| | - paleoclimatology
- scientific study of the climatic conditions of past geologic ages. Paleoclimatologists seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given geologic period, beginning with the ... [21 Related Articles]
- paleoconservatism
- (from the article "conservatism") ...Abortion, immigration, national sovereignty, and "family values" were among the issues that rallied supporters but divided adherents into various camps, from neoconservatives and "paleoconservatives" (descendants of the Old Right who ...
- paleocontinent
- (from the article "Silurian Period") Much of North America (including Greenland), northwestern Ireland, Scotland, and the Chukotskiy Peninsula of northeastern Russia belonged to the paleocontinent Laurentia (a name derived from Quebec's portion of the Canadian ...
- paleoecology
- (from the article "Silurian Period") ...that commonly conformed to ecological zonation. One way in which zonation expresses itself is through bathymetric gradients (changes in light, temperature, salinity, and pressure with depth).Paleoecologists studying in Wales, Norway, ...
- paleoform
- (from the article "inselberg") The occurrence of inselbergs implies immense variations in the rates of degradational activity on the land surface. These structures are one of several varieties of landform called paleoforms that can ...
- Paleogammarus
- (from the article "amphipod") ...ones. One enigma is the enormous diversity of species, more than 290 in the Siberian Lake Baikal. Fossilization of amphipods is poor; only six genera have been recorded, the earliest ...
- Paleogene Period
- older of the two stratigraphic divisions of the Cenozoic Era spanning the interval between 65.5 million and 23 million years ago. Paleogene is Greek meaning "ancient-born" and includes the Paleocene ... [1 Related Articles]
- paleogeography
- the ancient geography of Earth's surface. Earth's geography is constantly changing: continents move as a result of plate tectonic interactions; mountain ranges are thrust up and erode; and sea levels ... [12 Related Articles]
- paleogeology
- the geology of a region at any given time in the distant past. Paleogeologic reconstructions in map form show not only the ancient topography of a region but also the ...
- paleography
- study of ancient and medieval handwriting. The term is derived from the Greek palaios ("old") and graphein ("to write"). [7 Related Articles]
- paleohydrology
- science concerned with hydrologic systems as they existed during previous periods of Earth history. Changing hydrologic conditions are inferred from the evidence of the alteration, deposition, and erosion in rocks ...
- paleolake
- (from the article "playa") Modern geochronologic techniques, such as radiocarbon dating, permit the comparison of fluctuations in the paleolakes that were predecessors to many modern playas. In northern Africa lakes were at a moderately ...
- Paleolithic Period
- ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. (See also Stone Age.) [32 Related Articles]
- Paleologue, Maurice-Georges
- French diplomat and writer who encouraged the Franco-Russian alliance before and during World War I. [1 Related Articles]
- paleontology
- scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks. It is concerned with all ... [34 Related Articles]
- paleopallium
- (from the article "nervous system") ...the older vertebrates the forebrain is divided into the olfactory bulb-where the olfactory nerve fibres end-and the cerebral hemisphere. The hemisphere at this time, referred to as the paleopallium, is ...
- paleoprimatology
- (from the article "primate") The Miocene Epoch (23.8 million to 5.3 million years ago) is probably the most fruitful for paleoprimatology. During this time, dramatic changes in geomorphology, climate, and vegetation took place. The ...
- paleoprotistology
- (from the article "protist") Paleoprotistology, the study of extinct protists (i.e., of the parts that were capable of becoming fossilized: cell, cyst, or spore walls; internal or external skeletons of appropriate preservable materials; and ...
- Paleoptera
- (from the article "insect") ...the insects, that is, all the Pterygota (as shown in Figure 1) arose from a single stem. By the time (toward the end of the Carboniferous) fossil insects are found, ...
- paleosol
- (from the article "Earth, geologic history of") ...an oxygenous atmosphere. Yet, these minerals are well preserved in their original unoxidized state in conglomerates that have been dated to be more than 2.2 billion years old on several ...
- Paleothyris
- (from the article "reptile") The earliest known reptiles, Hylonomus and Paleothyris, date from Late Carboniferous deposits of North America. These reptiles were small lizardlike animals that apparently lived in forested habitats. They are the ...
- Paleotropical kingdom
- (from the article "biogeographic region") This kingdom extends from Africa, excluding strips along the northern and southern edges, through the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia eastward into the Pacific (Figure 1). Plant families that ...
- Paleotropical realm
- (from the article "biogeographic region") The Paleotropical, or Afro-Tethyan, realm (Figure 2) is clearly divided into two regions, which are sometimes regarded as separate realms: the Afrotropical, which includes continental Africa south of the Sahara ...
- paleovalley
- (from the article "valley") The southwestern desert of Egypt is one of the most arid places on Earth. The region lacks surficial traces of active fluvial processes and is dominated by eolian activity. In ...
- Paleozoic Era
- major interval of geologic time that began 542 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended 251 million years ago with the end-Permian ... [12 Related Articles]
- Paleozoic subzone
- (from the article "Pamirs") In the structure of the northern Pamirs, two subzones can be discerned: a Paleozoic zone and a zone beyond the Alay Mountains, which is composed of more recent deposits. The ...
- Palermo
- city, capital of the island regione of Sicily in Italy. It lies on Sicily's northwestern coast at the head of the Bay of Palermo, facing east. Inland the city is ... [7 Related Articles]
- Palermo Stone
- one of the basic sources of information about the chronology and cultural history of ancient Egypt during the first five dynasties (c. 2925-c. 2325 BCE). Named for the Sicilian city ... [1 Related Articles]
- Palermo, Cathedral of
- (from the article "Palermo") ...Ages. The chapel's vaulted wooden roof is carved and painted in Arab style, while the cupola and upper walls are covered with mosaics executed by Greek workmen from Constantinople (now ...
- Palermo, Protocol of
- (from the article "Urquiza, Justo Jose de") ...a powerful base and forming an alliance with lesser provincial chieftains, Urquiza revolted against Rosas, defeating him in February 1852 at the Battle of Monte Caseros. In April 1852 he ...
- Pales
- (from the article "Parilia") ancient Roman festival celebrated annually on April 21 in honour of the god and goddess Pales, the protectors of flocks and herds. The festival, basically a purification rite for herdsmen, ...
- Pales Matos, Luis
- Puerto Rican lyric poet who enriched the vocabulary of Spanish poetry with words, themes, and rhythms of African and Afro-American folklore and dance.
- Palestine
- area of the eastern Mediterranean region, comprising parts of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip (along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) and the West Bank ... [38 Related Articles]
- Palestine Liberation Front
- (from the article "Palestine") Violence escalated from the mid-1980s onward. Rejectionist elements within the PLO renewed their activities, attracting worldwide attention. In October 1985 members of the Palestine Liberation Front, a small faction within ...
- Palestine Liberation Organization
- umbrella political organization claiming to represent the world's estimated eight million Palestinians-those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel ... [35 Related Articles]
- Palestine Liberation Organization, flag of
- de facto national flag consisting of three equal horizontal stripes from top to bottom of black, white, and green and a red triangle with its base along the hoist. The ...
- Palestine mandate
- (from the article "Israel") ...Amid considerable controversy over conflicting wartime promises to the Arabs and French, Britain succeeded in gaining the endorsement of the declaration by the new League of Nations, which placed Palestine ...
- Palestine National Charter
- (from the article "Palestine") ...PLO thereafter consistently claimed to be the sole representative of all Palestinian people. Its first leader was Ahmad Shuqayri, a protege of Egypt. In its charter (the Palestine National Charter, ...
- Palestine National Council
- (from the article "Jordan") ...its bases had been destroyed; the two men reached a temporary and somewhat uneasy alliance. In order to strengthen his legitimacy in the eyes of Palestinians, Hussein, in 1984, allowed ...
- Palestine Plateau
- (from the article "horst and graben") ...and may exhibit features of vulcanism often associated with graben formation. Examples of grabens are the Jordan-Dead Sea depression and Death Valley. The Vosges Mountains of France and the Palestine ...
- Palestine, history of
- (from the article "Palestine") HistoryBattle of the Yarmuk RiverYarmuk RiverThe Yarmuk was the site of the Battle of the Yarmuk River, one of the ...
- Palestine, Partition of
- (from the article "Israel") ...This vast influx of Jewish immigrants into the region, however, caused tension with the native Palestinian Arabs, and violence flared between the two groups leading up to the United Nations ...
- Palestinian
- (from the article "Education") Controversies over textbooks arose in other countries as well. For the first time in the 59-year history of Israel, a textbook for Palestinian third-graders-Living Together in Israel-acknowledged that warfare during ...
- Palestinian Aramaic
- (from the article "Aramaic language") ...AD, Aramaic divided into East and West varieties. West Aramaic dialects include Nabataean (formerly spoken in parts of Arabia), Palmyrene (spoken in Palmyra, which was northeast of Damascus), Palestinian-Christian, and ...
- Palestinian Authority
- governing body of the emerging Palestinian autonomous regions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip established in 1994 as part of the peace agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation ... [17 Related Articles]
- Palestinian Autonomous Areas
- (from the article "Israel") ...including the Golan Heights and disputed East Jerusalem, excluding the Emerging Palestinian Autonomous Areas | Population (2007 est.): 6,900,000, excluding 277,000 Jews in the West Bank | Capital: Jerusalem is ...
- Palestinian Legislative Council
- (from the article "Palestinian Authority") The first Israeli withdrawals took place in 1994. That same year the PA assumed control of many civil functions. Elections were held in PA-administered areas in 1996 for the presidency ...
- Palestinian Talmud
- one of two compilations of Jewish religious teachings and commentary that was transmitted orally for centuries prior to its compilation by Jewish scholars in Palestine. The other such compilation, produced ... [6 Related Articles]
- Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da
- Italian Renaissance composer of more than 105 masses and 250 motets, a master of contrapuntal composition. [6 Related Articles]
- Paley, Grace
- American short-story writer and poet known for her realistic seriocomic portrayals of working-class New Yorkers and for her political activism. [3 Related Articles]
- Paley, William
- English Anglican priest, Utilitarian philosopher, and author of influential works on Christianity, ethics, and science, among them the standard exposition in English theology of the teleological argument for the existence ... [7 Related Articles]
- Paley, William S.
- American broadcaster who served as the Columbia Broadcasting System's president (1928-46), chairman of the board (1946-83), founder chairman (1983-86), acting chairman (1986-87), and chairman (1987-90). For more than half a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Palghat
- town, central Kerala state, southwestern India. The town lies on the Ponnani River in a break in the Western Ghats range known as the Palghat Gap. Its location has always ...
- Palghat Gap
- major break in the Western Ghats mountain range, in southwestern India. Located between the Nilgiri Hills (north) and the Anaimalai Hills (south), it is about 20 miles (32 km) wide ...
- Palgrave, Francis Turner
- English critic and poet, editor of the influential anthology The Golden Treasury.
- Pali
- town, central Rajasthan state, northwestern India, just north of the Bandi River, a tributary of the Luni. A trade centre in ancient times, Pali is divided into an ancient and ...
- Pali language
- sacred language of the Theravada Buddhist canon, a Middle Indo-Aryan language of north Indian origin. On the whole, Pali seems closely related to the Old Indo-Aryan Vedic and Sanskrit dialects ... [11 Related Articles]
- Pali literature
- body of Buddhist texts in the Pali language.
- Palici
- ancient pair of local Sicilian gods who presided over the twin geysers still called Lago dei Palici, near Palagonia. The site became an asylum for escaped slaves, hence its importance ... [1 Related Articles]
- Palicur
- (from the article "Native American music") The circum-Caribbean area includes the zone along the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; some native peoples of this area include the Arawak, Palikur, Kalina, Waiwai, ...
- Palikir
- (from the article "Micronesia, Federated States of") Area: 701 sq km (271 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 111,000 | Capital: Palikir, on Pohnpei | Head of state and government: Presidents Joseph J. Urusemal and, from May ...
- Palila
- (from the article "conservation") ...trees (see acacia). Today, however, few koa forests remain, because the trees have been overharvested for their attractive wood. Yet another Hawaiian honeycreeper, a seed-eating species called the palila (
- palilalia
- (from the article "Tourette syndrome") Echolalia (a compulsion to repeat words heard) and palilalia (spontaneous repetition of one's own words) are two distinctive symptoms of Tourette syndrome. Coprolalia, the compulsion to utter obscenities, may also ...
- Palime
- town, major commercial centre in the Plateaux region, southwestern Togo, western Africa, situated about 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Lome, the national capital. The town lies in a mountainous ...
- palimpsest
- (from the article "valley") Because the Earth's climate has changed profoundly during the Quaternary and Tertiary (roughly the past 65,000,000 years), many landscapes are palimpsests-i.e., they are composed of relict elements produced under the ...
- palimpsest
- manuscript in roll or codex form carrying a text erased, or partly erased, underneath an apparent additional text. The underlying text is said to be "in palimpsest," and, even though ... [3 Related Articles]
- Palin, Sarah Heath
- American politician who served as governor of Alaska (2006- ) and who was selected by John McCain to serve as his vice-presidential running mate in the 2008 presidential election. She ... [2 Related Articles]
- palindrome
- word, number, sentence, or verse that reads the same backward or forward. The term derives from the Greek palin dromo ("running back again"). [2 Related Articles]
- palindromic rheumatism
- (from the article "joint disease") Palindromic rheumatism is a disease of unknown cause that is characterized by attacks that last one or two days but leave no permanent effects. Nevertheless, palindromic rheumatism rarely remits completely, ...
- palingenesis
- (from the article "Gioberti, Vincenzo") ...and post-Kantian metaphysics. His own theology, philosophy, and political views revolved around his concept of being, and his system is usually termed "ontologism." He coined the term "palingenesis" to indicate ...
- Palinurus elephas
- (from the article "lobster") ...so called because of their very spiny bodies, do not have large claws. People eat the abdomen, which is marketed as lobster tail. The antennae are long. Most species live ...
- Palio, The
- ("Course of the Banner"), festival of medieval origin conducted annually in certain Italian cities and featuring bareback horse races. Best known to foreigners is the Palio of Siena. Horse racing ... [2 Related Articles]
- Palisa, Johann
- Silesian astronomer best known for his discovery of 120 asteroids. He also prepared two catalogs containing the positions of almost 4,700 stars.
- palisade parenchyma
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...permeate the ground tissue of the dermal system-a single layer of epidermal cells with interspersed guard cells. The ground tissue system, the mesophyll, is divided into two regions: the palisade ...
- Palisades Sill
- (from the article "Triassic Period") ...and reliable radiometric dates are available only from Upper Triassic rocks. Examples of extrusive basalt flows are known from Australia, South America, and eastern North America. The well-known Palisades Sill ...
- Palisades, The
- basalt bluffs 200-540 feet (60-165 metres) high along the west side of the Hudson River, southeastern New York and northeastern New Jersey, U.S. Rising vertically from near the water's edge, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Palissy, Bernard
- French Huguenot potter and writer, particularly associated with decorated rustic ware, a type of earthenware covered with coloured lead glazes sometimes mistakenly called faience (tin-glazed earthenware). [3 Related Articles]
- Palitzsch, Johann Georg
- (from the article "comet") ...curves open to infinity, the orbit is closed and brings the same comet periodically back to the Earth. As a consequence, it would return in 1758, he predicted. Observed on ...
- Palizada, Rio
- (from the article "Usumacinta River") ...and empties into the Bay of Campeche below Frontera in northern Tabasco state; the central arm, called San Pedro y San Pablo, flows into the bay at the town of ...
- Palk Strait
- inlet of the Bay of Bengal, between southeastern India and northern Sri Lanka and bounded on the south by Pamban Island (India), Adam's (Rama's) Bridge (a chain of shoals), and ...
- Palkhivala, Nani Adeshir
- Indian jurist and civil rights activist (b. Jan. 16, 1920, Bombay [now Mumbai], India-d. Dec. 11, 2002, Mumbai), was revered in India as a top authority on constitutional law and ...
- Palko v. Connecticut
- (from the article "Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan") ...and other Social Security cases (1937), upholding the federal Social Security program on the basis of the general welfare provision of the United States Constitution (Article I, section 8). In ...
- Palkonda Hills
- series of ranges in southern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. The hills trend northwest to southeast and form the central part of the Eastern Ghats. Geologically they are relics of ...
- Palkovic, Jiri
- (from the article "biblical literature") Closely allied to the Czech language, but not identical with it, Slovakian became a literary language only in the 18th century. A Roman Catholic Bible made from the Latin Vulgate ...
- Palkuriki Somanatha
- (from the article "South Asian arts") Contemporary with the 13th-century Virasaiva saints were Telugu Saiva poets such as Palkuriki Somanatha, who composed the Basavapuranam employing popular metres and idiomatic Telugu. His Panditaradhya Caritra is a life ...
- pall
- (from the article "heraldry") ...tinctures, like a checkerboard. Billets are oblong figures. If their number exceeds 10 and they are irregularly placed, the field is described as billette. The pall, or shakefork, is the ...
- Pall Mall
- (from the article "American Brands, Inc.") In 1916 American introduced its most popular cigarette brand, Lucky Strike, and in 1939 it introduced one of the first king-size cigarettes, Pall Mall (an old name reapplied to a ...
- pall-mall
- (from Italian pallamaglio, palla, "ball," and maglio, "mallet"), obsolete game of French origin, resembling croquet. An English traveler in France mentions it early in the 17th century, and it was ... [1 Related Articles]
- palla
- (from the article "dress") ...took to wearing several garments one on top of the other, while the garments themselves were made of finer fabrics and were more lavishly decorated. The feminine cloak, the
- palla-palla
- (from the article "Bolivia") ...themselves through dances and songs that blend indigenous and European influences. During such festivities, symbolic dress shows the Indian interpretation of European attitudes: the dance of the
- Palladas
- (from the article "Epicureanism") ...be mentioned Diogenianus, fragments of whose polemic against the Stoic Chrysippus are found in the church historian Eusebius. Also Epicurean, between the 4th and 5th centuries, was the epigrammatist Palladas.
- Palladian window
- in architecture, three-part window composed of a large, arched central section flanked by two narrower, shorter sections having square tops. This type of window, popular in 17th- and 18th-century English ...
- Palladianism
- style of architecture based on the writings and buildings of the humanist and theorist from Vicenza, Andrea Palladio (1508-80), perhaps the greatest architect of the latter 16th century and certainly ... [13 Related Articles]
- Palladio, Andrea
- Italian architect, regarded as the greatest architect of 16th-century northern Italy. His designs for palaces (palazzi) and villas, notably the Villa Rotonda (1550-51) near Vicenza, and his treatise I quattro ... [18 Related Articles]
- palladium
- (Pd), chemical element, least dense and lowest-melting of the platinum metals of Group VIIIb of the periodic table, used especially as a catalyst (a substance that speeds up chemical reactions ... [4 Related Articles]
- Palladium
- in Greek religion, image of the goddess Pallas (Athena), especially the archaic wooden statue of the goddess that was preserved in the citadel of Troy as a pledge of the ... [3 Related Articles]
- palladium hydride
- (from the article "Graham, Thomas") ...of the water of crystallization in hydrated salts; he also obtained definite compounds of salts and alcohol, the "alcoholates," analogues of the hydrates. In his final paper he described palladium ...
- Palladius
- Galatian monk, bishop, and chronicler whose Lausiac History, an account of early Egyptian and Middle Eastern Christian monasticism, provides the most valuable single source for the origins of Christian asceticism. [1 Related Articles]
- Palladius
- (from the article "Celestine I, Saint") After consecrating St. Palladius at Rome in 431, Celestine sent him as the first bishop to Ireland. Archbishop St. Cyril of Alexandria was entrusted with Nestorius' recantation at the Council ...
- Pallas
- second largest asteroid in the asteroid belt and the second such object to be discovered, by the German astronomer and physician Wilhelm Olbers on March 28, 1802, following the discovery ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pallas's cat
- (Felis manul), small, long-haired cat (family Felidae) native to deserts and rocky, mountainous regions from Tibet to Siberia. It was named for the naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. The Pallas's cat ...
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