| | - Ravikiran Mandal
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...Marathi poetry and started a school, lasting until 1920, that emphasized home and nature, the glorious past, and pure lyricism. After that, the period was dominated by a group of ...
- Ravikovitch, Dalia
- (from the article "Literature") ...Israel Segal's Ve-khi nahash memit? ("My Brother's Keeper"), and Alex Epstein's La-Kahol en darom ("Blue Has No South"). The title of Dalia Ravikovitch's new collection of short stories, Ba'ah ve-halkhah ...
- ravine
- (from the article "valley") Valley initiation on the Hawaiian volcanoes thus depends on rainfall and infiltration capacity. When runoff valleys are initiated, their streams incise to form V-shaped ravines. The ravine systems eventually become ...
- Ravinia Park
- one of the oldest outdoor summer music and cultural centres in the United States, located in Highland Park, Illinois, about 20 miles (30 km) north of downtown Chicago. It was ... [1 Related Articles]
- raw coal
- (from the article "coal mining") ROM coal is crushed to below a maximum size; undesirable constituents such as tramp iron, timber, and perhaps strong rocks are removed; the product is commonly called raw coal.
- raw material
- (from the article "marketing") ...or financial intermediaries, typically enter into longer-term commitments with the producer and make up what is known as the marketing channel, or the channel of distribution. Manufacturers use raw materials ...
- raw milk
- (from the article "dairy product") Raw milk is a potentially dangerous food that must be processed and protected to assure its safety for humans. While most bovine diseases, such as brucellosis and tuberculosis, have been ...
- raw silk
- (from the article "silk") Silk containing sericin is called raw silk. The gummy substance, affording protection during processing, is usually retained until the yarn or fabric stage and is removed by boiling the silk ...
- raw sugar
- (from the article "sugar") ...dries and cools on the belts as it moves to bulk storage. At this point it is pale brown to golden yellow, with a sucrose content of 97-99 percent and ...
- rawaketa
- (from the article "Aegean civilizations") ...in the 14th and 13th centuries was densely populated with towns and villages, and cemeteries confirm the numbers. The state was organized under a king, wanax, with a military leader, ...
- Rawaki
- (from the article "Phoenix Islands") group of coral atolls, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean, 1,650 miles (2,650 km) southwest of Hawaii. The group comprises Rawaki (Phoenix), Manra (Sydney), McKean, Nikumaroro (Gardner), Birnie, ...
- Rawalpindi
- city, Punjab province, northern Pakistan. It was the capital of Pakistan from 1959 to 1969. The city lies on the Potwar Plateau 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Islamabad, the ...
- Rawalpindi, Treaty of
- (from the article "Afghanistan") Amanollah launched the inconclusive Third Anglo-Afghan War in May 1919. The month-long war gained the Afghans the conduct of their own foreign affairs. The Treaty of Rawalpindi was signed on ...
- Rawayfi ibn Thabit
- (from the article "Zawiyat al-Bayda'") town, northeastern Libya. It is a new town lying on a high ridge 20 miles (32 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. Built in the late 1950s on the site of ...
- rawi
- (Arabic: "reciter"), in Arabic literature, professional reciter of poetry. The rawis preserved pre-Islamic poetry in oral tradition until it was written down in the 8th century. [2 Related Articles]
- rawinsonde
- (from the article "climate") The characteristics of upper-level wind systems are known mainly from an operational worldwide network of rawinsonde observations. (A rawinsonde is a type of radiosonde designed to track upper-level winds and ...
- Rawl, Lawrence G.
- American business executive (b. May 4, 1928, Lyndhurst, N.J.-d. Feb. 13, 2005, Fort Worth, Texas), served as chairman and chief executive officer of Exxon Corp. from 1987 to 1993. During ...
- Rawles, Nancy
- (from the article "Literature") Mother of Sorrows by Richard McCann drew on personal history. Nancy Rawles's My Jim played off traditional fiction and told the story of the escaped slave Jim, a character from ...
- Rawlings, Jerry J.
- military and political leader in Ghana who twice (1979, 1981) overthrew the government and seized power. His second period of rule (1981-2001) afforded Ghana political stability and competent economic management. [3 Related Articles]
- Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan
- American short-story writer and novelist who founded a regional literature of backwoods Florida.
- Rawlins
- city, seat (1886) of Carbon county, south-central Wyoming, U.S. It lies just east of the Continental Divide at an elevation of 6,755 feet (2,059 metres). Founded in 1868 when the ...
- Rawlins, Easy
- (from the article "Mosley, Walter") ...College and Johnson State College, and he became a computer programmer before publishing his first novel, Devil in a Blue Dress (1990; film 1995). Set in 1948, the novel introduces ...
- Rawlins, John A.
- (from the article "Rawlins") ...the Continental Divide at an elevation of 6,755 feet (2,059 metres). Founded in 1868 when the Union Pacific Railroad arrived, it was first named Rawlins Springs for U.S. Army Chief ...
- Rawlins, Thomas
- (from the article "coin") ...10-shilling pieces in silver, the large gold £3 pieces of Oxford, and the fine Oxford silver crown, with a view of Oxford below the usual type of the king on ...
- Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke
- British army officer and Orientalist who deciphered the Old Persian portion of the trilingual cuneiform inscription of Darius I the Great at Bisitun, Iran. His success provided the key to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rawls, Betsy
- American golfer who set a record by winning the U.S. Women's Open four times (tied by Mickey Wright in 1964).
- Rawls, John
- American political and ethical philosopher, best known for his defense of egalitarian liberalism in his major work, A Theory of Justice (1971). He is widely considered the most important political ... [6 Related Articles]
- Rawls, Lou
- American singer (b. Dec. 1, 1933, Chicago, Ill.-d. Jan. 6, 2006, Los Angeles, Calif.), was a versatile performer whose smooth baritone adopted easily to jazz, soul, gospel, and rhythm and ...
- Rawson
- town and port, capital of Chubut provincia (province), southern Argentina. It lies along the Chubut River near the latter's mouth, about 5 miles (8 km) upriver from ...
- Rawson, Arturo
- (from the article "Argentina") ...of whether to remain neutral or choose sides in the war. It also had to decide between the restoration of a representative system and the installation of a long-term military ...
- Rawsthorne, Alan
- English composer best known for his finely structured orchestral and chamber music written in a restrained, unostentatious style.
- ray
- (from the article "wood") A transverse section of trunk also shows linear features called rays radiating from pith to bark and ranging in width from very distinct, as in oak, to indistinct to the ...
- ray
- (from the article "Asterales") ...marginal rows of another kind of flower, the ray flower. The corolla of ray flowers is very irregular. It is tubular at the base but prolonged on the outer side ...
- ray
- (from the article "Slavic religion") ...forms in order to bring them abundance. These forms are: bog ("god"); sporysh, anciently an edible herb, today a stalk of grain with two ears, a symbol of abundance; ray ...
- ray
- (from the article "Tycho") conspicuous impact crater lying at the centre of the most extensive system of bright rays on the near side of the Moon. The rays, which are light-coloured streaks formed of ...
- ray
- any of the cartilaginous fishes of the order Batoidei, related to sharks and placed with them in the class Chondrichthyes. The order includes 534 species. [8 Related Articles]
- ray flower
- (from the article "Asterales") The radiate head has disk flowers in the centre surrounded by one or more marginal rows of another kind of flower, the ray flower. The corolla of ray flowers is ...
- ray gun
- (from the article "electronic eavesdropping") ...Transistors, microcircuits, and lasers, all products of space-age technology, have revolutionized the art of electronic eavesdropping. One group of the new investigative tools takes the shape of a ray gun ...
- ray initial
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...tapering cells that give rise to all cells of the vertical system of the secondary phloem and xylem (secondary tracheary elements, fibres, and sieve cells and the associated companion cells). ...
- ray spider
- any spider of the family Theridiosomatidae (order Araneida), known for their conelike webs. Most ray spiders are less than 3 mm (0.125 inch) in body length and are usually found ... [1 Related Articles]
- ray tracing
- (from the article "optics") In 1621 Willebrord Snell, a professor of mathematics at Leiden, discovered a simple graphical procedure for determining the direction of the refracted ray at a surface when the incident ray ...
- Ray, Charlotte E.
- American teacher and the first black female lawyer in the United States.
- Ray, Dixy Lee
- (MARGARET RAY), U.S. zoologist and government official (b. Sept. 3, 1914, Tacoma, Wash.--d. Jan. 2, 1994, Fox Island, near Seattle, Wash.), was a colourful and outspoken supporter of the nuclear ...
- Ray, James Earl
- American assassin of the black civil-rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. [2 Related Articles]
- Ray, Jean
- Belgian novelist, short-story writer, and journalist who is known for his crime fiction and narratives of horror and the fantastic in both French and Flemish (Dutch).
- Ray, John
- (from the article "Carian language") The Carian script defied analysis until 1981, when Egyptologist John Ray successfully exploited Carian-Egyptian bilingual tomb inscriptions to put decipherment on a sound basis. Subsequent analysis has confirmed the basic ...
- Ray, John
- leading 17th-century English naturalist and botanist who contributed significantly to progress in taxonomy. His enduring legacy to botany was the establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy. [3 Related Articles]
- Ray, Nicholas
- American motion-picture writer and director who showed great promise with such early low-budget films as They Live by Night (1948-49), Knock on Any Door (1949), and Johnny Guitar (1954).
- Ray, Rachael
- American chef and television personality, who promoted quick, easy-to-prepare meals through her television programs, lifestyle magazine, and extensive line of cookbooks. [2 Related Articles]
- Ray, Ricky
- (from the article "Football") ...and defensive tackle Aaron Hunt was designated the top rookie. The Outstanding Special Teams Player was Calgary kicker Sandro DeAngelis, who led the league with 214 points. Edmonton quarterback Ricky ...
- Ray, Satyajit
- Bengali motion-picture director, writer, and illustrator who brought the Indian cinema to world recognition with Pather Panchali (1955; The Song of the Road) and its two sequels, known as the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Raya, Mount
- (from the article "Kalimantan Tengah") The Schwaner Mountains and the Muller Mountains run parallel to the northwestern boundary of the province, and an offshoot of the Muller range skirts the northern boundary. Mount Raya, the ...
- Rayburn, Sam
- American political leader, who served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 17 years. In 1912 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served ... [1 Related Articles]
- Raychikhinsk
- (from the article "Amur") ...centre is Blagoveshchensk. Wheat is the dominant crop of the lowland. Soybeans, sunflowers, and flax are the main industrial crops. Open-pit coal mining is carried on in the south around ...
- Rayda'
- (from the article "Arabian Desert") ...Persian Gulf. The Al-Dibdibah region once was the delta of Wadi Al-Rimah-Al-Batin, and Al-Budu' Plain was the delta of Wadi Al-Sahba'. The gravel plains of Rayda' and Abu Bahr, and ...
- Raydaniyah, Battle of
- (from the article "Selim I") ...rulers of Syria and Egypt, who regarded Dulkadir as their protege. Selim defeated the Mamluk armies at the battles of Marj Dabiq (north of Aleppo; Aug. 24, 1516) and Raydaniyah ...
- Raye, Martha
- (MARGARET TERESA YVONNE REED), U.S. entertainer (b. Aug. 27, 1916, Butte, Mont.--d. Oct. 19, 1994, Los Angeles, Calif.), established her reputation as an irrepressible comic in a career that encompassed ...
- Rayet, Georges-Antoine-Pons
- (from the article "Wolf-Rayet star") ...Only a few hundred are known, located mostly in the spiral arms of the Milky Way Galaxy. The type was first distinguished in 1867 by the French astronomers Charles-Joseph-Etienne Wolf ...
- rayhani script
- (from the article "Ibn al-Bawwab") Arabic calligrapher of the 'Abbasid Age (750-1258) who reputedly invented the cursive rayhani and muhaqqaq scripts. He refined several of the calligraphic styles invented a century earlier by Ibn Muqlah, ...
- rayl
- (from the article "sound") The unit of specific acoustic impedance is the pascal second per metre, often called the rayl, after Lord Rayleigh. The unit of acoustic impedance is the pascal second per cubic ...
- Rayleigh distillation
- (from the article "mass spectrometry") ...important geochronological and environmental measurements. A disadvantage of thermal ionization is the possible change in isotopic composition during the measurement. This effect is caused by Rayleigh distillation, wherein light isotopes ...
- Rayleigh interference refractometer
- (from the article "optical interferometer") In 1896 the British physicist Lord Rayleigh described the Rayleigh interference refractometer, still widely used for determining the refractive indices of gases and liquids. It is a split-beam instrument, like ...
- Rayleigh limit
- (from the article "optics") As noted above, when a perfect lens forms an image of a point source of light, the emerging wave is a sphere centred about the image point. The optical paths ...
- Rayleigh number
- (from the article "fluid mechanics") ...through a dimensionless combination of some of the relevant parameters, rhogalphaD3(T1 - T2)/etakappa, which is known as the Rayleigh number. If the Rayleigh number is less than 1,708, the fluid ...
- Rayleigh scattering
- dispersion of electromagnetic radiation by particles that have a radius less than approximately 110 the wavelength of the radiation. The process has been named in honour of Lord Rayleigh, who ... [5 Related Articles]
- Rayleigh wave
- (from the article "seismic wave") The other principal surface waves are called Rayleigh waves after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh, who first mathematically demonstrated their existence. Rayleigh waves travel along the free surface of an ...
- Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron
- English physical scientist who made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids. He received the Nobel Prize ... [13 Related Articles]
- Raymond
- prince of Antioch (1136-49) who successfully resisted the attempts of the Byzantine emperor John II to establish control over the principality. [2 Related Articles]
- Raymond III
- count of the crusaders' state of Tripoli (1152-87) and twice regent of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1174-77, 1184-85). [2 Related Articles]
- Raymond III Pons
- (from the article "France") Toulouse had been a centre of delegated Frankish power from the 8th century, but its pretension to princely status dated from 924, when Raymond III Pons (924-after 944) added control ...
- Raymond IV
- count of Toulouse (1093-1105) and marquis of Provence (1066-1105), the first-and one of the most effective-of the western European rulers who joined the First Crusade. He is reckoned as Raymond ... [4 Related Articles]
- Raymond of Burgundy
- (from the article "Spain") ...monks and clerics found opportunities for ecclesiastical advancement in Spain, numerous French knights came to take part in the wars of the Reconquista. The most fortunate among them, the cousins ...
- Raymond of Penafort, Saint
- Catalan Dominican friar who compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX, a body of medieval legislation that remained part of church law until the Code of Canon Law was promulgated in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Raymond Terrace
- town, eastern New South Wales, Australia, on the east bank of the Hunter River (near its junction with the Williams), just north of Newcastle. Founded in the 1830s, the town ...
- Raymond Trencavel
- (from the article "France") ...of Angouleme (King John's widow); it was only in 1243, after a revolt planned to coincide with an uprising in Languedoc, that the adjudication of 1202 was fulfilled in Aquitaine. ...
- Raymond VI
- count of Toulouse from 1194, who at first tolerated the heretical Cathari in Languedoc, then (1209) joined the Albigensian Crusade against them and afterward fought the crusaders to save his ... [3 Related Articles]
- Raymond VII
- count of Toulouse from 1222, who succeeded his father, Raymond VI, not only in the countship but also in having to face problems raised by the Albigensian Crusade against the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Raymond, Alex
- U.S. comic-strip artist notable for his creation of a number of outstanding and successful adventure comic strips.
- Raymond, Arthur Emmons
- American engineer who was the leader of the group at Douglas Aircraft Co. that designed the DC-3, which became one of the most popular and most durable airplanes ever; he ...
- Raymond, Claude
- Haitian general (b. 1929-d. Feb. 9, 2000, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), was army chief of staff under Haitian dictator Francois ("Papa Doc") Duvalier and defense and interior minister under Duvalier's son and ...
- Raymond, Eric
- (from the article "open source") In 1997 computer programmer Eric Raymond (the author of this article) proposed a new theory of open source in his paper The Cathedral & the Bazaar. Raymond ...
- Raymond, Henry Jarvis
- U.S. journalist and politician who, as first editor and chief proprietor of The New York Times (from 1851), did much to elevate the style and tone of contemporary newspapers and ...
- Raymond, Paul
- British entertainment mogul opened (1958) the U.K.'s first private striptease club, the Raymond Revuebar, in London's Soho district, making it and himself mainstays of the swinging London scene of the ...
- Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, abbe de
- French writer and propagandist who helped set the intellectual climate for the French Revolution.
- Raynald I
- (from the article "Bouvines, Battle of") ...king Philip II Augustus over an international coalition of the Holy Roman emperor Otto IV, King John of England, and the French vassals-Ferdinand (Ferrand) of Portugal, count of Flanders, and ...
- Raynald III
- (from the article "Franche-Comte") ...counts in Cisjurane Burgundy; and, even after the kingdom of Burgundy passed to the Holy Roman emperor Conrad II in 1032, the control was intermittent or haphazard. Finally, in 1127, ...
- Raynaud phenomenon
- (from the article "skin disease") ...hyperglobulinemia is an example of the latter. In functional disorders of the blood vessels, nervous control of the vessels may be disturbed, leading to vascular spasm or dilatation (flushing). In ...
- Raynaud syndrome
- condition occurring primarily in young women that is characterized by spasms in the arteries to the fingers that cause the fingertips to become first pale and then cyanotic-bluish-upon exposure to ... [4 Related Articles]
- Rayner, Rosalie
- (from the article "motivation") In 1920 the American psychologists John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated the development of an emotional response in a young boy using classical conditioning techniques. The presentation of a ...
- Raynouard, Francois-Juste-Marie
- French dramatist and Romance philologist who also played a part in the politics of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods.
- rayograph
- (from the article "Man Ray") ...promoted by these groups, he experimented with many media. His experiments with photography included rediscovering how to make "cameraless" pictures, or photograms, which he called rayographs. He made them by ...
- rayon
- any man-made textile fibre produced from the plant substance cellulose. Developed in an attempt to produce silk chemically, the fibre was originally known by such terms as artificial silk and ... [5 Related Articles]
- Rayong
- town, southern Thailand. It lies southeast of Bangkok, on the northeastern coast of the Gulf of Thailand. Rayong is a fishing port and produces tapioca from locally grown cassava. Cassava, ...
- Rayonism
- Russian art movement founded by Mikhail F. Larionov, representing one of the first steps toward the development of abstract art in Russia. Larionov exhibited one of the first Rayonist works, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rayonnant style
- (from the article "Gothic art") The second phase of Gothic architecture began with a subdivision of the style known as Rayonnant (AD 1200-80) on the Continent and as the Decorated Gothic (AD 1300-75) style in ...
- Raytheon Company
- major American industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in corporate and special-mission aircraft, defense systems, and defense and commercial electronics. It is the third largest defense contractor in the United ...
- Rayy
- formerly one of the great cities of Iran. The remains of the ancient city lie on the eastern outskirts of the modern city of Shahr-e-Rey, which itself is located just ... [5 Related Articles]
- Rayy ware
- in Islamic ceramics, style of pottery found at Rayy, near Tehran, and dating from the 12th century. Particularly characteristic is a fine minai (a kind of enamel) ... [2 Related Articles]
- Razakars
- (from the article "Hyderabad") Under the Nizams the Hindu and Muslim populations lived in amity, although immediately after Indian independence a fanatical Muslim faction, the Razakars, fomented tensions in the state and the city. ...
- Razgrad
- town, northeastern Bulgaria, on the Beli Lom River. It is the largest producer of antibiotics in Bulgaria and also manufactures concrete, porcelain, and glass and is an agricultural centre for ...
- Razi, ar-
- celebrated alchemist and Muslim philosopher who is also considered to have been the greatest physician of the Islamic world. [4 Related Articles]
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