in heat engines, ideal cyclical sequence of changes of pressure and temperature of a fluid, such as water, used in an engine, such as a steam engine. It is used ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "thermodynamics") ...temperature scales related to the second law of thermodynamics. The absolute scale related to the Celsius scale is called the Kelvin (K) scale, and that related to the Fahrenheit scale ...
Scottish engineer and physicist and one of the founders of the science of thermodynamics, particularly in reference to steam-engine theory. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Serbia") ...attempt to enforce the collectivization of agriculture (which collapsed by 1953) created a markedly conservative and bureaucratic political apparatus exemplified by such party stalwarts as Alexander Rankovic and Mijalko Todorovic. ...
(Jan. 24, 1722), classification of grades in the Russian military, naval, and civil services into a hierarchy of 14 categories and the foundation of a system of promotion based on ... [4 Related Articles]
geographic region in the Grampian Mountains of Scotland, composed mainly of moorland and lochs (lakes). The region includes Loch Rannoch, part of the Tummel-Ericht hydroelectric scheme, and, south of the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Sindhia Family") Maratha ruling family of Gwalior, which for a time in the 18th century dominated the politics of northern India. The dynasty was founded by Ranoji Sindhia, who in 1726 was ...
town, southern Thailand, on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Ranong town is a fishing port in the Pakchan River estuary. Burma lies to the northwest, and there are ...
(from the article "Literature") ...The interview in a sense becomes the novel itself, which deals with the life of a man who becomes famous for remembering the precise weather conditions in his hometown 15 ...
American poet and critic, leading theorist of the Southern literary renaissance that began after World War I. Ransom's The New Criticism (1941) provided the name of the influential mid-20th-century school ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "building construction") ...near supports. In 1892 he closed his construction business and became a consulting engineer, building many structures with concrete frames composed of columns, beams, and slabs. In the United States ...
(from the article "painting, Western") ...revolt against the faithfulness to nature of Impressionism; in addition, largely because they were in close touch with Symbolist writers, they regarded choice of subject as important. They included Paul ...
(from the article "Celebes") ...quartzite, while the volcanic Minahasa area differs structurally from any other part of the island. The climate is hot but tempered by sea winds; annual rainfall varies from 160 inches ...
(from the article "Claxton, Laurence") preacher and pamphleteer, leader of the radical English religious sect known as the Ranters.approach to Christian mysticismChristianityProtestant ChristianityThe Ranters provide ...
(from the article "Egypt") ...arrested 54 prominent members of the Muslim Brotherhood after the militant Islamist group mounted well-attended rallies following the assassinations of Yassin and another Palestinian leader, 'Abd al-'Aziz Rantisi. The Muslim ...
village, Champaign county, east-central Illinois, U.S. It lies about 15 miles (25 km) north of Urbana. Settled with the arrival of the Illinois Central Railroad in 1854, it was named ...
the buttercup family (order Ranunculales), comprising about 2,252 species in 62 genera of flowering plants, mostly herbs, which are widely distributed in all temperate and subtropical regions. In the tropics ... [3 Related Articles]
the buttercup order of flowering plants, containing 7 families, 199 genera, and 4,445 species. Members of the order range from annual and perennial herbs to herbaceous or woody vines, shrubs, ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Ranvier, Louis-Antoine") ...fibres, now known as the nodes of Ranvier, where discontinuities occur in the nerve's myelin coating, and discovered nerve terminals between the epithelial cells of the tongue that are now ...
French histologist and pathologist whose dynamic approach to the study of minute anatomy made his laboratories a world centre for students of histology and contributed especially to knowledge of nervous ...
(from the article "Swiss literature") ...instances of dialect literature there belong to the past, such as the Genevan ballads commemorating the victory of the escalade in 1602. International fame was achieved by the various ranz ...
(from the article "South Asian arts") ...most famous tamasha poet and performer was Ram Joshi (1762-1812) of Sholapur, an upper class Brahmin who married the courtesan Bayabai. Another famous singer-poet was Patthe Bapu Rao (1868-1941), a ...
(from the article "Kermadec Islands") ...cliffs that rise to Mt. Mumukai (1,723 ft [525 m]). It is heavily wooded and fertile, but its indigenous flora and fauna have been adversely affected by the introduction of ...
(from the article "romance") ...hard, bright, adorned with rhetoric, in which neither the courtly sentiment nor the enchantments are seriously meant. Chretien had only one faithful follower, the trouvere Raoul de Houdenc (fl. 1200-30), ...
(from the article "France") Stimulated by the commissions of Charles V, the chasm between learned and vernacular cultures narrowed: Raoul de Presles translated St. Augustine; Nicolas Oresme translated Aristotle. Christine de Pisan (1364-c. 1430) ...
(from the article "ideal solution") homogeneous mixture of substances that has physical properties linearly related to the properties of the pure components. The classic statement of this condition is Raoult's law, which is valid for ...
French chemist who formulated a law on solutions (called Raoult's law) that made it possible to determine the molecular weights of dissolved substances.
subgenre of heavy metal music. Heavy metal tended to be one of rock's most porous genres, influencing (and in turn being influenced by) such disparate sounds as psychedelic, glam, punk, ...
(from the article "rock") Public Enemy, from New York City, personified a new sort of African-American music in the late 1980s. Rap, the competitive use of rhyming lines spoken over an ever-more-challenging rhythmic base, ...
(from the article "Tubuai Islands") ...southeasterly extension of the Cook Islands (New Zealand). Scattered over an area some 800 miles (1,300 km) long, they comprise five inhabited islands-Raivavae (6 square miles [16 square km]), Rapa ...
(from the article "international relations") ...U.S.S.R. combined open and covert support for Western antinuclear movements with loud reminders of its ability to destroy any nation that foolishly hosted American bases. NATO leaders resisted the Rapacki ...
Polish socialist who joined the communists after World War II and who, as minister of foreign affairs, was noted for his "Rapacki Plan" for an atom-bomb-free zone in Europe. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Precambrian time") ...sequence of sediments; on the southern side is a volcanic-plutonic arc. To the south of this arc lies a broad zone with thrusted gneisses intruded by tin-bearing crustal-melt granites, called ...
(from the article "Dalmatia") ...(1915), the Allies had promised large territories, including northern Dalmatia, to the Italians in return for their support. This treaty embittered negotiations for a peace settlement. Finally, the Treaty of ...
(from the article "Law") In Rapanos v. United States, the court faced the recurring question regarding what bodies of water were covered by the federal Clean Water Act. In Rapanos no majority was able ...
(species Brassica napus), plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Europe. Rape is an annual, 30 cm (1 foot) or more tall, with a long, usually thin taproot. Its ... [1 Related Articles]
act of sexual intercourse with an individual without his or her consent, through force or the threat of force. In many jurisdictions, the crime of rape has been subsumed under ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "rape") ...of women often may be given less credence than that of men. Rape is thus both underreported and underprosecuted. To protect women from humiliating cross-examination, many jurisdictions have adopted rape ...
(from the article "The Environment") ...used to grow biofuel crops led to the release of nitrous oxide, a gas whose greenhouse effect was 300 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. The group also determined ...
(from the article "Common fatty acids in foods") ...leaves clasp the stem. Rape bears four-petaled, yellow flowers in spikes. Each round, elongated pod has a short beak and contains many seeds. These seeds, known as rapeseeds, yield an ...
in the Bible and the Qur'an, one of the archangels. In the Old Testament apocryphal Book of Tobit, he is the one who, in human disguise and under the name ... [2 Related Articles]
master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. Raphael is best known for his Madonnas (see ) and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican in Rome. His ... [27 Related Articles]
Iraqi cleric (b. April 17, 1922, Mosul, Iraq-d. July 7, 2003, Beirut, Lebanon), as patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church, based in Baghdad, Iraq, was known for his unstinting support ...
(from the article "1965: Other Winners") Original Screenplay: Frederic Raphael for DarlingAdapted Screenplay: Robert Bolt for Doctor ZhivagoCinematography, Black-and-White: Ernest Laszlo for Ship of FoolsCinematography, Color: Freddie Young for Doctor ZhivagoArt Direction, Black-and-White: Robert Clatworthy...
(from the article "Brassicales") ...abundant in north temperate areas, although less so in eastern North America. The old generic differences, often based on fruit type, have proved unsatisfactory for delineating the family. Thus, Raphanus ...
(from the article "scrotum") ...surrounding areas and has many sebaceous (oil-producing) glands and sweat glands, as well as some hair. The two compartments of the scrotum are distinguished externally by a middle ridge called ...
(from the article "palm") ...cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera), occurs on more than one continent; the genera transcending continental bounds are Chamaerops in Europe and Africa, Elaeis (oil palm) and Raphia (raffia palm, or jupati) ...
(from the article "palm") ...of wax (the wax palm, Ceroxylon; the carnauba wax palm). Leaves of the gebang palm are made into umbrellas and books; others provide material for rain capes, baskets, raffia (
(from the article "palm") ...swamps in the western Malay Archipelago, where Oncosperma tigillarium and Calamus erinaceus (and, in Borneo, Daemonorops longispathus) are found. In the Amazon estuary Raphia taedigera covers extensive areas; other species ...
(from the article "columbiform") ...grays and browns to striking orange, green, or purple. Worldwide except subpolar regions and some oceanic islands. Approximately 42 genera, 316 species.Extinct but with no fossil ...
(from the article "algae") ...Chrysochromulina, Emiliania, and Prymnesium.Flagellates with mucocysts (mucilage-releasing bodies) occasionally found in freshwater or marine environments; fewer than 50 species; ...
(from the article "dodo") ...usually placed with pigeons in the order Columbiformes but sometimes separated as an order (Raphiformes). The other two species, also found on islands of the Indian Ocean, were the solitaires ...
(from the article "information system") ...in some instances, for its failure to fulfill the user's requirements at the end of the long development road. Increasingly, life-cycle development has been replaced by a process known as ...
city, seat (1877) of Pennington county, western South Dakota, U.S. It lies at the eastern edge of the Black Hills on Rapid Creek, from which it derived its name.
(from the article "sleep") REM sleep is a state of diffuse bodily activation. Its EEG patterns (tracings of faster frequency and lower amplitude than in NREM stages 2-4) are at least superficially similar to ...
(from the article "environmental works") ...method, effluent is applied onto the land by ridge-and-furrow spreading (in ditches) or by sprinkler systems. Most of the water and nutrients are absorbed by the roots of growing vegetation. ...
(from the article "environmental works") Two types of sand filter are in use: slow and rapid. Slow filters require much more surface area than rapid filters and are difficult to clean. Most modern water treatment ...
system of railways, usually electric, that is used for local transit in a metropolitan area. A rapid transit line may run underground (subway), above street level (elevated transit line), or ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "World War I") ...by the invention of new weapons and the improvement of existing types since the Franco-German War of 1870-71. The chief developments of the intervening period had been the machine gun ...
(from the article "waterfall") ...to a series of small falls along a river. Still gentler reaches of rivers that nonetheless exhibit turbulent flow and white water in response to a local increase in channel ...
(from the article "rocket and missile system") ...an SA-6 equivalent that used a combination of radar command guidance and infrared terminal homing. Both systems were widely exported. Less directly comparable to Soviet systems was the British Rapier, ...
(from the article "sword") ...did not eliminate the sword but rather proliferated its types. The discarding of body armour made it necessary for the swordsman to be able to parry with his weapon, and ...
a shuttleless weaving loom in which the filling yarn is carried through the shed of warp yarns to the other side of the loom by fingerlike carriers called rapiers. One ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "pastoral literature") ...poetry and those others who supported the "modern." This dispute raged in France, where the "ancient" sympathy was represented in the pastoral convention by Rene Rapin, whose shepherds were figures ...
(from the article "Marrucini") ...to Rome until they joined with other Italians in the Social War of 91 BC; after the war they were enrolled in the Roman tribe Arnensis. Their language is known ...
(from the article "Brazil") On April 15 Lula signed a controversial decree delimiting the Raposa Serra do Sol Indian Reserve in northeastern Roraima state as "continuous," which meant that all non-Indian villages and settlements ...
association formed in the Soviet Union in 1928 out of various groups of proletarian writers who were dedicated to defining a truly proletarian literature and to eliminating writers whose works ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Performing Arts") Among the most exciting new plays of the season were Adam Rapp's grungy and sexually explicit three-hander Red Light Winter, which had sold-out runs in Chicago and New York, and ...
river flowing entirely through Virginia, U.S. It rises near Chester Gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains east of Front Royal and flows southeastward past Fredericksburg (head of navigation and of ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "anthropology") One of the most famous works in ecological anthropology is Roy Rappaport's study of the Tsembaga Maring of highland New Guinea. In it he argued that Tsembaga ritual regulated pig ...
any of the dispossessed native Irish who employed guerrilla methods to resist the English from the time of the English Civil Wars (1642-51) and more especially after the regular Irish ...
(from the article "snuff") The practice of inhaling snuff became popular in England around the 17th century; during the 18th century it was widespread throughout the world. At first, each quantity was freshly grated. ...
(from the article "mountaineering") ...in seeing holds from above and the normal reluctance of a climber to reach down and work his hands low enough as he descends. The quick way down is via ...
(from the article "Rapp, George") German-born American ascetic who founded the Rappites (Harmonists), a Pietist sect that formed communes in the United States.settlements atAmbridgeAmbridge...U.S., on ...
(from the article "Chicago style") ...McPartland, tenor saxophonist Bud Freeman, clarinetist Frank Teschemacher, and their colleagues in imitation of the New Orleans Rhythm Kings (originally the Friar's Society Orchestra, including Leon Rappolo, Paul Mares, George ...
in French civil law, a judge who furnishes a written report on the case at hand to other judges of the court, in which he sets forth the arguments of ...
(from the article "raptor") in general, any bird of prey; the term raptor is sometimes restricted to birds of the order Falconiformes (hawks, eagles, falcons, and their allies). See bird of prey.BRITANNICA BOOK ...
(from the article "fundamentalism, Christian") ...present period, according to dispensationalism, was one of expectant waiting for the imminent return of Jesus Christ. Dispensationalists believed in an apocalyptic millennialism that foretold the Rapture (the bodily rescue ...
Islamic earthenware produced at Ar-Raqqah, Syria, between the 9th and 14th centuries. The body of the ware, which is white tending to buff, is coated with a siliceous glaze. Designs, ... [2 Related Articles]
town, northern Syria, on the Euphrates River just west of its confluence with the Balikh River. Al-Raqqah is on the site of an ancient Greek city, Nicephorium, and a later ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "dance") ...an important role in maintaining the beat. Music, too, is very important, and many dances are accompanied by specific songs or musical compositions. In the Middle Eastern
(from the article "therapeutics") A rare disease presents a unique problem in treatment because the number of patients with the disease is so small (fewer than 200,000 in the United States) that it is ...
any of a large family of chemical elements consisting of the lanthanoids (the 15 elements from lanthanum to lutetium, atomic numbers 57-71) and, because of chemical similarities to the lanthanoids, ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "mineral deposit") ...greater, the water-rich residual magma may migrate and form small bodies of igneous rock, satellitic to the main granitic mass, that are enriched in rare elements. Such small igneous bodies, ...
in the physics of sound, segment of one cycle of a longitudinal wave during its travel or motion, the other segment being compression. If the prong of a tuning fork ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Murshidabad") Murshidabad district (2,062 sq mi [5,341 sq km]) comprises two distinct regions separated by the Bhagirathi River (q.v.). To the west lies the Rarh, a high, undulating continuation of the ...
largest stream lying wholly within New Jersey, U.S., formed by the confluence of the North Branch Raritan and the South Branch Raritan rivers in western Somerset county. It flows about ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Toggenburg Succession") ...part of the territory was taken over by the newly formed Zehngerichtenbund (League of Ten Jurisdictions), the rest of the inheritance was open to dispute: most of the countship was ...
largest island in the southern group of the Cook Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about 2,100 miles (3,400 km) northeast of New Zealand. Volcanic in origin, it has a ... [3 Related Articles]
red supergiant star, whose diameter is probably larger than the orbit of the Earth. It lies in the constellation Hercules and is of about third magnitude, its brightness varying. It ...
(from the article "oncogene") ...delineation. About 60 human oncogenes have been identified. Breast cancer has been linked to the c-neu oncogene and lung cancer to the c-L-myc gene. Oncogenes arising in members of the ...
