| | - Pinar del Rio
- city, western Cuba. Founded in 1775, the city is situated near the base of the Sierra de los Organos. In 1800 it was officially named Nueva Filipina and was made ...
- Pinatubo, Mount
- volcano, western Luzon, Philippines, that erupted in 1991 (for the first time in 600 years) and caused widespread devastation. Mount Pinatubo is located about 55 miles (90 km) northwest of ... [8 Related Articles]
- Pinault, Francois
- From May through September 2006, a Venetian villa was home to a unique exhibition of contemporary artworks owned by French entrepreneur Francois Pinault. "Where Are We Going?" showcased 250 post-World ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pinay, Antoine
- leader of the Republican Independents in France and premier from March to December 1952. [1 Related Articles]
- pinball machine
- earliest of the coin-activated popular electromechanical games, usually found in candy stores, pool halls, drinking establishments, and amusement arcades, some of which, at the height of the game's popularity, were ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pincay, Laffit, Jr.
- (from the article "Equestrian Sports") Russell Baze on December 1 surpassed retired Laffit Pincay, Jr., as the leading race-winning jockey of all time. The 48-year-old Baze took career victory number 9,531 at Bay Meadows Race ...
- pincers
- (from the article "hand tool") Tongs, pincers, tweezers, and pliers have the common task of holding or gripping objects so that they may be handled more easily. The early use of fire created a new ...
- pinch effect
- self-constriction of a cylinder of an electrically conducting plasma. When an electric current is passed through a gaseous plasma, a magnetic field is set up that tends to force the ... [2 Related Articles]
- pinch hitter
- (from the article "baseball") The use of a substitute as an offensive tactic most commonly involves sending in a pinch hitter-that is, taking a hitter out of the lineup and substituting another player whose ...
- Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart
- freeborn black who was a Union officer in the American Civil War and a leader in Louisiana politics during Reconstruction (1865-77).
- Pinchot, Gifford
- pioneer of U.S. forestry and conservation and public official. [4 Related Articles]
- Pincio
- (from the article "Rome") ...churches discreetly disposed. The Janiculum crest was made into a park in 1870 to honour Garibaldi for his heroic but unsuccessful defense of the Roman Republic in 1849. During the ...
- Pinckney's Treaty
- (Oct. 27, 1795), agreement between Spain and the United States, fixing the southern boundary of the United States at 31° N latitude and establishing commercial arrangements favourable to the United ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pinckney, Charles
- American Founding Father, political leader, and diplomat whose proposals for a new government-called the Pinckney plan-were largely incorporated into the Federal Constitution drawn up in 1787. [2 Related Articles]
- Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth
- American soldier, statesman, and diplomat who participated in the XYZ Affair, an unsavory diplomatic incident with France in 1798.
- Pinckney, Elizabeth
- British-American plantation manager known for the first successful cultivation of indigo in the United States, an accomplishment that subsequently helped to sustain the Carolina economy for 30 years.
- Pinckney, Thomas
- American soldier, politician, and diplomat who negotiated Pinckney's Treaty (Oct. 27, 1795) with Spain. [1 Related Articles]
- Pinctada fucata
- (from the article "cultured pearl") Once a shore-based activity, pearl farms now generally use a vessel as an operating platform. Immature pearl oyster shells (usually Pinctada fucata or Pteria penguin in Japan and
- Pinctada martensii
- (from the article "pearl") The finest Oriental pearls are produced by the mohar, a variety of the Pinctada martensii species of saltwater mollusk. Found in the Persian Gulf, with the richest harvest taken from ...
- Pincus, Gregory
- American endocrinologist whose work on the antifertility properties of steroids led to the development of the first effective birth-control pill.
- pincushion cactus
- any species of the genus Coryphantha, family Cactaceae, and the straight-spined species of the genus Mammillaria.
- pincushion distortion
- (from the article "aberration") ...refers to deformation of an image. There are two kinds of distortion, either of which may be present in a lens: barrel distortion, in which magnification decreases with distance from ...
- pincushion flower
- (from the article "scabious") Pincushion flower, sweet scabious, mourning bride, or garden scabious (S. atropurpurea), a southern European annual with deeply cut basal leaves and feathery stem leaves, produces fragrant, 5-centimetre (2-inch) flower heads ...
- Pindar
- the greatest lyric poet of ancient Greece and the master of epinicia, choral odes celebrating victories achieved in the Pythian, Olympic, Isthmian, and Nemean games. [12 Related Articles]
- Pindar, Peter
- English writer of a running commentary in satirical verse on society, politics, and personalities, 1778-1817.
- Pindari
- historically, an irregular horseman, plunderer, or forager attached to a Muslim army in India who was allowed to plunder in lieu of pay. The name is Marathi and probably derives ... [3 Related Articles]
- Pindari War
- (from the article "Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st marquess of, 2nd earl of Moira") ...to the Maratha chiefs) were ravaging British territory in the Northern Sarkars (in east-central India). In 1817 he offered the Marathas the choice of cooperation with the British against the ...
- Pindaric ode
- ceremonious poem by or in the manner of Pindar, a Greek professional lyrist of the 5th century BC. Pindar employed the triadic structure attributed to Stesichorus (7th and 6th centuries ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pindarics
- (from the article "Pindaric ode") ...were written in England by Thomas Gray in 1757, "The Progress of Poesy" and "The Bard." Abraham Cowley's Pindarique Odes (1656) introduced a looser version known as Pindarics. These are ...
- Pindemonte, Ippolito
- Italian prose writer, translator, and poet, remembered for his pre-Romantic lyrics and particularly for his highly prized translation of the Odyssey.
- Pindling, Sir Lynden Oscar
- Bahamian politician who, as prime minister (1967-92), guided the Bahamas to independence in 1973 and was considered the country's founding father. [3 Related Articles]
- Pindus Mountains
- principal range and backbone of mainland Greece, trending north-northwest-south-southeast from Albania to central Greece north of the Peloponnese. [3 Related Articles]
- pine
- any of about 90 species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers of the genus Pinus (family Pinaceae), distributed throughout the world but native primarily to northern temperate regions. [14 Related Articles]
- Pine Bluff
- city, seat (1832) of Jefferson county, central Arkansas, U.S., about 40 miles (64 km) south-southeast of Little Rock. It is situated on high bluffs overlooking the Arkansas River. Settled in ...
- Pine Creek
- (from the article "mineral deposit") ...Copper Canyon in Nevada and Mines Gaspe in Quebec, Can. Tungsten skarns supply much of the world's tungsten from deposits such as those at Sangdong, Korea; King Island, Tas., Australia; ...
- pine grosbeak
- (from the article "grosbeak") The pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) of northern Eurasia and North America forages in small flocks and sometimes flies great distances in winter in search of its natural food (in Europe, ...
- Pine Islands
- (from the article "Balearic Islands") ...eastern and larger group forms the Balearics proper and includes the principal islands of Majorca (Mallorca) and Minorca (Menorca) and the small island of Cabrera. The western group is known ...
- pine marten
- (from the article "marten") The pine marten (M. martes) of European and Central Asian forests is also called baum marten and sweet marten. It has a dark brown coat with an undivided yellowish throat ...
- Pine Mountain
- ridge on the Cumberland Plateau, a section of the Appalachian Mountains in the United States, extending for 125 miles (200 km) across southeastern Kentucky, along the Virginia border, and into ...
- Pine Mountain Settlement School
- (from the article "Pettit, Katherine") ...and domestic and industrial skills. The efforts of another coworker made medical treatment available for the endemic trachoma that had left many mountain people blind. In 1913 Pettit established the ...
- pine nut
- (from the article "pine") ...materials. Charcoal, lampblack, and fuel gases are distillation by-products. Pine-leaf oil, used medicinally, is a distillation product of the leaves. Edible pine seeds are sold commercially as pine nuts, pinons, ...
- pine oil
- essential oil consisting of a colourless to light amber liquid of characteristic odour obtained from pine trees, or a synthetic oil similar in aroma and other properties. Pine oil is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pine Point
- (from the article "Hay River") ...Slave Lake Railway in 1964, Hay River (82 miles [132 km] north of the Alberta border) became a busy commercial fishing and transshipment centre. Lead and zinc are mined 35 ...
- pine siskin
- (from the article "siskin") ...Cape of Good Hope and to Cape Horn. All have conical bills and short forked tails. They flock in fields to feed on weeds, and they make wheezy sounds, often ...
- pine weevil
- any wood-boring beetle of the insect family Curculionidae (order Coleoptera). Their most unusual physical characteristic is an elongated beak, or snout.
- Pine, John
- English engraver who published a number of notable illustrated books.
- Pine, Robert Edge
- English artist who painted portraits of many of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
- pine-wood tar
- (from the article "wood tar") ...pyroligneous acid is the condensed, volatile product of wood distillation. Resinous wood tars differ from hardwood tar in containing the pleasant-smelling mixture of terpenes known as turpentine. Pine-wood tar, commonly ...
- pineal eye
- (from the article "crustacean") ...The image obtained with such an eye is a mosaic, but there is evidence from the behaviour of the advanced crabs that they perceive a good image and that they ...
- pineal gland
- endocrine gland found in vertebrates that is the source of melatonin, a hormone derived from tryptophan that regulates circadian rhythm (sleep cycle). The pineal gland develops from the roof of ... [9 Related Articles]
- pineapple
- (Ananas comosus), fruit-bearing plant of the family Bromeliaceae, native to tropical and subtropical America but introduced elsewhere. The pineapple plant resembles the agave or some yuccas in general appearance. It ... [3 Related Articles]
- Pineau, Christian Paul
- French politician who, in his role as foreign minister, 1956-58, signed the Treaty of Rome (b. Oct. 14, 1904--d. April 5, 1995).
- Pineau, Nicolas
- French wood-carver and interior designer, a leader in the development of interior decorating in the light, asymmetric, lavishly decorated Rococo style. [2 Related Articles]
- pinecone fish
- any member of either of two genera of fishes (Cleidopodus and Monocentris) belonging to the family Monocentridae (order Beryciformes), found in deepwater marine habitats of the Indo-Pacific region. The common ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pineda, Rafael
- (from the article "Whitaker, Pernell") Whitaker moved up in weight class to challenge the IBF junior welterweight (also known as super lightweight) champion, Rafael Pineda of Colombia, against whom he won a 12-round decision on ...
- Pinehurst
- village and year-round resort, Moore county, central North Carolina, U.S., just west of Southern Pines and Aberdeen. The site was first settled in 1895 and named for its location in ...
- Pineiro Losada, Manuel
- Cuban government official and revolutionary who for over 30 years led security and intelligence operations and played a major role in the exportation of revolution to other Latin-American countries and ...
- Pinel, Philippe
- French physician who pioneered in the humane treatment of the mentally ill. [4 Related Articles]
- Pinelands National Reserve
- (from the article "New Jersey") ...area but only about one-fourth of the population. The loamy soil of the Inner Coastal Plain is well suited to vegetable farming, and most of the land not covered by ...
- Pinelli, Giuseppe
- (from the article "Italy") ...in Milan and Rome in December 1969. In a Milan bank, a bomb killed 16 people and wounded more than 90. Initial police suspicion fell upon the far left, especially ...
- pinene
- either of two colourless liquid hydrocarbons, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, occurring as major components of the essential oil of pine trees and used as a chemical raw material. Both compounds belong ... [3 Related Articles]
- Pinera, Sebastian
- (from the article "Chile") ...Michelle Bachelet (see Biographies), the candidate of the ruling centre-left Concertacion coalition, was elected the first woman president of Chile. Her victory over Sebastian Pinera, who represented ...
- Pinera, Virgilio
- playwright, short-story writer, poet, and essayist who became famous for his work as well as for his highly bohemian lifestyle. His life was one of his most outrageous creations.
- Pinero, Jesus T.
- (from the article "Puerto Rico") ...program. The PPD partially fulfilled its aims and was overwhelmingly backed by the electorate in 1944. Two years later President Harry S. Truman appointed the island's first Puerto Rican governor, ...
- Pinero, Sir Arthur Wing
- a leading playwright of the late Victorian and Edwardian eras in England who made an important contribution toward creating a self-respecting theatre by helping to found a "social" drama that ... [4 Related Articles]
- Pinerolo
- town, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy. It lies at the entrance to the Valle del Chisone, at the foot of the Alps, southwest of Turin. First mentioned in 996 as ...
- Pinetown
- town, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Pinetown is situated at an elevation of 1,000 to 1,300 feet (305 to 395 m) in the hills adjoining Durban on the northwest. First laid ...
- Pinetti
- conjurer who founded the classical school of magic, characterized by elaborate tricks and the use of mechanical devices (suitable, as a rule, for stage performance only). While touring Europe in ...
- Piney Woods
- (from the article "Mississippi") ...of loess bluffs, marking the beginning of the highlands, or hills. A brown loam belt of varying width extends from Tennessee to Louisiana. Most of southern Mississippi lies in the ...
- Piney Woods
- (from the article "Texas") There is immense variation in the types of Texas soil. The Piney Woods region of East Texas has a gray and tan topsoil that covers the red subsoil usually within ...
- Ping River
- (from the article "Thailand") Thailand is drained largely by two river systems: the Chao Phraya in the west and the Mekong in the east. Three major rivers in the northern mountains-from west to east, ...
- Ping-Pong diplomacy
- (from the article "international relations") ...envoy to discuss Taiwan. The following April the Chinese made the surprising public gesture of inviting an American table tennis team to the championship tournament in Peking. This episode of ...
- Pingdi
- last ruling emperor of China's Xi (Western) Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 25). [2 Related Articles]
- Pingelap
- (from the article "Micronesian culture") ...the southeast over about 1,400 miles (about 2,255 km). The culture of Banaba, a raised atoll, is quite similar to that of the Gilberts. Three atolls within sailing distance of ...
- Pinget, Robert
- prolific Swiss-born French novelist and playwright who was associated with the nouveau roman movement and was best known for his plays, which showcased his mastery of the use of dialogue ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pingliang
- city, eastern Gansu sheng (province), north-central China. It lies near the borders of the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia and Shaanxi province. Located in the eastern Gansu ... [1 Related Articles]
- pingo
- dome-shaped hill formed in a permafrost area when the hydrostatic pressure of freezing groundwater causes the upheaval of a layer of frozen ground. Pingos may be up to 90 metres ... [2 Related Articles]
- pingo ice
- (from the article "ice formation") ...in thermal contraction cracks in permafrost as wedge-shaped, vertical, or inclined sheets 2.5 cm to 3 m (about 1 inch to 10 feet) wide and 0.3 to 9 m (1 ...
- pinguecula
- very common yellow-white nodule in the conjunctiva at the front of the eye, usually on the side of the cornea near the nose, although it can form on either side ...
- Pingwang
- (from the article "China") ...The nobles apparently were split at that time, because the break gave rise to two courts, headed by two princes, each of whom had the support of part of the ...
- Pingxiang
- city, southwestern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, China. The city is situated on the border with Vietnam. It was founded as a military outpost under the name Pingxiang during the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pingxiang
- city in western Jiangxi sheng (province), China. Pingxiang is situated on the border of Hunan province. It lies in the midst of the Wugong Mountains on the upper course of ... [1 Related Articles]
- pinhole camera
- (from the article "optics") An excellent example of the working of the wavelet theory is found in the well-known pinhole camera. If the pinhole is large, the diverging geometrical pencil of rays leads to ...
- pinhole eye
- (from the article "photoreception") Pinhole eyes, in which the size of the pigment aperture is reduced, have better resolution than pigment cup eyes. The most impressive pinhole eyes are found in the mollusk genus ...
- Pinilla, Ramiro
- (from the article "Literature") Ramiro Pinilla was awarded the National Prize for Narrative for his work Las cenizas del hierro (2005). This was the third book of his trilogy titled Verdes valles, colinas rojas, ...
- Pininfarina
- (from the article "automobile") When automobile manufacture was resumed in 1946 after a lull during World War II, the effect of Italian ideas on the world's automobile body designers was profound. Pininfarina of Turin ...
- pinion
- (from the article "clock") In a clock driven by a weight or a spring, the power is first transmitted by the main, or great, wheel. This engages with a pinion (a gear with a ...
- Pinios River
- principal stream of Thessaly, Greece, rising in the Oros (mountains) Lakmos of the Pindus Mountains just east of Metsovon in the nomos (department) of Trikala; it is navigable in its ...
- pink
- any of several flowering plants of the genus Dianthus in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), grown widely in garden borders. The approximately 300 species in the genus are nearly all natives ... [1 Related Articles]
- pink bollworm
- (from the article "gelechiid moth") The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is one of the most destructive pests of cotton. Though probably native to India, it is now distributed worldwide. It bores into cotton bolls, devouring ...
- pink calla lily
- (from the article "calla") ...that spring from a thick rootstock. It is a popular indoor plant grown commercially for cut flowers. The golden, or yellow, calla lily (Z. elliottiana), with more heart-shaped leaves, and ...
- pink corydalis
- (from the article "Corydalis") ...corydalis (C. lutea) of southern Europe is a popular garden perennial with 22-centimetre- (about 9-inch-) tall sprays of yellow tubular blooms. Native North American species include pale or pink corydalis, ...
- pink fairy armadillo
- (from the article "armadillo") ...peglike teeth lacking enamel. The size of armadillos varies considerably. Whereas the common nine-banded armadillo in the United States measures about 76 cm (30 inches) long, including the tail, the ...
- Pink Floyd
- British rock band at the forefront of 1960s psychedelia who later popularized the concept album for mass rock audiences in the 1970s. The principal members were lead guitarist Syd Barrett ... [1 Related Articles]
- pink lady's slipper
- (from the article "lady's slipper") ...is slipper-shaped. The genus Cypripedium has about 50 temperate and subtropical species. One well-known species is the yellow lady's slipper (Cypripedium calceolus); another is the pink lady's slipper (C. acaule), ...
- pink noise
- (from the article "sound") Another type of noise, called pink noise, is a spectrum of frequencies that decrease in intensity at a rate of three decibels per octave. Pink noise is useful for applications ...
- pink salmon
- (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), North Pacific food fish, family Salmonidae, weighing about 2 kilograms (4 12 pounds) and marked with large, irregular spots. It often spawns on tidal flats, the young entering ... [3 Related Articles]
- pink snow mold
- (from the article "snow mold") Snow mold is most damaging on golf courses and other turf areas. Fusarium nivale, which causes pink snow mold, or fusarium patch, appears as irregularly circular, tan to reddish brown ...
- pink-eared duck
- (from the article "anseriform") ...lamellae. This is used for sifting particles out of mud or picking up food items from the lake bottom as the bird upends itself. The sieving bill is yet further ...
- Pinker, Steven
- At the forefront of cognitive science in 1999 was Canadian-born American experimental psychologist Steven Pinker, who in October published an eagerly anticipated book, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. ...
- Pinkerton National Detective Agency
- (from the article "Pinkerton, Allan") In 1850 Pinkerton resigned from Chicago's new police force in order to organize a private detective agency that specialized in railway theft cases. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency became one ...
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