| | - r
- (from the article "Romance languages") Another French pronunciation that is often imitated by socially pretentious speakers is that of the Parisian uvular r /&uvularr;/ (produced by vibration of the uvula, an appendage at the back ...
- R association
- (from the article "stellar association") R associations consist of young, bright stars of intermediate mass (3 to 10 solar masses). Stars in this type of association are surrounded by patches of dust that reflect and ...
- R Coronae Borealis star
- any of a small group of old stars of the class called peculiar variables that maintain nearly uniform brightness for indeterminate lengths of time and then fall abruptly and dramatically ... [1 Related Articles]
- R factor
- (from the article "plasmid") ...of plasmids, colicinogenic (or Col ) factors, determines the production of proteins called colicins, which have antibiotic activity and can kill other bacteria. Another class of plasmids, R factors, confers ...
- R Monocerotis
- (catalog number NGC 2261), stellar infrared source and nebula in the constellation Monoceros (Greek: Unicorn). The star, one of the class of dwarf stars called T Tauri variables, is immersed ...
- R-34
- (from the article "airship") In the 1920s and '30s airship construction continued in Europe and the United States. A British dirigible, the R-34, made a round-trip transatlantic crossing in July 1919. In 1926 an ...
- R-35
- (from the article "tank") ...at the slow pace of the infantry and were therefore exposed to the full effect of antitank guns had to be thickly armoured. This realization led in the mid-1930s to ...
- R-4
- (from the article "aerospace industry") ...Vought Sikorsky VS-300, which used a single three-bladed main rotor for lift and a small vertical rotor mounted on the tail to counteract torque. With an order from the U.S. ...
- R-7
- (from the article "launch vehicle") ...direction of the rocket pioneer Sergey Korolyov, the Soviet Union during the 1950s developed an ICBM that was capable of delivering a heavy nuclear warhead to American targets. That ICBM, ...
- R-class submarine
- (from the article "submarine") ...the war, of the concept of an antisubmarine submarine. British submarines sank 17 German U-boats during the conflict; the early submarine-versus-submarine successes led to British development of the R-class submarine ...
- R-plane
- (from the article "military aircraft") ...raids on London in formation in the summer of 1917 before reverting to night operations. The German air force also operated a family of giant four-engined metal bombers known as ...
- r-process
- (from the article "chemical element") ...these heavier elements, and some isotopes of lighter elements, have been produced by successive capture of neutrons. Two processes of neutron capture may be distinguished: the r -process, rapid neutron ...
- r-selected population
- (from the article "population ecology") Populations often can be divided into one of two extreme types, based on their life-history strategy. Some populations, called r-selected, are considered opportunistic because their reproductive behaviour involves a high ...
- R-type star
- (from the article "stellar classification") Supplementary classes of cool stars include R and N (often called C-type, or carbon stars: less than 3,000 K), and S, which resemble class M stars but have spectral bands ...
- R.E.M.
- American rock group, the quintessential band of the 1980s. The members were Michael Stipe (b. January 4, 1960, Decatur, Georgia, U.S., ), Peter Buck (b. December 6, 1956, Berkeley, ... [2 Related Articles]
- R.E.P. No. 2
- monoplane designed, built, and first flown by the French aviator Robert Esnault-Pelterie in 1908.
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings
- American manufacturer of tobacco products. The origins of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company date to the post-Civil War era, when Richard Joshua Reynolds (1850-1918) began trading in tobacco, first in ... [4 Related Articles]
- R.W. Sears Watch Company
- (from the article "Sears, R.W.") ...disposed of the watches, selling them by letter to other station agents at a low price. With his $5,000 profit, Sears started a mail-order watch business in Minneapolis in 1886, ...
- R136
- (from the article "nebula") ...nebula: the object called 30 Doradus, in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This nebula requires over 1,000 times more ionizations per second than the Orion Nebula. It contains a stellar cluster ...
- R4M
- (from the article "rocket and missile system") One of the most successful of the German rockets was the 50-millimetre R4M. The tail fins remained folded until launch, facilitating close loading arrangements.
- Ra
- either of two papyrus boats with which the Norwegian scientist-explorer Thor Heyerdahl crossed the Atlantic in 1969-70 to demonstrate the possibility of cultural contact between early peoples of Africa and ... [1 Related Articles]
- ra'is
- (from the article "Crusades") ...according to the Assizes of the Court of the Bourgeois. Each national group retained its institutions. The Syrians, for example, maintained a court overseen by the rais ...
- Ra's al-Khaymah
- constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman). It consists of two irregularly shaped tracts on the Musandam Peninsula, oriented north-south. The northern section shares ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ra's al-Khaymah
- (from the article "Ra's al-Khaymah") ...and its exclave on the Ru'us al-Jibal. Ra's al-Khaymah's estimated total area is 660 square miles (1,700 square km); the capital and most significant urban settlement is Ra's al-Khaymah city.
- Ra's Nasrani
- small inlet and cape on the southeastern coast of the Sinai Peninsula. Located in Janub Sina' muhafazah (governorate), Egypt, Ra's Nasrani was occupied by the Israelis from 1967 to 1982. ... [4 Related Articles]
- ra'y
- (from the article "ijtihad") ...life and utterances), and ijma' (scholarly consensus). In the early Muslim community every adequately qualified jurist had the right to exercise such original thinking, mainly ra'y (personal judgment) and qiyas ...
- Raab, Julius
- (from the article "Austria") The influence of the Socialists in the coalition government, which had been relatively strong under Figl's chancellorship, was reduced when the Austrian People's Party replaced Figl with Julius Raab in ...
- Raabe, Wilhelm
- German writer best known for realistic novels of middle-class life.
- Raaff, Anton
- German operatic tenor, one of the foremost of his day.
- Rab
- island in the Adriatic Sea forming the northernmost part of Dalmatia in Croatia. It reaches a maximum altitude of 1,339 ft (408 m) at Mt. Kamenjak and comprises three ridges ...
- rabab
- Arab fiddle, the earliest known bowed instrument and the parent of the medieval European rebec. It was first mentioned in the 10th century and was prominent in medieval and later ... [5 Related Articles]
- Rabal Valera, Francisco
- Spanish actor (b. March 8, 1925, Aguilas, Spain-d. Aug. 29, 2001, Bordeaux, France), during his nearly 60-year stage and screen career, evolved from a handsome leading man into an impressive ...
- Raban, Jonathan
- (from the article "United Arab Emirates") ...present a striking blend of ancient customs and modern technology, of cosmopolitanism and insularity, and of wealth and want. The rapid pace of modernization of the emirates prompted travel writer ...
- Rabanus Maurus
- archbishop, Benedictine abbot, theologian, and scholar whose work so contributed to the development of German language and literature that he received the title Praeceptor Germaniae ("Teacher of Germany"). [1 Related Articles]
- Rabassa, Gregory
- American translator who was largely responsible for bringing the fiction of contemporary Latin America to the English-speaking public. Of his more than 30 translations from the Spanish and the Portuguese, ...
- Rabat
- town, west-central Malta, adjoining Mdina, west of Valletta. In Roman times the site of Mdina and Rabat was occupied by Melita, the island's capital. The modern names date from the ...
- Rabat
- city and capital of Morocco. One of the country's four imperial cities, it is located on the Atlantic coast at the mouth of the Wadi Bou Regreg, opposite the city ... [9 Related Articles]
- Rabat Gate
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...was that built for military purposes, including fortifications and, especially, massive city gates with low-slung horseshoe arches, such as the Oudaia Gate at Rabat (12th century) or the Rabat Gate ...
- rabato
- wide, often lace-edged collar wired to stand up at the back of the head, worn by both men and women in the 16th and early 17th centuries. An example may ...
- Rabaul
- town of the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is situated on Simpson Harbour, part of Blanche Bay, on the Gazelle Peninsula. [3 Related Articles]
- Rabaut Saint-Etienne, Jean Paul
- (from the article "France") ...been called the intents of the founders." Most foundations, he thought, had as their only purpose the satisfaction of frivolous vanity. At the other end of the social spectrum, the ...
- Rabaut, Paul
- Protestant minister and Reformer who succeeded Antoine Court (1696-1760) as the leader of the Huguenots (French Protestants).
- Rabb, Ellis
- American director and versatile actor who in 1960 founded the A.P.A. repertory theatre company and served as its artistic director; Rabb was hailed both for his performances in The Royal ...
- Rabbani, Burhanuddin
- (from the article "Afghanistan") Under an arrangement to provide for the rotation of the executive office between different factions, the presidency passed after two months from interim president Sebghatullah Mujaddedi to Burhanuddin Rabbani. Rabbani, ...
- Rabbani, Mullah Mohammad
- Afghan Muslim cleric (b. 1956?, Kandahar province, Afg.-d. April 16, 2001, Rawalpindi, Pak.), was the second most powerful man in Afghanistan's Taliban regime and the de facto chairman of the ...
- rabbi
- (Hebrew: "my teacher," or "my master"), in Judaism, a person qualified by academic studies of the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud to act as spiritual leader and religious teacher of ... [6 Related Articles]
- Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
- (from the article "Yeshiva University") The school was established in 1886 as Yeshiva Eitz Chaim, an elementary school of Talmudic studies on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, which in 1915 merged with Rabbi Isaac ...
- Rabbinic Judaism
- the normative form of Judaism that developed after the fall of the Temple of Jerusalem (AD 70). Originating in the work of the Pharisaic rabbis, it was based on the ... [7 Related Articles]
- Rabbinical Assembly, The
- organization of Conservative rabbis in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and Israel. It was founded in 1900 as the Alumni Association of the Jewish Theological Seminary and was ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rabbinical Council of America
- organization of Orthodox rabbis, almost all of whom have received their rabbinical training in the United States. The council's chief aims have been to promote the study and practice of ...
- rabbit
- any of 28 species of long-eared mammals belonging to the family Leporidae, excluding hares (genus Lepus). Frequently the terms rabbit and hare are used interchangeably, a practice ... [9 Related Articles]
- rabbit hair
- animal fibre obtained from the Angora rabbit and the various species of the common rabbit. Rabbits have coats consisting of both long, protective guard hairs and a fine insulating undercoat. ...
- Rabbitt, Edward Thomas
- ) American singer-songwriter-guitarist who in the 1970s and '80s reached the top of the charts with 26 country singles, among them "I Love a Rainy Night" (b. Nov. 27, 1944, ...
- Rabbula
- reforming bishop of Edessa and theologian who was a leading figure in the Christian church in Syria. He advocated the orthodox Alexandrian (Egypt) position in the 5th-century controversy with the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Rabe, David
- American playwright whose experiences as a draftee assigned to a hospital-support unit in Vietnam were the basis for several acclaimed dramas. His work is known for its use of grotesque ... [1 Related Articles]
- Rabearivelo, Jean-Joseph
- Malagasy writer, one of the most important of African poets writing in French, considered to be the father of modern literature in his native land.
- Rabel, Daniel
- (from the article "stage design") ...such as Torelli brought great prestige to their patrons. An outburst of Baroque opulence bore witness to the power and splendour of the Sun King. In France in the early ...
- Rabelais, Francois
- French writer and priest who for his contemporaries was an eminent physician and humanist and for posterity is the author of the comic masterpiece Gargantua and Pantagruel. The four novels ... [9 Related Articles]
- Rabemananjara, Jacques
- Malagasy politician, playwright, and poet. [1 Related Articles]
- rabi
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...(maize), rapeseed, and mustard, as well as a variety of garden crops, including onions, peppers, and potatoes. Pakistan benefits greatly from having two growing seasons, rabi (spring ...
- Rabi'ah al-'Adawiyah
- (from the article "Sufism") The introduction of the element of love, which changed asceticism into mysticism, is ascribed to Rabi'ah al-'Adawiyah (died 801), a woman from Basra who first formulated the Sufi ideal of ...
- Rabi, Isidor Isaac
- American physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1944 for his invention (in 1937) of the atomic and molecular beam magnetic resonance method of observing atomic spectra. [3 Related Articles]
- Rabida Island
- one of the Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 600 miles (965 km) west of Ecuador. The island has an area of about 1 square mile (3 square ...
- rabies
- acute, ordinarily fatal, viral disease of the central nervous system that is usually spread among domestic dogs and wild carnivorous animals by a bite. All warm-blooded animals, including humans, are ... [9 Related Articles]
- rabies vaccine adsorbed
- (from the article "rabies") ...also be initiated to allow the patient's body to make its own antibody. The safest and most effective vaccines are human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), purified chick embryo cell culture ...
- rabies virus
- (from the article "rabies") ...of the central nervous system that is usually spread among domestic dogs and wild carnivorous animals by a bite. All warm-blooded animals, including humans, are susceptible to rabies infection. The ...
- Rabih az-Zubayr
- Muslim military leader who established a military hegemony in the districts immediately east of Lake Chad. [1 Related Articles]
- Rabin, Leah
- German-born Israeli consort and peace activist (b. April 8, 1928, Konigsberg, Ger. [now Kaliningrad, Russia]-d. Nov. 12, 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel), was the wife of former Israeli prime minister Yitzhak ...
- Rabin, Yitzhak
- Israeli statesman and soldier who, as prime minister of Israel (1974-77, 1992-95), led his country toward peace with its Palestinian and Arab neighbours. He was chief of staff of Israel's ... [10 Related Articles]
- Rabindra Bharati University
- (from the article "Calcutta") ...(humanities), science, and engineering. Although the university has a small number of colleges affiliated with it, its main focus is on graduate and postgraduate instruction on a single campus. Rabindra ...
- Rabinowitz, Victor
- American lawyer defended a pantheon of left-wing causes and such clients as Department of State official Alger Hiss and Cuban leader Fidel Castro; Rabinowitz won the business of the latter's ...
- Rabirius
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...northwest side of the hill. Another palace was built on the southeast corner of the hill by Claudius or Nero. The central space was covered by the palace of the ...
- rabisu
- (from the article "angel and demon") ...attempt to coerce man into not attaining his higher spiritual aspirations or not performing activities necessary for his well-being in the normal course of living. The ancient Assyrian demon rabisu ...
- Rabito, Vincenzo
- (from the article "Literature") ...success of Andrea Camilleri's novels (such as La pista di sabbia, the latest of Inspector Montalbano's adventures) but also by the publication of Terra matta, an edited version of Vincenzo ...
- Raboni, Giovanni
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...Experimentalism and the new avant-garde) and the wry confessional autobiographer (or "autobiologist") and macabre humorist Giovanni Giudici had an impact, as did colloquialist Giovanni Raboni, who was also linked with ...
- Rabuka, Sitiveni
- (from the article "Fiji") ...of the House of Representatives and the Senate. In October 1987 Fiji was expelled from the Commonwealth (though it was readmitted in 1997) and became a republic. The coup leader, ...
- Rabula Gospels
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...the Cotton Collection. There has been dispute as to where these manuscripts were written and painted, but either Constantinople or Syria is the normal attribution. A fifth religious manuscript, the ...
- Rabulist riots
- (1838), in Swedish history, wave of popular demonstrations in Stockholm that led to a loosening of Swedish government press censorship and furthered the fortunes of parliamentary government.
- Raby, Al
- African American civil rights activist, cochair of the Chicago Freedom Movement in the 1960s and campaign manager for Harold Washington, who became Chicago's first black mayor in 1983.
- Racan, Honorat de Bueil, Seigneur de
- French poet, one of the earliest members (1635) of the French Academy.
- Racan, Ivica
- Croatian politician as prime minister (2000-03) of Croatia, moved the country away from the nationalistic authoritarianism of Pres. Franjo Tudjman, the country's first leader (1991-99) after independence, and toward ... [1 Related Articles]
- Racconigi Agreement
- (from the article "Izvolsky, Aleksandr, Count") ...expense, Austria declined to use its influence to bring about the opening of the strait. Izvolsky then attempted to balance Austrian influence in the Balkans by concluding an agreement with ...
- raccoon
- any of seven species of nocturnal mammals characterized by bushy, ringed tails. The most common and well-known is the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor), which ranges from northern Canada and ... [2 Related Articles]
- raccoon dog
- (Nyctereutes procyonoides), member of the dog family (Canidae) native to eastern Asia and introduced into Europe. Some authorities place it in the raccoon family, Procyonidae. It resembles ... [1 Related Articles]
- Raccoon River
- (from the article "Mississippi River") ...this time confined to the parts of the river above its confluence with the Ohio (which was not in flood). Among the worst-hit rivers were the lower reaches of the ...
- race
- the idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups on the basis of inherited physical and behavioral differences. Genetic studies in the late 20th century refuted the existence ... [11 Related Articles]
- race
- (from the article "Wilson, Jackie") ...to deal with the routine forms of racial segregation that made it difficult for African-American male artists to secure mainstream success. The commercial and stylistic barriers between so-called "race music" ...
- Race Relations Act
- (from the article "United Kingdom") This was evident earlier in the very limited nature of the Race Relations Act of 1965, itself fiercely opposed by the Conservatives. A subsequent amendment, in 1968, outlawed discrimination in ...
- Race Relations Act
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...fiercely opposed by the Conservatives. A subsequent amendment, in 1968, outlawed discrimination in areas such as employment and the provision of goods and services. However, it was not until the ...
- race riot
- (from the article "Las Vegas") ...de facto segregation existed elsewhere in Nevada until the mid-1960s. In 1968 Governor Paul Laxalt initiated several far-reaching reforms that were meant to ease growing ethnic tensions. Even so, race ...
- race walking
- (from the article "athletics") This event, also called race walking, is relatively minor. Aside from the Olympic and other multinational competitions, it is seldom a part of track meets. Olympic competition is over 20,000 ...
- race, milieu, and moment
- according to the French critic Hippolyte Taine, the three principal motives or conditioning factors behind any work of art. Taine sought to establish a scientific approach to literature through the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Race-Horse keno
- (from the article "keno") ...name keno, a corruption of the French word quine ("group of five"). In 1933 keno was introduced in gambling houses in Reno, Nevada, under the name Race-Horse ...
- racehorse
- (from the article "exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage") disease condition in horses in which blood appears in the airways during and after strenuous exercise. More than 80 percent of racehorses, including Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, and American Quarter Horses, are ...
- racemate
- a mixture of equal quantities of two enantiomorphs, or substances that have dissymmetric molecular structures that are mirror images of one another. Each enantiomorph rotates the plane of polarization of ...
- raceme
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...in the centre (in truncated axes). Branching and the associated flowers develop at some distance from the main stem (monopodial growth). Indeterminate inflorescences are of varied types (Figure 15): racemes, ...
- racemic acid
- (from the article "racemate") ...light through a characteristic angle, but, because the rotatory effect of each component exactly cancels that of the other, the racemic mixture is optically inactive. The name is derived from ...
- racemic menthol
- (from the article "menthol") ...The naturally occurring material is the levorotatory form (the compound that rotates the plane of polarized light to the left), called (-)-menthol (or l-menthol). Synthetic menthol is racemic, consisting of ...
- racemization
- (from the article "racemate") The process by which an optically active substance is transformed into the corresponding racemic modification is known as racemization; the converse process, by which a racemic modification is separated into ...
- racer
- any of several large, swift nonvenomous snakes belonging to the family Colubridae. Racers of North America belong to a single species, Coluber constrictor, and several species of the genus Elaphe ...
- Racer
- (from the article "roller coaster") ...beloved wooden coasters, or "woodies," which were also instrumental in the roller coaster rebirth. Nostalgia was part of the attraction to new wooden "megacoasters," such as Racer (1972), a classic ...
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