| | - Praemunire, Statute of
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...for purveyance were moderated. The Statute of Provisors of 1351 set up statutory procedures against the unpopular papal practice of making appointments to church benefices in England, and the Statute ...
- Praeneste
- ancient city of Latium, located 23 miles east-southeast of Rome on a spur of the Apennines, home of the great temple to Fortuna Primigenia. After the Gallic invasion (390 BC), ... [2 Related Articles]
- Praeneste Fibula
- (from the article "Romance languages") The earliest Latinian text is an inscription on a cloak pin (fibula) of the 6th century BC, from Palestrina (Praeneste). Other Latinian inscriptions show marked differences from Roman Latin, for ...
- praenomen
- (from the article "name") ...influence. In the earliest times the Romans seemingly had only one name; e.g., Romulus, Remus, Manius. From the beginning of historical times, however, the Roman personal name consisted of a ...
- praese
- (from the article "Egypt, ancient") ...state control. Egypt was subdivided for administrative purposes into a number of smaller provinces, and separate civil and military officials were established (the praeses and the
- Praesepe
- (catalog numbers NGC 2632 and M 44), open, or galactic, cluster of several hundred stars in the zodiacal constellation Cancer and located 590 light-years from Earth. Visible to the unaided ... [2 Related Articles]
- praetor
- in ancient Rome, a judicial officer who had broad authority in cases of equity, was responsible for the production of the public games, and, in the absence of consuls, exercised ... [5 Related Articles]
- Praetorian Guard
- household troops of the Roman emperors. The cohors praetoria existed by the 2nd century BC, acting as bodyguards for Roman generals. In 27 BC the emperor Augustus created a permanent ... [7 Related Articles]
- Praetorian Palace
- (from the article "Koper") ...streets and old houses still reflect the Venetian influence. On Titov Trg, the main square, stand the Cathedral of the Assumption (Stolnica Marijinega) and several Venetian palaces, including the Praetorian ...
- praetorian prefect
- (from the article "prefect") ...to act in the consuls' absence. The office of prefect was given new life by the emperor Augustus and continued in existence until late in the empire. Augustus appointed a ...
- Praetorius, Michael
- German music theorist and composer whose Syntagma musicum (1614-20) is a principal source for knowledge of 17th-century music and whose settings of Lutheran chorales are important examples of early 17th-century ... [4 Related Articles]
- Praga, Emilio
- (from the article "scapigliatura") ...Arrighi (pseudonym for Carlo Righetti), coined the name for the group in his novel Scapigliatura e il 6 febbraio (1862). The chief spokesmen were the novelists Giuseppe Rovani and Emilio ...
- Pragian Stage
- second of the three standard worldwide divisions of Early Devonian rocks and time. Pragian time spans the interval between 411.2 million and 407 million years ago. The name is derived ... [2 Related Articles]
- pragmatic inference
- (from the article "applied logic") ...extremely probable, though not necessarily certain; on the presuppositional approach, p ∈ Kx is improper (nonsensical) whenever p is not true; and on the pragmatic approach, the assertion of p ...
- Pragmatic Sanction
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...Consequently, Charles took measures to separate his so-called Seventeen Provinces of the Low Countries from the empire as "Burgundian Kreis" ("Circle") (1548) and in the Pragmatic Sanction (1549), which stated ...
- Pragmatic Sanction
- (from the article "Italy") ...the Roman world there. In the 550s and the early 560s, however, the Eastern (thenceforth, Byzantine) Empire succeeded in reestablishing its political order in Italy, and in 554 Justinian issued ...
- Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
- (July 7, 1438), decree issued by King Charles VII of France after an assembly had examined the decrees of the Council of Basel (see Basel, Council of). It approved the ... [6 Related Articles]
- Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI
- (April 19, 1713), decree promulgated by the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI with the intent that all his Habsburg kingdoms and lands descend as an integral whole without partition. It ... [8 Related Articles]
- Pragmatic Sanction of King Ferdinand VII
- (March 29, 1830), decree of Ferdinand VII of Spain, which promulgated his predecessor Charles IV's unpublished decision of 1789 revoking the Salic law of succession, which had denied royal succession ... [1 Related Articles]
- pragmatics
- (from the article "semiotics") Peirce's seminal work in the field was anchored in pragmatism and logic. He defined a sign as "something which stands to somebody for something," and one of his major contributions ...
- pragmatike historia
- (from the article "Polybius") ...Pleasure is not to be wholly excluded, but the scale comes down sharply on the side of profit. To be really profitable, history must deal with political and military matters; ...
- Pragmatism
- school of philosophy, dominant in the United States during the first quarter of the 20th century, based on the principle that the usefulness, workability, and practicality of ideas, policies, and ... [10 Related Articles]
- pragmatist school of chess
- (from the article "chess") The most important changes in chess thinking after 1970 concerned a more practical approach to competition. The Soviets maintained that by unbalancing a position they placed an onus on each ...
- Pragnanz
- (from the article "Wertheimer, Max") ...and reorganization, which dealt with problems as structural wholes, were not recognized in logic but were important techniques in human thinking. Related to this argument was Wertheimer's concept of Pragnanz ...
- Prague
- city, capital of the Czech Republic. Lying at the heart of Europe, it is one of the continent's finest cities and the major Czech economic and cultural centre. The city ... [19 Related Articles]
- Prague agreement
- (from the article "Chess") ...success even in their 70s. Kasparov, in top form, won the Linares, Spain, tournament in February-March, but he was disillusioned by the continuing failure of chess officials to implement the ...
- Prague Castle
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...reorientation toward the Saxon dynasty began under the grandson of Borivoj, Wenceslas I (Vaclav, ruled 921-929); it was symbolized by the dedication of a stone church at the Prague castle ...
- Prague Compactata
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...the radicals and took control of the country. Under the leadership of Jan Rokycana, dealings with the Council of Basel advanced markedly. The final agreement came to be known as ...
- Prague National Committee
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...Vienna had no choice but to accept Wilson's terms. The surrender note, signed by Count Gyula Andrassy, the last foreign minister, was accepted as a sanction of the idea of ...
- Prague Proposals
- (from the article "international relations") ...Doctrine extended this nonrecognition to all countries that recognized East Germany. Adenauer knew, however, that to base policy on the prospect of reunification was unrealistic. The Soviets' Prague Proposals of ...
- Prague school
- school of linguistic thought and analysis established in Prague in the 1920s by Vilem Mathesius. It included among its most prominent members the Russian linguist Nikolay Trubetskoy and the Russian-born ... [1 Related Articles]
- Prague Spring
- brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubcek in 1968. Soon after he became first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party on Jan. 5, 1968, Dubcek granted the press ... [4 Related Articles]
- Prague Zoological Garden
- zoological garden 4 km (2.5 miles) from downtown Prague, noted for breeding the rare Przewalski's horse. This municipal zoo, opened in 1931, occupies 45 hectares (111 acres) and houses more ...
- Prague, Defenestration of
- (from the article "Prague") ...Popular uprisings in 1419, led by the Prague priest Jan Zelivsky, included the throwing of city councillors from the windows of the New Town Hall in the incident known as ...
- Prague, Defenestration of
- (May 23, 1618), incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. In 1617 Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia closed Protestant chapels that ... [3 Related Articles]
- Prague, Peace of
- (from the article "Catholic League") ...von Wallenstein. Tilly's defeat by Gustav II Adolf of Sweden at Breitenfeld in 1631, followed by his death the following year, accelerated the League's decline. It was abolished in 1635 ...
- Prague, Treaty of
- (from the article "Schleswig-Holstein") After the formation of the German Empire in 1871, the Schleswig-Holstein question narrowed to a contest between Germany and Denmark over North Schleswig. The Treaty of Prague (1866), which had ...
- Praguerie
- revolt of princes and other nobles against Charles VII of France in 1440, named in allusion to similar contemporary movements in Prague and elsewhere in Bohemia. As early as April ... [4 Related Articles]
- prahasana
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...from one to ten acts. There are many types of one-act plays, including bhana ("monologue"), in which a single character carries on a dialogue with an invisible one, and prahasana ...
- Prahlada
- (from the article "Holi") ...in many locales is the kindling of an early-morning bonfire, which represents the burning of the demoness Holika (or Holi), sister of Hiranyakashipu, who enlisted her in his attempt to ...
- Prahova
- judet (county), south-central Romania. The forested Bucegi, Ciucas, and Buzau mountain ranges, part of the Eastern Carpathians, and the sub-Carpathians occupy most of the county. Ploiesti (q.v.), long a major ...
- Praia
- port city and capital of Cape Verde on the south shore of Sao Tiago (Santiago) Island, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles (640 km) off the West African bulge. ... [5 Related Articles]
- prairie
- level or rolling grassland, especially that found in central North America. Decreasing amounts of rainfall, from 100 cm (about 40 inches) at the forested eastern edge to less than 30 ... [4 Related Articles]
- Prairie band
- (from the article "Potawatomi") ...until they were driven out by the U.S. military, and some of them escaped into Canada. In 1846 most Potawatomi were again displaced, this time to a Kansas reservation where ...
- prairie cordgrass
- (from the article "cordgrass") ...with short flower spikes alternating along and often adherent to the upper portion of the stems, and with spreading underground stems (rhizomes) that send up new plants and are good ...
- prairie crab
- (from the article "crab apple") ...sieboldii), and Japanese crab (M. floribunda). Among the notable American species are the garland, or wild sweet crab (M. coronaria); Oregon crab (M. fusca); prairie, or Iowa crab (M. ioensis); ...
- prairie dog
- any of five species of burrowing, colony-forming squirrels that inhabit plains, high plateaus, and montane valleys in North America. Their short, coarse fur is grizzled yellowish buff to reddish or ... [2 Related Articles]
- Prairie du Chien
- city, seat (1818) of Crawford county, southwestern Wisconsin, U.S. It is considered to be the state's second oldest settlement (after Green Bay). It lies on the Mississippi River just above ...
- Prairie du Chien Museum
- (from the article "Prairie du Chien") ...include sponges, chemicals, custom homes, automotive parts, lumber, and audio equipment; a large catalog-sales distribution centre is also in the city. Tourism contributes to the local economy. The Prairie du ...
- prairie falcon
- (from the article "falcon") ...hunts birds and reptiles in the jungles. The laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) of the wooded lowlands of Central and South America is a noisy brown bird that eats snakes. The ...
- prairie glacial marsh
- (from the article "boundary ecosystem") ...and floating aquatic plants such as Nymphaea and Nelumbo in temperate regions and Eichhornia crassipes in tropical and subtropical climes. Some inland marshes, such as the prairie glacial marshes of ...
- Prairie literature
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...and subject matter pervades the novels published during the 1940s and '50s and is reflected in their protagonists, most of whom are sensitive, restless children or artists. In this category ...
- Prairie Network
- (from the article "meteor and meteoroid") ...meteors, or fireballs. These networks were designed to provide all-sky coverage of meteors over about a million square kilometres of Earth's surface. Three such networks were developed-the Prairie Network in ...
- Prairie Plains
- (from the article "Oklahoma") ...been diversified by the addition of peanuts (groundnuts), melons, and vegetables grown on medium-sized plots. Its population is relatively dense, with many small towns serving as trade centres. The Prairie ...
- Prairie Provinces
- the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, in the northern Great Plains region of North America. They constitute the great wheat-producing region of Canada and are a major source ... [2 Related Articles]
- prairie schooner
- (from the article "Conestoga wagon") A descendant of the Conestoga wagon was the prairie schooner, used by the pioneers to transport their possessions westward. Named for its white canvas top, which at a distance made ...
- prairie soil
- (from the article "agricultural technology") ...grains or row crops by furnishing nitrogen, controlling erosion and pests, and improving soil structure to such an extent that greater production is achieved. The reverse can also occur; in ...
- Prairie style
- in architecture, American style exemplified by the low-lying "prairie houses" such as Robie House (1908) that were for the most part built in the Midwest between 1900 and 1917 by ... [3 Related Articles]
- prairie vole
- (from the article "cotton rat") ...Florida and Virginia westward to New Mexico and Arizona. Its range expanded after European settlement, and in some of these areas populations of cotton rats have replaced those of the ...
- praise song
- one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa; a series of laudatory epithets applied to gods, men, animals, plants, and towns that capture the essence of the object ... [1 Related Articles]
- Prajadhipok
- last absolute king of Siam (1925-35), under whose rule the Thai revolution of 1932 instituted the constitutional monarchy. Prajadhipok never expected to succeed to the throne. He was the 32nd ... [4 Related Articles]
- Prajapati
- (from the article "saint") ...Buddhist saint. Disciples of the Buddha who reached Nirvana after him also are considered holy men. Furthermore, in early Buddhism, there were also women regarded as holy, including Prajapati, the ...
- Prajapati
- (Sanskrit: "Lord of Creatures"), one of the creator figures of the Vedic period of ancient India; in the post-Vedic age he came to be identified with a major Hindu god, ... [5 Related Articles]
- prajna
- (from the article "trisiksa") ...which makes one's body and mind fit for concentration, (2) samadhi ("meditation"), concentration of the mind being a prerequisite to attaining a clear vision of the truth, and (3) prajna ...
- Prajnaparamita
- (Sanskrit: "Perfection of Wisdom"), body of sutras and their commentaries that represents the oldest of the major forms of Mahayana Buddhism, one that radically extended the basic concept of ontological ... [3 Related Articles]
- prajnapti
- in Buddhist philosophy, the denotation of a thing by a word. The concept of prajnapti is especially important in the Madhyamika ("Middle View") and Vijnanavada ("Consciousness-affirming") schools. Prajnapti is seen ...
- prakarana
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...lyric-the author reverts to verse, sometimes in mid-sentence. Two principal types of play are distinguished: the nataka, which is based on epic material, and the prakarana, which is of the ...
- Prakrit languages
- (Sanskrit prakrta: "natural, usual, vulgar"), Middle Indo-Aryan languages that began as vernacular dialects and eventually developed distinct literary styles. These dialects were often distinguished by regional names, e.g., Sauraseni, Magadhi, ... [5 Related Articles]
- prakriti
- ("principal"), in the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy, material nature in its germinal state, eternal and beyond perception. Prakriti, when it comes into contact with the "soul" (purusha), starts on ... [6 Related Articles]
- praleng
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...of court dance. Other dances that include character impersonation yet are not explicitly storytelling dances lie between nondramatic and dramatic dance. In the Thai praleng, two performers ...
- praline
- in French confectionery, a cooked mixture of sugar, nuts, and vanilla, often ground to a paste for use as a pastry or candy filling, analogous to marzipan; also, a sugar-coated ...
- pramana
- (Sanskrit: "measure"), in Indian philosophy, the means by which one obtains accurate and valid knowledge (prama, pramiti) about the world. The accepted number of pramana varies, according to the philosophical ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pramana-varttika
- perhaps the foremost work on Buddhist logic and epistemology, written in the 7th century. The Pramana-varttika is the chief work of Dharmakirti, originally a southern Indian Brahman.
- Prambanan
- village in the daerah istimewa (special district) of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, known for a large, nearby complex of temples built in the 9th and 10th centuries. The best-known set of temples ...
- Pramoedya Ananta Toer
- Javanese novelist and short-story writer, the preeminent prose writer of postindependence Indonesia. [2 Related Articles]
- Pramoj, Kukrit
- Thai politician, writer, and actor (b. April 20, 1911, Phitsanulok, Thailand--d. Oct. 9, 1995, Bangkok, Thailand), saw life imitate art when he became prime minister of Thailand several years after ... [1 Related Articles]
- pramudita
- (from the article "bhumi") ...agreed upon is the one given in the Dasabhumika-sutra ("The Sutra on the Ten Spiritual Levels"). It lists the progressively superior stages as: (1) pramudita ("joyful," with the thought that, ...
- prana
- ("breath"), in Indian philosophy, the body's vital "airs," or energies. A central conception in early Hindu philosophy, particularly as expressed in the Upanishads, prana was held to be the principle ...
- pranali
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...are masterworks of narrative relief and dramatic mythical composition. On the more intimate level of daily life, sculpture takes the form of the many fountains that adorn watering places (pranali) ...
- pranapratistha
- (from the article "ceremonial object") ...on plates of copper, silver, or some other metal, or drawn and painted on skins, linen, silk, or hempen cloth. Like statues, they are consecrated by the rite of "initiation ...
- pranayama
- (Sanskrit: "breath control"), in the Yoga system of Indian philosophy, fourth of the eight stages intended to lead the aspirant to samadhi, a state of perfect concentration. The immediate goal ... [2 Related Articles]
- Prandtauer, Jakob
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...turned for their models principally to Italy, where Guarini and Borromini exerted an influence on Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt. The third Austrian master, Jakob ...
- Prandtl, Ludwig
- German physicist who is considered to be the father of aerodynamics. [5 Related Articles]
- Prandtl-Glaubert rule
- (from the article "Prandtl, Ludwig") ...work became the fundamental material of aerodynamics. He was an early pioneer in streamlining airships, and his advocacy of monoplanes greatly advanced heavier-than-air aviation. He contributed the Prandtl-Glaubert rule for ...
- Prang, Louis
- (from the article "Christmas card") ...a variety store in Albany, New York, in the mid 19th century produced a card carrying Christmas greetings from "Pease's Great Variety Store in the Temple of Fancy." Boston lithographer ...
- Prapanca
- Indonesian court poet and historian who was born to a family of Buddhist scholars. He was most famous as the author of the Nagarakrtagama, a long descriptive poem written in ... [3 Related Articles]
- prapatti
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...remained strongholds of Hinduism until the middle of the 16th century), Vaisnavism flourished. The philosopher Yamunacarya (flourished AD 1050) taught the path of prapatti, or complete surrender to God. The ...
- Praphas Charusathian
- (from the article "Thailand") ...but his popularity diminished significantly after his death, when the extent of his personal corruption became widely known. The aura of corruption haunted his successors, Thanom Kittikachorn and Praphas Charusathian, ...
- Prarthana Samaj
- (Sanskrit: "Prayer Society"), Hindu reform society established in Bombay in the 1860s. In purpose it is similar to, but not affiliated with, the more widespread Brahmo Samaj and had its ... [1 Related Articles]
- Prasad, Rajendra
- first president of the Republic of India (1950-62). A lawyer turned journalist, he was a comrade of Mahatma Gandhi in the earliest noncooperation movements for independence and was also president ... [1 Related Articles]
- prasada
- in Hinduism, food and water offered to a deity during worship (puja). It is believed that the deity partakes of and then returns the offering, thereby consecrating ...
- prasangika
- (from the article "Buddhapalita") the founder of the Prasangika school of Buddhism, mainly distinguished by its method of argumentation, similar to the Socratic dialogue. Buddhapalita wrote one of the early commentaries on the Akutobhaya ...
- Prasastapada
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") Although as early as the commentators Prasastapaha (5th century AD) and Uddyotakara (7th century AD) the authors of the Nyaya-Vaisesika schools used each other's doctrines and the fusion of the ...
- prasavya
- (from the article "pradaksina") ...good fortune by imitating the auspicious journey of the sun. Circumambulating in a counterclockwise movement-i.e., keeping the left shoulder toward the central object-called prasavya, is observed in funeral ceremonies.
- prase
- (from the article "prase") translucent, leek-green variety of the silica mineral chalcedony (q.v.). Coloured by hornblende fibres and chlorite, it was used by the ancients for engravings. Prase has been found at numerous localities.for ...
- praseodymium
- (Pr), chemical element, rare-earth metal of transition Group IIIb of the periodic table, used as the element in special alloys and, as its oxide, in glasses. Moderately soft, ductile, and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Praslin Island
- island, second largest of the Seychelles archipelago, Republic of Seychelles, in the western Indian Ocean. The island is 2.5 miles (4 km) wide and 7 miles (11 km) long, has ...
- Prasutagus
- (from the article "Boudicca") Boudicca's husband, Prasutagus, was king of the Iceni (in what is now Norfolk) as a client under Roman suzerainty. When Prasutagus died in 60 with no male heir, he left ...
- Prat, Si
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...Pra Lo ("Lord Lo"), which had first been composed by an anonymous author in a much earlier reign. Among courtier poets of this time, the most famous were Maharajaguru; Si ...
- Pratapasimha
- (from the article "India") ...(after the death of its founder, the Nizam al-Mulk), and control of the coastal districts was soon lost, leaving the kingdom landlocked and relatively sparsely populated. The reign of Pratapasimha ...
- Pratensis, Felix
- (from the article "biblical literature") ...rabbinic Bible-i.e., the Hebrew text furnished with full vowel points and accents, accompanied by the Aramaic Targums and the major medieval Jewish commentaries-was edited by Felix Pratensis and published by ...
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