2 Related Articles]
- read-only memory
- (from the article "computer memory") Nonvolatile semiconductor memories, unlike SRAM and DRAM, do not lose their contents when power is turned off. Some nonvolatile memories, such as read-only memory (ROM), are not rewritable once manufactured ...
- Reade, Charles
- English author whose novels attack, with passionate indignation and laborious research, the social injustices of his times. He is also remembered for his historical novel The Cloister and the Hearth ... [1 Related Articles]
- reader
- (from the article "photography, technology of") Readers and reader printers are desk-top projectors that display the frames reenlarged to about natural size on a back projection screen. In a reader printer the image may also be ...
- reader printer
- (from the article "photography, technology of") Readers and reader printers are desk-top projectors that display the frames reenlarged to about natural size on a back projection screen. In a reader printer the image may also be ...
- Reader's Digest
- U.S.-based monthly magazine, having probably the largest circulation of any periodical in the world. It was first published in 1922 as a digest of condensed articles of topical interest and ... [3 Related Articles]
- reader's theatre
- (from the article "dramatic literature") A similar kind of dramatic writing is the so-called readers' theatre, in which actors read or recite without decor before an audience. (This is not to be confused with "closet ...
- reader-response criticism
- (from the article "Fish, Stanley") American literary critic particularly associated with reader-response criticism, according to which the meaning of a text is created, rather than discovered, by the reader; with neopragmatism, where critical practice is ...
- readerly and writerly
- opposite types of literary text, as defined by the French critic Roland Barthes in his book S/Z (1970). Barthes used the terms lisible ("readerly") and scriptible ("writerly") to distinguish, respectively, ...
- readers and writers problem
- (from the article "computer science") Process synchronization is required when one process must wait for another to complete some operation before proceeding. For example, one process (called a writer) may be writing data to a ...
- readiness
- (from the article "pedagogy") ...particularly in the basic subjects of language and number, and to measuring intellectual ability in the form of reasoning power. There has been special emphasis on the idea of the ...
- Reading
- town and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Berkshire, southern England, 38 miles (61 km) west of London. It is an important junction of railways running west from London ...
- Reading
- city, seat (1752) of Berks county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Schuylkill River, 51 miles (82 km) northwest of Philadelphia. Laid out in 1748 by Nicholas Scull and William Parsons ... [1 Related Articles]
- reading
- (from the article "dyslexia") ...is a chronic neurological disorder that inhibits a person's ability to recognize and process graphic symbols, particularly those pertaining to language. Primary symptoms include extremely poor reading skills owing to ...
- Reading Company
- American railroad in Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware, absorbed into the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) in 1976. At its peak in the first half of the 20th century, it was ...
- Reading Dynamics
- (from the article "Wood, Evelyn") The key technique in her system, which she called Reading Dynamics, was the use of the hand as a pacer as the eyes followed its rapid zigzag motion down each ...
- reading frame
- (from the article "heredity") ...is a frameshift mutation, the addition or deletion of one or more DNA bases. In a protein-coding gene, the sequence of codons starting with AUG and ending with a termination ...
- Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of, Earl Of Reading, Viscount Erleigh Of Erleigh, Viscount Reading Of Erleigh, Baron Reading Of Erleigh
- politician, lord chief justice of England, and diplomat. [1 Related Articles]
- Readjuster Party
- (from the article "Mahone, William") American railroad magnate and general of the Confederacy who led Virginia's "Readjuster" reform movement from 1879 to 1882.post-Reconstruction eraUnited StatesThe ...
- readjustment
- (from the article "Christianity") The goal of the mystic is not simply a transient ecstasy; it is a permanent state of being in which the person's nature is transformed or deified. This state is ...
- ready-made
- everyday object selected and designated as art; the name was coined by the French artist Marcel Duchamp. [3 Related Articles]
- Reagan Doctrine
- (from the article "Reagan, Ronald W.") ...governments battling leftist insurgencies, and he actively supported guerrilla movements and other opposition forces in countries with leftist governments. This policy, which became known as the Reagan Doctrine, was applied ...
- Reagan, John Henninger
- American congressman who was postmaster general of the Confederate States of America and later co-author of the bill creating the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
- Reagan, Maureen
- American political activist (b. Jan. 4, 1941, Los Angeles, Calif.-d. Aug. 8, 2001, Granite Bay, Calif.), was the daughter of former president Ronald Reagan and his first wife, Jane Wyman; ...
- Reagan, Nancy
- American first lady (1981-89), the wife of Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States, and an actress, noted for her efforts to discourage drug use by American youths. [3 Related Articles]
- Reagan, Ronald W.
- 40th president of the United States (1981-89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only ... [49 Related Articles]
- reagent
- (from the article "ether") The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard ...
- reagin
- type of antibody found in the serum and skin of allergically hypersensitive persons and in smaller amounts in the serum of normally sensitive persons. Most reaginic antibodies are the immunoglobulin ... [3 Related Articles]
- Reagon, Bernice Johnson
- African American musician and historian whose work ranged from African spirituals to militant civil rights anthems.
- real
- monetary unit of Brazil. Each real (plural: reais) is divided into 100 centavos. The Central Bank of Brazil (Banco Central do Brasil) has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes and ...
- real
- (from the article "coin") ...pattern by the ordinances of Ferdinand and Isabella issued in Medina del Campo in 1497. The double base of the system consisted of the gold excelente (replaced in 1535 by ...
- Real Academia Espanola
- (from the article "academy") The French Academy, which would become Europe's best-known literary academy, began in 1635. The Royal Spanish Academy was founded in 1713 to preserve the Spanish language, and it published a ...
- real analysis
- (from the article "analysis") ...sum of x's. The Archimedean property indicates that the real numbers contain no infinitesimals. Arithmetic, completeness, ordering, and the Archimedean property completely characterize the real number system.calculus
- real and personal property
- a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures ... [14 Related Articles]
- real answer
- (from the article "fugue") ...to the main key; the fourth statement, if there is one, typically is in the dominant key again. If the melody of the answer is an exact transposition of the ...
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