| | - Qatran
- (from the article "Islamic arts") The most complicated forms were mastered by poets of the very early period, the limits of artificiality being reached in Azerbaijani qasidahs by the poet Qatran (died 1072), whose work ...
- Qattara Depression
- arid Libyan Desert (Eastern Saharan) basin in northwestern Egypt. Covering about 7,000 square miles (18,100 square km) and containing salt lakes and marshes, it descends to 435 feet (133 m) ... [3 Related Articles]
- Qavam ud-Din
- (from the article "Shah Rokh") ...Afghanistan). Particularly important were the library and the school of miniature painting that developed and flourished there. One of his wives, Gawhar Shad, worked with the Persian architect Qavam ud-Din ...
- Qavanlu
- (from the article "Agha Mohammad Khan") ...rival, but this disability did not hinder his career. In 1757 he became the de facto governor of the Azerbaijan province of northern Iran; the next year he succeeded his ...
- Qawasim, Al-
- (from the article "Abu Zaby") ...In 1761 they found wells of potable water at the site of Abu Dhabi town on the coast, and they made their headquarters there from 1795. Because Abu Zaby's traditional ...
- Qawi, Dwight
- (from the article "Spinks, Michael") ...Mustafa Muhammad for the World Boxing Association light heavyweight crown. He successfully defended his title five times before earning the vacant world title by winning a 15-round decision over Dwight ...
- qawm
- (from the article "Afghanistan") Afghans are also identified by their qawm, a term that can refer to affinity with almost any kind of social group. It essentially divides "us" from "them" ...
- qaws
- (from the article "Arabia") ...though the prevailing direction is actually from the north-northwest. In contrast to the shamal is the less frequent qaws from the southeast. The wind ...
- qawwali
- (from the article "Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali") Pakistani singer who is considered one of the greatest performers of qawwali, a Sufi Muslim devotional music characterized by simple melodies, forceful rhythms, and wild improvisations that ...
- Qawz
- (from the article "Sudan, The") ...of Darfur and on the east by the Ethiopian Plateau and the Red Sea Hills ('Atbay). This plain can be divided into a northern area of rock desert that is ...
- Qayen
- town, northeastern Iran. Qayen is a place of great antiquity and complex history. The present town, which lies in a broad valley, was founded in the 15th century to replace ...
- Qayi
- (from the article "Xhosa") ...living primarily in Eastern Cape province, South Africa, and forming part of the southern Nguni group of Bantu-speaking peoples. The main Xhosa groups are the Gcaleka, Ngika, Ndlamba, Dushane, Qayi, ...
- qaynat
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...performances were held periodically, attracting the most distinguished poet-musicians. Their music, more sophisticated than that practiced in the nomadic encampments, was related to that of the qaynat ("singing girls"), who ...
- Qayrawani, Ibn Abi Zayd al-
- (from the article "North Africa") ...of the Arab Islamic culture of the region. In this period the Maliki school of Islamic law reasserted itself in Ifriqiyyah and produced one of its most prominent scholars, Ibn ...
- Qays
- (from the article "Kindah") After al-Harith's death the kingdom split up into four tribes-Asad, Taghlib, Qays, and Kinanah-each led by a Kindah prince. The tribes feuded constantly, and, after about the middle of the ...
- Qaysi-Yemeni dichotomy
- (from the article "Jordan") ...tribes or from the southern Arabian Yamani (Banu Kalb or Qahtani) groups. Only a few tribes and towns have continued to observe this Qaysi-Yamani division-a pre-Islamic split that was once ...
- Qazaly
- (from the article "Syr Darya") ...by snow and to a lesser extent by glaciers, and high water lasts from March or April to September. The Syr Darya carries a considerable amount of silt, much of ...
- Qazbegi, Aleksandre
- (from the article "Georgian literature") ...That a Human Being?"), which attacks the degenerate gentry, and Tsereteli's fine autobiographical Chemi tavgadasavali (1894-1909; "The Story of My Life"). Aleksandre Qazbegi was the first commercially successful prose writer ...
- Qazvin
- (from the article "Elburz Mountains") ...River, formed by the junction of the Qezel Owzan (Qisil Uzun) and Shahrud rivers, is the only river to cross the whole width of the chain: its gorge, giving access ...
- Qazvin school
- (from the article "Muzaffar 'Ali") ...Behzad, who is said to have taught him at Tabriz. Muzaffar 'Ali was a favourite painter of Shah Tahmasp I and became one of the leaders of the school of ...
- qedesha
- one of a class of sacred prostitutes found throughout the ancient Middle East, especially in the worship of the fertility goddess Astarte (Ashtoreth). Prostitutes, who often played an important part ... [1 Related Articles]
- Qedeshu, Lady of Kadesh
- (from the article "qedesha") ...in the worship of the fertility goddess Astarte (Ashtoreth). Prostitutes, who often played an important part in official temple worship, could be either male or female. In Egypt, a goddess ...
- Qehilla
- (from the article "Magnes, Judah Leon") ...pulpit of the Reform temple Emanu-El in New York City. His many speaking engagements on behalf of Zionism, as well as his eloquent sermons, made him a revered figure among ...
- Qemal, Ismail
- (from the article "Vlore") ...It was strategically important during Roman times and in the 11th-12th-century wars between Normans and Byzantines. Later it was contested by Venetians, Serbs, and Turks. On Nov. 28, 1912, Ismail ...
- Qeqertarsuaq
- (from the article "Qeqertarsuaq") ...feet (1,919 metres). There are coal and iron deposits, and until the late 1960s lignite was mined around Qullissat in the northeast. After production stopped, much of the population was ...
- Qeqertarsuaq
- island in Davis Strait off western Greenland, northwest of Qeqertarsuup (Disko) Bay and southwest of Vaigat Strait. It is 80 miles (130 km) long and 20-75 miles (32-120 km) wide, ...
- Qeshm
- largest island in the Persian Gulf, belonging to Iran. The Arabic name means "long island." It lies parallel to the Iranian coast, from which it is separated by Clarence Strait. ...
- Qeys Island
- island in the Persian Gulf, lying about 10 miles (16 km) off mainland Iran. It rises 120 feet (37 metres) above sea level to a plateau and is almost without ...
- Qi
- one of the largest and most powerful of the many small states into which China was divided between about 771 and 221 BC. [4 Related Articles]
- qi
- in Chinese philosophy, the ethereal psychophysical energies of which everything is composed. Early Daoist philosophers and alchemists regarded qi as a vital force inhering in the breath and bodily fluids ... [9 Related Articles]
- Qi Baishi
- with Zhang Daqian, one of the last of the great traditional Chinese painters. [2 Related Articles]
- Qi Gong
- (from the article "New Religious Movement") The most important NRM to appear in China is the faith in the semimystical powers of Qi Gong (Chinese: "Energy Working"), the classical tradition of spiritual and physical exercise that ...
- Qi Jiguang
- (from the article "China") ...of the Wanli emperor (1572-1620), the government was highly stable. The court was dominated by the outstanding grand secretary of Ming history, Zhang Juzheng, and capable generals such as Qi ...
- Qi Rushan
- playwright and scholar who revived interest in traditional Chinese drama in 20th-century China and in the West.
- Qian Mountains
- (from the article "Liaodong Peninsula") ...mountain belt, with a southwest-northeast axis, which continues in the Changbai Mountains of the Northeast (Manchuria)-North Korean border area. On the peninsula, the range is known as the Qian Mountains. ...
- Qian River
- (from the article "Xi River system") At Shilong the river receives the Liu River, its major left- (north-) bank tributary, and is then called the Qian River. This section of the river is the shortest, no ...
- Qian Xuan
- (from the article "China") ...Zhao Mengfu gave new impetus to the 4th-century style of Wang Xizhi, which then became a standard for Chinese writing and book printing for centuries. In painting, Zhao and his ...
- Qian Zhongshu
- Chinese scholar and writer whose erudition and scholarly achievements were practically unrivaled in 20th-century China.
- Qiang
- (from the article "Sichuan") ...southern mountains, near Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. The Hui are concentrated in the Zoige Marsh grasslands of the northwest and are also scattered in a number of districts in the ...
- Qiangic languages
- (from the article "Tibeto-Burman languages") The important Qiangic languages of Sichuan and Yunnan were hardly known to Western scholars at the time the Conspectus was written (c. 1942-43) or published (1972). Ersu/Tosu ...
- Qiangtang
- enormous alpine basin in the northern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. With an average elevation exceeding 16,500 feet (5,000 metres) above sea level, it lies between the ... [2 Related Articles]
- qianhu suo
- (from the article "weisuo") ...consisted of a guard unit of 5,600 men known as a wei. Each wei was divided into five qianhu suo of ...
- Qianlong
- reign name (nianhao) of the fourth emperor of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644-1911/12), whose six-decade reign (1735-96) was one of the longest in Chinese history. He conducted ... [10 Related Articles]
- Qianxi Stage
- (from the article "Asia") ...of former ocean floors) and immature basaltic island-arc volcanic rocks to more silicic (silicon-rich) rocks such as andesites. In the North China paraplatform this early episode corresponds to the Qianxi ...
- Qiao Shi
- If the arrangements for political succession that senior leader Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing) had in place in 1994 came unstuck, 70-year-old Qiao Shi (Ch'iao Shih) would have a good shot ...
- qiblah
- the direction of the sacred shrine of the Ka'bah in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, toward which Muslims turn five times each day when performing the salat (daily ritual ... [5 Related Articles]
- Qift
- agricultural town, Qina muhafazah (governorate), Upper Egypt. It is situated at the large bend of the Nile north of Luxor (al-Uqsur) and lies along the east bank of the river. ...
- qifu
- (from the article "dress") Qifu, or "dragon robes" (longpao) as they were usually called, were designed for regular court wear by men and women of imperial, noble, and ...
- Qijia culture
- the only Neolithic culture to be uncovered in China that shows northern Eurasian influence. Although most archaeologists date the Qijia in the Late Neolithic Period, it survived into historical times, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Qilian Mountains
- rugged mountain range on the border of Qinghai and Gansu provinces, west-central China. Glaciers cover an area of about 760 square miles (1,970 square km) and contain some 23 cubic ... [2 Related Articles]
- Qilich Arslan I
- (from the article "Anatolia") After a six-year interregnum Sulayman's second son Qilich Arslan, released from captivity after the death of Malik-Shah, finally was able to repossess Iznik in 1092 and then gradually to regain ...
- Qilich Arslan IV
- (from the article "Anatolia") ...Kizil River with the support of local Byzantine lords and the Turkmen borderland chieftains. Backed by Mongol generals and Iranian bureaucrats, his younger brothers Rukn ad-Din Qilich Arslan IV (1248-65) ...
- Qilij Arslan II
- (from the article "Danishmend dynasty") ...(Yaghibasan) in Sivas and 'Ayn ad-Dawlah in Malatya-Elbistan-and his son Dhu an-Nun in Kayseri. After Yagibasan's death (1164), the Seljuq sultan Qilij Arslan II intervened repeatedly in the affairs of ...
- qilin
- in Chinese mythology, the unicorn whose rare appearance often coincides with the imminent birth or death of a sage or illustrious ruler. (The name is a combination of the two ... [1 Related Articles]
- Qin
- (from the article "hsien") ...Ch'un-ch'iu, or Spring and Autumn, period (770-476 BC) of Chinese history. Villages or townships on China's western frontier that had been newly conquered by such expanding Chinese states as Ch'in ...
- qin
- fretless Chinese board zither with seven strings. Traditionally the body of the qin was of a length that represented the 365 days of the year (3 [4 Related Articles]
- Qin dynasty
- (221-207 BC), dynasty that established the first great Chinese empire. The Qin, from which the name China is derived, established the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all subsequent ... [25 Related Articles]
- Qin Hui
- minister of the Song dynasty (960-1279) who led a peace party that opposed continued prosecution of a war to regain former Chinese territory in the North. He is remembered as ... [2 Related Articles]
- Qin Jiushao
- Chinese mathematician who developed a method of solving simultaneous linear congruences. [3 Related Articles]
- Qin Kai
- (from the article "Swimming") The Chinese men were nearly as dominant. Qin Kai, the only male diver to take two gold medals, won the 3-m springboard over defending champion Alexandre Despatie of Canada and ...
- Qin Mountains
- mountain range in north China, extending along a west-east axis from southeastern Gansu province into Shaanxi and Henan provinces. Considered to be an eastern extension of the Kunlun Mountains, it ... [8 Related Articles]
- Qin River
- river of north-central China. It rises in the Taiyue Mountains of Shanxi province, China and flows south through the plateau past Qinyuan and near Yangcheng, through the southwest spur of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Qin tomb
- major Chinese archaeological site near the ancient capital city of Chang'an, Shaanxi sheng (province), China, now near the modern city of Xi'an. It is the burial place of the first ... [3 Related Articles]
- Qina
- muhafazah (governorate) in Upper Egypt, extending 3-4 miles (5-6 km) on each side of the Nile River between the Arabian and Libyan deserts. Occupying the great bend in the Nile ...
- Qina
- town and capital of Qina muhafazah (governorate), Upper Egypt, on a canal 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the Nile River at its great bend, opposite Dandarah. The town was ...
- qing
- stone or jade chime used as a percussion instrument in ancient Chinese music. Sound was produced by hitting the qing with a mallet. The largest known qing-36 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Qing dynasty
- (1644-1911/12), the last of the imperial dynasties of China. Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the preceding Ming dynasty, the population grew ... [70 Related Articles]
- Qingdao
- port city, eastern Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. It is located on the south coast of the Shandong Peninsula at the eastern entrance to Jiaozhou (Kiaochow) Bay, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Qinghai-Lhasa railway
- (from the article "China") ...roads and highways in Tibet. In 2006 it invested $713 million in 21 highways and 9 other major new roads. The first railway in Tibet opened during the year, running ...
- Qingjiang Reservoir
- (from the article "Yangtze River") ...up; the total length of banks on the Yangtze on which levees have been constructed is about 1,700 miles (2,740 km). Dams also have been built for flood protection on ...
- Qingliangang culture
- (from the article "China") The Qingliangang culture, which succeeded that of Hemudu in Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, and southern Shandong, was characterized by ring-footed and flat-bottomed pots, gui (wide-mouthed vessels), tripods (common ...
- Qingliu Dang
- group of conservative Chinese officials who advocated a return to traditional Confucian moral principles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was a reaction against the increasing ...
- Qingshui River
- (from the article "Yuan River") ...western Hunan provinces, southeastern China. The Yuan River is about 635 miles (1,020 km) long and rises in the Miao Mountains near Duyun in Guizhou. Its upstream sections are called ...
- qingtan
- (from the article "Chinese literature") ...Taoist philosopher Ko Hung insisted that technique is no less essential to a writer than moral integrity. The revolt of the age against conventionality was revealed in the new vogue ...
- Qingxiangwang
- (from the article "Qu Yuan") ...his rival courtiers to intrigue successfully against him. Estranged from the throne through the malice of his rivals, Qu Yuan was banished to the south of the Yangtze River by ...
- qinhanzi
- (from the article "pipa") ...the ruan, the wuxian, and the quxiang. The qinhanzi, or qin pipa-a four-stringed lute having ...
- Qinhuangdao
- seaport city lying on the northeastern coast of Hebei sheng (province), China. It is situated on the Liaodong Gulf, at the eastern extremity of the Hebei Plain ... [3 Related Articles]
- Qinzong
- temple name (miaohao) of the last emperor (reigned 1125/26-1127) of the Bei (Northern) Song dynasty (960-1127). [2 Related Articles]
- Qionglai Mountains
- (from the article "Min Mountains") ...Mountains), and those in the north are called the Xiqing Mountains. The central section of the range lying west of the Min River, which has an axis running from north ...
- Qiongshan
- former city, Hainan sheng (province), China. It is situated some 3 miles (5 km) south of central Haikou on the northern coast of Hainan Island; in 2003 ...
- qipao
- (from the article "dress") ...the world outside its boundaries. Gradually this was reflected in dress. By the 1920s upper-class women, in particular, had adopted a compromise attire. This was the qipao, ...
- Qiqihar
- city, western Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated in the middle of the fertile Nen River plain, a part of the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain. [1 Related Articles]
- qira'ah
- (from the article "qurra'") The science of reciting the Qur'an (qira'ah) soon produced a corresponding art of intoning the Qur'an (tajwid), and this ritual chanting enabled large congregations of Muslims to follow the texts ...
- Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad
- (from the article "Iraq") ...in the north was assumed by the sheikhs of the Banu 'Uqayl, the largest Bedouin tribe in Al-Jazirah. By the early 11th century, the leader of the 'Uqaylid dynasty (990-1150), ...
- Qiryat Shemona
- town, at the northwest of the 'Emeq Hula (Hula Valley), extreme northern Israel. The name Qiryat Shemona ("Town of the Eight") commemorates the eight martyrs of nearby Tel Hay (q.v.). ...
- qisas
- (from the article "Iran") ...code and instituted a system that embraced the form and content of Islamic law. This code implemented a series of traditional punishments, including retributions (Arabic qisas) for ...
- qishlaq
- (from the article "Tajikistan") Most Tajiks continue to live in qishlaqs. Such settlements usually consist of 200 to 700 single-family houses built along an irrigation canal or the banks of a river. Traditionally, mud ...
- Qishon River
- stream, northern Israel, one of the country's few perennial rivers. It is formed by small streams and seasonal watercourses (wadis), which rise chiefly in the Hare (Mountains of) Gilboa' to ...
- qit'ah
- (from the article "Islamic arts") Monorhyme is used in both the qasidah and ghazal. But while these two forms begin with two rhyming hemistiches (half-lines of a verse), in the qit'ah ("section") the first hemistich ...
- Qiu Fu
- (from the article "China") ...and banditry had appeared in the Huai valley and Henan, and trouble spread to the Yangtze valley and the south beginning in 856. Major uprisings were led by Kang Quantai ...
- Qiu Ying
- Chinese painter noted for his gongbi brush technique, used to produce highly detailed figure and architectural paintings and flower studies. Qiu did not pursue the other characteristic ... [2 Related Articles]
- qiyas
- in Islamic law, analogical reasoning as applied to the deduction of juridical principles from the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the normative practice of the community). With the Qur'an, the Sunnah, ... [8 Related Articles]
- Qiying
- Chinese official who negotiated the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the first Opium War (1839-42), fought by the British in China to gain trade concessions there. [1 Related Articles]
- QM-34
- (from the article "military aircraft") ...bombers in penetrating enemy defenses. That modified target drones might be effective platforms for communications relay and for sensor and reconnaissance systems also became evident. The Ryan QM-34 Firebee, a ...
- Qo Xiong
- (from the article "Miao") Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong ...
- Qoboza, Percy
- South African journalist, an outspoken critic of apartheid and one of South Africa's most influential black newspaper editors.
- Qodashim
- (Hebrew: "Holy Things"), the fifth of the six major divisions, or orders (sedarim), of the Mishna (codification of Jewish oral laws), which was given its final form early in the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Qods Force
- (from the article "intelligence") ...departments for intelligence gathering (both at home and abroad) and clandestine activities. The names and functions of these departments are not well-known. One such group, however, is known as the ...
- Qoltag Mountains
- (from the article "Tien Shan") The ranges are of the alpine type, with steep slopes; glaciers occur along their crests. The basins are bounded to the south by the low-rising Qoltag Mountains. West of the ...
- Qom
- city, north-central Iran. The town lies on both banks of the Rud-e Qom and beside a salt desert, the Dasht-e Kavir, 92 miles (147 km) south of Tehran.
- Qonduz River
- (from the article "Afghanistan") ...It forms the frontier between Afghanistan and the republics of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan for about 600 miles (1,000 km) of its upper course. Two of its major Afghan tributaries, the ...
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