| | - Ras Tanura
- port on the Persian Gulf, in eastern Saudi Arabia, at the tip of a small peninsula. Developed by the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) after the discovery of nearby petroleum ... [1 Related Articles]
- rasa
- in Sanskrit literature, the concept of aesthetic flavour, or an essential element of any work of art that can only be suggested, not described. It is a kind of contemplative ... [4 Related Articles]
- rasa'il
- (from the article "Arabic literature") There were also rasa'il (essays) devoted to particular topics. In addition to his works on animals and misers, for example, al-Jahiz also took singing girls as his ...
- rasbora
- (genus Rasbora), any of a group of about 45 species of schooling, freshwater tropical fishes in the carp family, Cyprinidae. Most species are found in Southeast Asia, but a few ...
- Rascal Flatts
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...Tim McGraw and Faith Hill celebrated their 10th wedding anniversary in 2006, and they also embarked on Soul2Soul II, the biggest-grossing country tour in history. Country acts Kenny Chesney and ...
- Rascals, the
- (from the article "blue-eyed soul") ...1940Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, U.S.-November 5, 2003Kalamazoo, Michigan), and the Rascals (known for a time as the Young Rascals), whose principal members were Felix Cavaliere (b. November 29, 1943Pelham, New...
- Rasch, Albertina
- Austrian-born American dancer, choreographer, and teacher whose troupes became well known during the 1920s and '30s for their appearances in Broadway musicals and Hollywood films.
- Rasch, Raymond
- (from the article "1972: Other Winners") ...Ford Coppola for The GodfatherCinematography: Geoffrey Unsworth for CabaretArt Direction: Jurgen Kiebach and Rolf Zehetbauer for CabaretOriginal Dramatic Score: Charles Chaplin, Raymond Rasch, Larry Russell for LimelightScoring-Adaptation and Original Song ...
- raschel knit
- (from the article "knitting") ...Tricot is characterized by fine, vertical wales on the surface and crosswise ribs on the back. It has good draping qualities and is frequently used for lingerie and as backing ...
- Raschel machine
- (from the article "textile") Coarser yarns are generally used for raschel knitting, and there has recently been interest in knitting staple yarns on these machines. In the Raschel machine, the needles move in a ...
- Rascher, Sigurd
- German-born Scandinavian saxophonist (b. May 15, 1907, Elberfeld [now Wuppertal], Ger.-d. Feb. 25, 2001, Shushan, N.Y.), was a virtuoso performer who established the saxophone as a classical instrument and expanded ...
- Raschig process
- (from the article "ammonia") Hydrazine is best prepared by the Raschig process, which involves the reaction of an aqueous alkaline ammonia solution with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).2NH3 + NaOCl → N2H4 + NaCl + H2O ...
- rash
- (from the article "herpangina") mild viral infection caused by several enteroviruses, most of which are in the subgroup Coxsackie A, seen most commonly in young children. The most distinctive symptom is a rash on ...
- Rashad, Phylicia
- (from the article "Performing Arts") It was, in fact, a year of many firsts for Broadway theatre. Phylicia Rashad, who played the matriarch in a popular revival of Lorraine Hansberry's groundbreaking drama A Raisin in ...
- Rashaida
- (from the article "Eritrea") Also occupying the northern plateau are Bilin speakers, whose language belongs to the Cushitic family. The Rashaida are a group of Arabic-speaking nomads who traverse the northern hills.
- Rashdall, Hastings
- (from the article "Rationalism") The most influential variety of 20th-century ethical Rationalism has probably been the Ideal Utilitarianism of the British moralists Hastings Rashdall (1858-1924) and G.E. Moore (1873-1958). Both were teleologists (Greek telos, ...
- Rashi
- renowned medieval French commentator on the Bible and Talmud (the authoritative Jewish compendium of law, lore, and commentary). Rashi combined the two basic methods of interpretation, literal and nonliteral, in ... [8 Related Articles]
- Rashid ad-Din
- leader of the Syrian branch of the Assassins (an Isma'ili Shi'i Muslim sect) at the time of the Third Crusade. He had his headquarters at a fortress in Masyaf, in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rashid ad-Din
- Persian statesman and historian who was the author of a universal history, Jami' at-tawarikh. [6 Related Articles]
- Rashid Street
- (from the article "Baghdad") ...Gate, now Tahrir Square, in the south. From the Tigris the rectangle runs eastward to the inner bund, or dike, built by the Ottoman governor Nazim Pasha in 1910. Rashid ...
- Rashid, al-
- founder (1666) of the reigning 'Alawi (Filali) dynasty of Morocco. By force of arms he filled a power vacuum that, with the collapse of the Sa'di dynasty, had allowed half ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rashidi dynasty
- (from the article "Saudi Arabia") Sa'ud II died in 1875, and, after a brief interval of chaos, 'Abd Allah (as 'Abd Allah II) returned to the throne the following year only to find himself powerless ...
- Rashidiyeh
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...throughout Iran, and cities in northeastern Iran, especially Tabriz and Soltaniyeh, became the main creative centres of the new Mongol regime. At Tabriz, for example, the Rashidiyeh (a sort of ...
- Rashidun
- (Arabic: "Rightly Guided," or "Perfect"), the first four caliphs of the Islamic community, known in Muslim history as the orthodox or patriarchal caliphs: Abu Bakr (reigned 632-634), 'Umar (reigned 634-644), ...
- Rashnu
- in Zoroastrianism, the deity of justice, who with Mithra, the god of truth, and Sraosha, the god of religious obedience, determines the fates of the souls of the dead. Rashnu ... [4 Related Articles]
- Rasht
- city, north-central Iran. It lies about 15 miles (24 km) south of the Caspian Sea on a branch of the Safid River, where the higher ground merges into the marshlands ...
- Rashtriya Swayamesevak Sangh
- (from the article "Bharatiya Janata Party") The BJP traces its roots to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS; Indian People's Association), which was established in 1951 as the political wing of the Hindu paramilitary group Rashtriya Swayamesevak ...
- Rasin, Alois
- Czech statesman, one of the founders and first finance minister of the Republic of Czechoslovakia. [2 Related Articles]
- Rasizade, Artur
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") ...disputed region (with Armenia) of Nagorno-Karabakh | Population (2007 est.): 8,120,000 | Capital: Baku | Head of state and government: President Ilham Aliyev, assisted by Prime Minister Artur Rasizade ...
- Rask, Rasmus
- Danish language scholar and a principal founder of the science of comparative linguistics. In 1818 he first showed that, in their consonant sounds, words in the Germanic languages vary with ... [4 Related Articles]
- Raska
- (from the article "Nemanjic Dynasty") ruling Serbian family that from the late 12th to the mid-14th century developed the principality of Raska into a large empire.
- Raska school
- (from the article "Serbia") ...(1252), Sopocani (c. 1260), Decani (1327), and Gracanica (1321). These have subsequently come to constitute important symbolic monuments for Serbs. The frescoes of the Raska school, in particular, are known ...
- Raskin, Jef
- American computer scientist (b. March 9, 1943, New York, N.Y.-d. Feb. 26, 2005, Pacifica, Calif.), revolutionized the personal computer industry by pioneering Apple Computer Inc.'s Macintosh, which featured a user-friendly ...
- Raskob, John Jakob
- American financier who played a major role in the early 20th-century expansion of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. and of General Motors Corporation.
- Raskol
- (Russian: "Schism"), division in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century over reforms in liturgy and forms of worship. Over the centuries, many features of Russian religious practice had ... [1 Related Articles]
- raslila
- folk dance drama of northern India, mainly Uttar Pradesh, based on scenes from the life of Krishna. Solo and group dancing are combined with singing, chanted recitation, and instrumental accompaniment. [2 Related Articles]
- Rasminsky, Louis
- Canadian economist who helped form the post-World War II international finance and trade system; his half century of public service included the executive directorship of the International Monetary Fund, the ...
- Rasmussen, Anders
- Danish politician who served as prime minister of Denmark (2001- ) and leader of the country's Liberal Party. [4 Related Articles]
- Rasmussen, Halfdan
- Danish poet of social protest, as well as an excellent writer of nonsense verse. [1 Related Articles]
- Rasmussen, Knud
- Danish-Eskimo explorer and ethnologist who, in the course of completing the longest dog-sledge journey to that time, across the American Arctic, made a scientific study of virtually every Eskimo tribe ...
- Rasmussen, Michael
- (from the article "Cycling") ...(about 2,218-mi) race, which began in London on July 7 and finished in Paris on July 29, went to Alberto Contador, Spain's first winner since 1995. Contador inherited the lead ...
- Rasmussen, Poul Nyrup
- When Prime Minister Poul Schluter was forced from office by Denmark's ongoing "Tamilgate" affair on Jan. 14, 1993, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, the leader of the Social Democrats, was faced not ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rasmussen, William
- (from the article "ESPN, Inc.") New England sports announcer William Rasmussen founded ESPN to broadcast New England Whalers hockey games and University of Connecticut sports events. It was purchased by the Getty Oil Company before ...
- Raso Island
- (from the article "Cape Verde") ...(Barlavento) and Leeward (Sotavento) groups. The Windward Islands consist of Santo Antao, Sao Vicente, Santa Luzia, Sao Nicolau, Boa Vista, and Sal, together with the islets of Raso and Branco. ...
- rasp
- (from the article "file") ...of tooth form: single-cut, double-cut, and rasp. The single-cut file has rows of parallel teeth cut diagonally across the working surfaces. The double-cut file has rows of teeth crossing each ...
- Rasp, Charles
- (from the article "Australia") ...Mount Bischoff in Tasmania being the world's largest lode at its discovery in 1871. The 1880s were predominantly the decade of silver; western New South Wales proved richest, and in ...
- raspberry
- fruit-bearing bush of the genus Rubus (family Rosaceae), mentioned by Pliny the Elder as a wild fruit. John Parkinson (Paradisus [1629]) speaks of red, white, and thornless varieties of raspberries; ... [1 Related Articles]
- raspberry crown borer
- (from the article "clearwing moth") The raspberry crown borer (Pennisetia) bores into the roots and canes of raspberry and blackberry plants. The larvae hibernate beneath the plant bark near ground level and tunnel upward in ...
- raspberry fruitworm
- (from the article "fruitworm beetle") any of a few genera of insects in the family Byfuridae (order Coleoptera) whose larvae feed on fruit. A common example of this family of small, hairy, oval beetles is ...
- Raspe, Rudolf Erich
- German scholar and adventurer best remembered as the author of the popular tall tales The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. [1 Related Articles]
- Rasputin, Grigory Yefimovich
- Siberian peasant and mystic whose ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikolayevich, the hemophiliac heir to the Russian throne, made him an influential favourite at the court of Emperor ... [5 Related Articles]
- Rasputin, Valentin
- (from the article "Russia") ...1980s came from the "village prose" writers, who treated the clash of rural traditions with modern life in a realistic idiom; the most notable members of this group are the ...
- Rassam, Hormuzd
- Assyriologist who excavated some of the finest Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities that are now in the possession of the British Museum and found vast numbers of cuneiform tablets at Nineveh ...
- rasse
- (from the article "rasse") small Asiatic mammal, a species of civet (q.v.).
civetscivet...into a large pouch in which a greasy, muskl
- Rassmann, Frederich
- (from the article "triolet") In Germany, anthologies of triolets were published at Halberstadt in 1795 and at Brunswick in 1796. Frederich Rassmann made collections in 1815 and 1817 in which he distinguished three species ...
- Rastafari
- religious and political movement, begun in Jamaica in the 1930s and adopted by many groups around the globe, that combines Protestant Christianity, mysticism, and a pan-African political consciousness. [2 Related Articles]
- Rastatt and Baden, treaties of
- (March 6 and Sept. 7, 1714), peace treaties between the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI and France that ended the emperor's attempt to continue the War of the Spanish Succession ... [7 Related Articles]
- Rastatt, Congress of
- (from the article "Metternich, Klemens, Furst von") ...gave him the link with the high nobility of Austria and the access to high office he had long desired. After having represented the Roman Catholic Westphalian counts of the ...
- Rastell, John
- (from the article "dictionary") ...dealing with special areas of vocabulary are so overwhelming in number that they can merely be alluded to here. In English, the earliest was a glossary of law terms published ...
- Rastell, William
- English printer, lawyer, and man of letters. He edited and published the works of his uncle, Thomas More. He also printed the only surviving plays of John Heywood, who married ...
- raster graphics
- (from the article "computer graphics") In the late 1970s and '80s raster graphics, derived from television technology, became more common, though still limited to expensive graphics workstation computers. Raster graphics represents images by "bit maps" ...
- raster line
- (from the article "television") The scanning pattern
- Rastrakuta Dynasty
- Hindu dynasty that ruled the Deccan and neighbouring areas of India from c. 755 to 975. [6 Related Articles]
- rastrarang
- (from the article "percussion instrument") Musical cups, the forerunners of musical glasses, are depicted on the Borobudur stupa. The South Asian rastrarang can be played either with small sticks by percussion or ...
- Rastrelli, Bartolomeo Carlo, the Younger
- (from the article "Kiev") Close by is the Baroque church of St. Andrew, designed by Bartolomeo Rastrelli and built in the mid-18th century; its site on the crest of the steep slope to the ...
- rasul
- (from the article "prophecy") Muhammad considered himself to be more than a mere prophet (nabi); he thought of himself as the messenger (rasul) of Allah, the final messenger in a long chain that had ...
- Rasulid dynasty
- Muslim dynasty that ruled Yemen and Hadramawt (1229-1454) after the Ayyubids of Egypt abandoned the southern provinces of the Arabian Peninsula. [1 Related Articles]
- Rasy, Elisabetta
- (from the article "Literature") ...centre of Milo De Angelis's Tema dell'addio, a collection of powerful poems that earned its author a 2005 Viareggio Prize. A line from one of Osip Mandelshtam's poems provided the ...
- rat
- (from the article "rat") ...members of several rodent families having bodies longer than about 12 cm, or 5 inches. (Smaller thin-tailed rodents are just as often indiscriminately referred to as mice.) In scientific usage, ...
- rat
- the term generally and indiscriminately applied to numerous members of several rodent families having bodies longer than about 12 cm, or 5 inches. (Smaller thin-tailed rodents are just as often ... [11 Related Articles]
- rat flea
- (from the article "flea") ...and birds. With about 2,000 species and subspecies known, the order is still a small one compared with many other groups of insects. However, it is widely distributed with some-such ...
- Rat Islands
- uninhabited group of the Aleutian Islands, southwestern Alaska, U.S. They extend about 110 miles (175 km) southeast of the Near Islands and west of the Andreanof Islands. The largest of ...
- rat kangaroo
- any of the nine species of Australian and Tasmanian marsupials constituting a subfamily Potoroinae, of the kangaroo family, Macropodidae (see kangaroo). Some authorities recognize a separate family, Potoroidae. They differ ...
- rat mite
- (from the article "mite") Mites of the suborder Mesostigmata (order Parasitiformes) include the chicken mite, the northern fowl mite, and the rat mite, all of which attack humans. In addition, there are nasal mites ...
- rat opossum
- any of several South American marsupial mammals of the family Caenolestidae. The seven species, together with opossums (Didelphidae), form the New World section of the superorder Marsupialia. Rat opossums, named ...
- rat snake
- any of between 40 and 55 species of the genus Elaphe, of the family Colubridae and similar forms. They occur in North America, Europe, and Asia east to the Philippines. ...
- rat-bite fever
- relapsing type of infection caused by the bacterium Spirillum minus (also called Spirillum minor) and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected ...
- rat-tailed maggot
- (from the article "hover fly") ...tunnel in flower bulbs, onions, and flower corms. Microdon larvae live in ant and termite nests, Volucella larvae, in bumblebee nests, and others, in decomposing vegetation. The rat-tailed maggots (larvae) ...
- rata
- (from the article "Garcinia") ...of these species is a tropical fruit, the mangosteen (G. mangostana). Imbe (G. livingstonei) has stiff leaves and small, thick-skinned, orange fruits with a juicy, acid, fragrant pulp. Rata (G. ...
- Rata, Matiu
- New Zealand Maori politician who spent 33 years in Parliament fighting to resolve historic Maori grievances; he set up the Waitangi Tribunal, which dealt with Maori land claims (b. March ...
- Ratak
- (from the article "Marshall Islands") ...central Pacific Ocean. It consists of some of the easternmost islands of Micronesia. The Marshalls are composed of more than 1,200 islands and islets in two parallel chains of coral ...
- RATAN-600 telescope
- (from the article "Some important radio telescopes") The Russian RATAN-600 telescope (RATAN stands for Radio Astronomical Telescope of the Academy of Sciences), located near Zelenchukskaya in the Caucasus Mountains, has 895 reflecting panels, each 7.4 metres (24.3 ...
- Ratana church
- 20th-century religious awakening among the New Zealand Maoris and a national political influence, especially during the period 1943-63, when its members held all four Maori parliamentary seats in the national ...
- Ratana, Tahupotiki Wiremu
- (from the article "Ratana church") The Ratana church was founded by Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana, a Methodist Maori farmer who acquired a reputation as a visionary and faith healer. News of his extraordinary gifts drew Maoris ...
- Ratanpur
- (from the article "Kalacuri Dynasty") The Ratanpur Kalacuris, who first ruled from Tummana and later from Ratanpur (16 miles [26 km] north of Bilaspur), were distantly related to, and feudatories of, the Tripuri Kalacuris. Beginning ...
- Ratanpur
- (from the article "Bilaspur") ...India, lying just west of the Arpa River. Bilaspur was the capital of a Gond kingdom until captured by the Marathas in the 18th century. Just north lies Ratanpur, an ...
- ratatouia
- (from the article "Cote d'Azur") ...heavily on garlic and olive oil. Mayonnaise is made with olive oil and seasoned with garlic. Pissaladiera comes from Nice; this is an onion flan spiced with anchovies and black ...
- Ratchaburi
- town, western Thailand, west of Bangkok. Prehistoric relics, cave drawings, and old Buddhist temples indicate that the site of Ratchaburi town, on the Mae Klong River, has been inhabited from ...
- ratchet
- mechanical device that transmits intermittent rotary motion or permits a shaft to rotate in one direction but not in the opposite one. In the the arm A and the ...
- Ratcliffe, John
- (from the article "Jamestown Colony") ...the names of members of the colony's governing council: Newport; Bartholomew Gosnold, one of the behind-the-scenes initiators of the Virginia Company; Edward-Maria Wingfield, a major investor; John Ratcliffe; George Kendall; ...
- Ratdolt, Erhard
- (from the article "typography") ...only known use of the device, and, like the other early versions that followed, it was really-in today's terms-a half title. The full title page did not appear until 1476, ...
- rate constant
- (from the article "reaction rate") ...usually slow down as time goes on because of the depletion of the reactants. In some cases the addition of a substance that is not itself a reactant, called a ...
- rate making
- (from the article "insurance") Closely associated with underwriting is the rate-making function. If, for example, the underwriter decides that the most important factor in discriminating between different risk characteristics is age, the rates will ...
- rate meter
- (from the article "radiation measurement") ...alternative to simply registering the total number of accepted pulses over the counting time, the rate at which the accepted events are occurring in real time can be indicated electronically ...
- rate of growth
- (from the article "human development") The changes in height of the developing child can be thought of in two different ways: the height attained at successive ages and the increments in height from one age ...
- rate of natural increase
- (from the article "vital rates") ...birth rate and the crude death rate; i.e., annual numbers of births or of deaths per 1,000 population, based on the midyear population estimate. The difference between these two rates ...
- rate of tax
- (from the article "Laffer, Arthur B.") American economist who propounded the idea that lowering tax rates could result in higher revenues. His theory on taxes influenced U.S. economic policy in the 1980s.property tax
- rate separation
- (from the article "Separations based on rate phenomena") Rate separation processes are based on differences in the kinetic properties of the components of a mixture, such as the velocity of migration in a medium or of diffusion through ...
- ratel
- (Mellivora capensis), badgerlike member of the weasel family (Mustelidae) noted for its fondness for honey. Ratels live in covered and forested regions of Africa and southern Asia. The adult stands ...
- rates
- (from the article "government budget") ...services. Historically, apart from direct contributions to finance the activities of parish councils and charges for local services, the only source of local revenue was a property tax called rates.
- ratfish
- (from the article "ratfish") any of certain sharks of the chimaera (q.v.) group.spotted ratfishSpotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei).Clark Anderson/Aquaimages
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