| | - Painters Eleven
- (from the article "Canada") ...the mid-1950s freed contemporary painting from its Surrealist style and directed it toward an emphasis on structure and colour. Similar trends occurred in the 1950s in Toronto, where a group ...
- painting
- the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language. The elements of this language-its shapes, lines, colours, tones, and textures-are used ... [71 Related Articles]
- painting knife
- (from the article "oil painting") ...round (pointed), flat, bright (flat shape but shorter and less supple), and oval (flat but bluntly pointed). Red sable brushes are widely used for the smoother, less robust type of ...
- painting, Western
- history of Western painting from its beginnings in prehistoric times to the present. [22 Related Articles]
- Painvin, Georges J.
- (from the article "cryptology") The great French cryptanalyst Georges J. Painvin succeeded in cryptanalyzing critical ADFGVX ciphers in 1918, with devastating effect for the German army in the battle for Paris.
- Paipai
- (from the article "northern Mexican Indian") The remnants of the Baja California Indians-the Tipai (Diegueno), Akwa'ala (Paipai), and Kiliwa-live in ranch clusters and other tiny settlements in the mountains near the American border. Speaking Yuman languages ...
- pair bonding
- (from the article "reproductive behaviour") Another factor that has an impact upon the complexity of displays is the length of time that the pair bond will endure. Brief relationships are usually, but not always, associated ...
- pair hitch
- (from the article "dogsled racing") ...well as by fur trappers to travel between their traps. At first dogs were individually tethered to the sled in a fan hitch. This was ideal in open country, but, ...
- pair production
- in physics, formation or materialization of two electrons, one negative and the other positive (positron), from a pulse of electromagnetic energy traveling through matter, usually in the vicinity of an ... [6 Related Articles]
- pair system
- (from the article "numerals and numeral systems") It should not be inferred, however, that 10 is either the only possible base or the only one actually used. The pair system, in which the counting goes "one, two, ...
- paired terrace
- (from the article "river") Terraces are most commonly classified on the basis of topographic relationships between their segments. Where terrace treads stand at the same elevation on both sides of the valley, they are ...
- paired-associate learning
- (from the article "training, transfer of") The method of paired-associate learning, in which a person is asked to learn to associate one syllable or word with another (e.g., complete-hot,
- pairing energy
- (from the article "chemical bonding") The essential feature of crystal field theory is that there is a competition between the magnitude of the CFSE and the pairing energy, which is the energy required to accommodate ...
- pairs skating
- (from the article "figure skating") Pairs skating consists of a man and a woman performing jumps and spins in unison as well as such partnered elements as lifts, throw jumps, and death spirals. Good pairs ...
- Pais, Abraham
- Dutch-born American physicist and science historian (b. May 19, 1918, Amsterdam, Neth.-d. July 28, 2000, Copenhagen, Den.), was a prominent theoretical physicist who in later life wrote widely acclaimed biographies ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pais, El
- (Spanish: "The Country"), daily newspaper published in Madrid, an independent paper dedicated to the promotion of democratic ideals in post-Franco Spain. [1 Related Articles]
- Pais, Sidonio
- (from the article "Portugal") ...by Costa's oratory, partisan press, and political machine, the Democrats' regime was in turn overthrown by another bloody military coup (December 1917), led by the former minister to Germany, Major ...
- Paisaci dialect
- (from the article "Indo-Aryan languages") ...works. The oldest poetic work in this is Vimala Suri's Paumacariya (c. 3rd century). Of other Prakrit dialects mentioned by grammarians, Paisaci (or Bhuta-Bhasa, both meaning "Language of Demons") is ...
- Paisiello, Giovanni
- Neapolitan composer of operas admired for their robust realism and dramatic power.
- Paisiy of Khilendar
- (from the article "Balkans") ...intelligentsia. The creation and dissemination of a sense of national identity was usually the work of national apostles who pointed back to more glorious years. In Bulgaria, for example, the ...
- Paisley
- large burgh (town) and an industrial centre, Renfrewshire council area and historic county, west-central Scotland, 7 miles (11 km) west of Glasgow. It is situated on the River White Cart, ... [1 Related Articles]
- paisley
- textile pattern characterized by colourful, curved abstract figures; it is named for the shawls manufactured at the town of Paisley, Scot. When, about 1800, patterned shawls made from the soft ...
- Paisley Park Studios
- (from the article "Paisley Park Studios") Although Prince had moved to New York City in 1976, signed to Warner Brothers in 1978, and established his revolutionary working practices by 1980, it was not until his heyday ...
- Paisley shawl
- (from the article "paisley") textile pattern characterized by colourful, curved abstract figures; it is named for the shawls manufactured at the town of Paisley, Scot. When, about 1800, patterned shawls made from the soft ...
- Paisley, Ian
- militant Protestant leader in the sectarian conflict that divided Northern Ireland from the 1960s, who was first minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008. He also served ... [9 Related Articles]
- Paisley, Robert
- ("BOB"), British association football (soccer) player and manager who, at the time of his retirement in 1983, was the most successful team manager in the history of English soccer; between ...
- Paitishhahya
- (from the article "Gahanbar") ...are: Maidhyaoizaremaya (Midspring), occurring in the month of Artavahisht, 41 days after the New Year; 60 days later is Maidhyoishema (Midsummer), in the month of Tir; 75 days later, Paitishhahya ...
- Paiute
- either of two distinct North American Indian groups that speak languages of the Numic group of the Uto-Aztecan family. The Southern Paiute, who speak Ute, at one time occupied what ... [7 Related Articles]
- Paiva, Afonso de
- (from the article "Covilha, Pero da") ...move may have resulted from reports received in 1486 in Benin (a kingdom on the west coast of Africa), referring to a great ruler far to the east. Pero was ...
- Paiwan language
- (from the article "Austronesian languages") ...(though not all) of the languages can easily be determined by an inspection of such basic subsystems as personal pronouns or the numerals. The Table presents names for the numbers ...
- Paiwanic language
- (from the article "Formosan languages") The Formosan languages belong to the Austronesian family. They are diverse and fall into three major branches: Atayalic, Tsonic, and Paiwanic. The last is the largest and includes Ami, Bunun, ...
- Paixhans, Henri-Joseph
- (from the article "naval ship") ...guns in warships' main batteries were preceded by bombs fired from mortars, small shell guns, and solid hot shot heated to cherry red. A principal architect in bringing big shell ...
- paixiao
- Chinese bamboo panpipe, generally a series of bamboo tubes secured together by rows of bamboo strips, wooden strips, or ropes. The instrument is blown across the top end. Although 16 ... [1 Related Articles]
- paj ntaub
- (from the article "applique") ...Kuna Indians of Panama by the reverse-applique technique in which the upper layers of cloth are cut away and turned back to expose the lower layers. The intricate
- pajamas
- loose, lightweight trousers first worn in the East, or a loose two-piece suit consisting of trousers and a shirt, made of silk, cotton, or synthetic material and worn for sleeping ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pajarito Plateau
- (from the article "Los Alamos") city, seat (1949) of Los Alamos county, north-central New Mexico, U.S. It lies on the Pajarito Plateau (elevation 7,300 feet [2,225 metres]) of the Jemez Mountains, 35 miles (56 km) ...
- Pajeu
- (from the article "Sao Francisco River") ...are navigable during periods of high water, but below Petrolina the river is impassable. The broken course-during which the Sao Francisco receives the Sao Pedro, Ipueira, and Pajeu rivers-culminates in ...
- paji
- (from the article "dress") Some of the basic elements of modern traditional dress in Korea, the chogori (jacket), paji (trousers), and turumagi (overcoat), were probably ...
- Pajon, Claude
- French Protestant theologian who was influential during the later Reformation.
- Pajou, Augustin
- French sculptor and decorator known mainly for his portrait busts of famous contemporaries, such as his patroness, Madame du Barry, and for directing the decoration of the Versailles opera house. [2 Related Articles]
- Pak Inno
- (from the article "Korean literature") Pak Inno, the master of kasa in the 17th century, wrote in a style that combined erudition and lyricism. He produced seven pieces between 1598 and 1636; the theme of ...
- Pak Island
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...on Baluan made bird-shaped bowls, ladles, and spatulas; on Lou, obsidian was carved into great hemispheric bowls; on Rambutyo figures and anthropomorphic lime spatulas were common; and the people on ...
- Pak Kyongni
- South Korean poet and novelist garnered international acclaim for the 21-volume epic novel T'oji (1969-94; Land), in which she chronicled Korea's tumultuous history from 1897 to 1945. The novel, widely ...
- Pak Nae-hyon
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...and No Su-hyon. After World War II traditional painting began to assume a modern mode of expression, as may be seen in the works of a group of radical painters ...
- Pak No-su
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...After World War II traditional painting began to assume a modern mode of expression, as may be seen in the works of a group of radical painters such as Kim ...
- Pak Se Ri
- The Associated Press called her "the rookie sensation"; Time magazine hailed her as the "Tigress Woods" of golf; and the New York Times claimed she was the best product South ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pak Tai
- (from the article "Thailand") The upper part of the southern-peninsula region, also called Pak Tai, has a distinctive identity linked to the historical role of towns such as Nakhon Si Thammarat, once known as ...
- Pak Tujin
- (from the article "Korean literature") ...witness to the events of their age; some sought to further assimilate traditional Korean values, while others drew variously on Western traditions to enrich their work. So Chongju and Pak ...
- Pake, George Edward
- American physicist (b. April 1, 1924, Jeffersonville, Ohio-d. March 4, 2004, Tucson, Ariz.), assembled (1970) a team of crack scientists and engineers for the Xerox Corp. at the newly established ... [1 Related Articles]
- pakhavaj
- (from the article "mridanga") ...drum a definite pitch. The left head is usually tuned an octave lower than the right. The drum is held across the lap and played on both ends with the ...
- Pakhtunwali
- (from the article "Afghanistan") ...politics. In the absence of an effective central government, Afghan communities have their own social norms, but none so elaborate as Pashtun tribal law, known as Pashtunwali. ...
- Pakian Viravong
- (from the article "Lao literature") ...decline in Lao social values. Major writers in Vientiane during this period include three children of Maha Sila Viravong, an important scholar of traditional Lao literature, history, and culture: Pakian ...
- Pakistan
- A magnitude-7.6 earthquake struck on Oct. 8, 2005, in Pakistan near the city of Muzaffarabad just west of the border between Pakistani- and Indian-administered Kashmir. The quake was one of ...
- Pakistan
- populous and multiethnic country of South Asia. Pakistan has historically and culturally been associated with India. Since the two countries achieved independence in 1947, Pakistan has been distinguished from its ... [107 Related Articles]
- Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...radio and television traditionally have been used in an attempt to harness folk cultural traditions (especially in song, music, and drama) for political and nonpolitical purposes. In 2002 the Pakistan ...
- Pakistan International Airlines
- (from the article "Pakistan") Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), established in 1954, is the national carrier; until the mid-1990s it was the sole domestic carrier, but since then a number of small regional airlines and ...
- Pakistan Muslim League (J)
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...to take advantage of the new conditions by reestablishing themselves. In January 1986, Junejo announced that he intended to revive and lead the Pakistan Muslim League-often designated as Muslim League ...
- Pakistan Muslim League (N)
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...of claims of fraud by the PPP. Of the more than 200 seats contested in the National Assembly, the PPP won fewer than 20. Only in Sind did the PPP ...
- Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
- (from the article "Pakistan") The outcome of the voting was seen as a rejection of Musharraf and his rule; his PML-Q party finished a distant third behind the PPP (now led by Asif Ali ...
- Pakistan National Alliance
- (from the article "Pakistan") Bhutto scheduled the country's second national election in 1977. With the PPP being the only successful national party in the country, nine opposition parties formed the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) ...
- Pakistan People's Party
- (from the article "Pakistan") The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) was formed in 1968 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, working with a number of liberal leftists who wanted Pakistan to disregard the idiom of religion in ...
- Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians
- (from the article "Bhutto, Benazir") ...unanimously elected leadership would have excluded the PPP from participating in elections. In response to these obstacles, the PPP split, registering a new, legally distinct branch called the Pakistan People's ...
- Pakistan Telecommunications Company, Ltd.
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...developed and expanded since the first years of independence. Since 1988 the government has stimulated investment in telecommunications and prompted the development of an efficient national system. Pakistan Telecommunications Company, ...
- Pakistan, Church of
- denomination inaugurated in Pakistan in 1970 and comprising former Anglican, Methodist, Scottish Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches and mission bodies. It is the only church in the world joining Lutherans with ...
- Pakistan, flag of
- national flag consisting of a green field with a large white crescent and star; at the hoist end is a vertical white stripe. The flag's width-to-length ratio is 2 to ...
- Pakistan, history of
- (from the article "Pakistan") This section presents the history of Pakistan from the partition of British India (1947) to the present. For a discussion of the earlier history of the region, see India.Afghan War
- Pakistani Clergy, Assembly of
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...urban lower-middle classes (as well as having great influence abroad). Two other religious parties, the Assembly of Islamic Clergy (Jami'at 'Ulama'-e Islam) and the Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jami'at 'Ulama'-e ...
- Pakistani Water and Power Development Authority
- (from the article "Pakistan") The generation, transmission, and distribution of power is the responsibility of the Pakistani Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), a public-sector corporation. WAPDA lost its monopoly over generation after Pakistan ...
- pakka
- (from the article "dietary law") Food observances help to define caste ranking: Brahmins are the highest caste because they eat only those foods prepared in the finest manner (pakka); everyone else takes inferior (kacca) food. ...
- Pakokku
- town, central Myanmar (Burma), on the Irrawaddy River below its junction with the Chindwin. A trading centre for the Chindwin and Yaw river valleys, the town deals in timber and ...
- pakora
- (from the article "fritter") ...Japan by the Portuguese and Spanish in the late 16th century; the tempura that developed, a mixed fry of shrimps, herbs, and vegetables, has been totally incorporated into the cuisine. ...
- Paks
- (from the article "Tolna") ...companies to open branches in the county's cities and towns. Starting in the mid-1970s, several large state investments took place-the most significant of which was the nuclear power plant in ...
- Paksadhara Misra
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...("The Jewel of Thought on the Nature of Things") laid the foundations of the school of Navya-Nyaya ("New-Nyaya"). Four great members of this school were Paksadhara Misra of Mithila, Vasudeva ...
- Paksas, Rolandas
- The success of Rolandas Paksas, the leader of the new populist Liberal Democratic Party, in winning the presidency of Lithuania in the second round of elections on Jan. 5, 2003, ... [3 Related Articles]
- paksu
- (from the article "mudang") in Korean religion, priestess who employs magic to effect cures, to tell fortunes, to soothe spirits of the dead, and to repulse evil. Her male counterpart is called a paksu; ...
- Pakubuwono III
- (from the article "Gianti Agreement") Pakubuwono III, who was supported by the company, became the new king, but he had to face a rival of his father, Raden Mas Said, who had occupied a region ...
- Pakula, Alan J.
- American motion-picture director, producer, and screenwriter (b. April 7, 1928, Bronx, N.Y.--d. Nov. 19, 1998, Melville, N.Y.), evoked exceptional performances from actors and actresses in 16 films, most notably in ...
- Pakxe
- town, in the southern panhandle of Laos, at the confluence of the Xedon and Mekong rivers. Before 1966 Pakxe functioned as the chief port of entry of Laos. East of ... [1 Related Articles]
- PAL system
- (from the article "television systems of the world") PAL (phase alternation line) resembles NTSC in that the chrominance signal is simultaneously modulated in amplitude to carry the saturation (pastel-versus-vivid) aspect of the colours and modulated in phase to ...
- Pal, Bipin Chandra
- Indian journalist and an early leader of the nationalist movement. By his contributions to various newspapers and through speaking tours, he popularized the concepts of swadeshi (exclusive use of Indian-made ...
- Pal, George
- (from the article "animation") Born in Hungary, George Pal worked as an animator in Berlin, Prague, Paris, and The Netherlands before immigrating to the United States in 1939. There he contracted with Paramount Pictures ...
- pala
- (from the article "jai alai") ...to speed up the game. The next step, it is thought, was the introduction of the guante, a simple leather glove worn on the right hand, which in turn led ...
- Pala Dynasty
- ruling dynasty in Bihar and Bengal, India, from the 8th to the 12th century. Its founder, Gopala, was a local chieftain who rose to power in the mid-8th century during ... [6 Related Articles]
- palace
- royal residence, and sometimes a seat of government or religious centre. The word is derived from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors built their residences. As a ... [23 Related Articles]
- palace examination
- (from the article "China") ...examinations conducted at the national capital. Those who passed were given degrees often called doctorates (jinshi) and promptly took an additional palace examination, nominally presided over by ...
- Palace Museum
- in Beijing, museum housed in the main buildings of the former Imperial Palaces (see also Forbidden City). It exhibits valuable objects from Chinese history. [2 Related Articles]
- Palace Museum
- (from the article "Mongolia") ...range from freestyle wrestling (introduced 1962) to motorcycling, rifle shooting, table tennis, boxing, and gymnastics. A growing number of economic enterprises cater to the various folk arts. The Palace Museum ...
- palace school
- (from the article "education") Schools conducted in royal palaces taught not only the curriculum of the maktabs but also social and cultural studies designed to prepare the pupil for higher education, for service in ...
- Palace Square
- (from the article "Saint Petersburg") Just to the east lies the great Palace Square, the city's oldest. The 600-ton granite monolith of the Alexander Column (1830-34), the tallest of its kind in the world and ...
- Palace Style
- (from the article "Aegean civilizations") ...popular on the mainland, such as drinking cups with tall stems, became fashionable at Knossos after the conquest and eventually spread to other parts of the island. A rather stiff, ...
- Palace Terrace
- (from the article "Lisbon") ...Tagus as Lisbon's lover. The river is indeed an ever-present part of the city's decor, and the official entrance to Lisbon is a broad marble staircase mounting from the water ...
- Palace Theatre
- (from the article "Carte, Richard D'Oyly") ...popular Gilbert and Sullivan productions and London's first theatre to use electric lighting. In an attempt to establish serious opera, Carte built the Royal English Opera House (1887; now the ...
- Palace Theatre
- (from the article "vaudeville") ...The largest chains were United Booking Office, with 400 theatres in the East and Midwest, and Martin Beck's Orpheum Circuit, which controlled houses from Chicago to California. Beck also built ...
- Palach, Jan
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic, respectively, with national parliaments and governments. The Czech and Slovak people, however, were more impressed by the suicide of Jan Palach-a ...
- Palacio Gonzalez, Alfredo
- (from the article "Ecuador") ...including the 8,010-sq-km (3,093-sq-mi) Galapagos Islands | Population (2007 est.): 13,341,000 (Galapagos Islands, about 20,000) | Capital: Quito | Chief of state and head of government: Presidents Alfredo Palacio Gonzalez ...
- Palacio Valdes, Armando
- one of the most popular 19th-century Spanish novelists, distinguished by his optimism, his charming heroines, his realism, and his qualities of moderation and simplicity.
- Palacio, Andy Vivien
- Belizean musician used his music to help preserve the culture of the Garifuna (descendants of Carib Indians and Africans exiled in the 18th century from British colonies in the eastern ... [1 Related Articles]
- Palacky, Frantisek
- the founder of modern Czech historiography and a leading figure in the political life of 19th-century Bohemia. [5 Related Articles]
- Palade, George E.
- Romanian-born American cell biologist who developed tissue-preparation methods, advanced centrifuging techniques, and conducted electron microscopy studies that resulted in the discovery of several cellular structures. With Albert Claude and Christian ... [1 Related Articles]
- Palaearctic region
- (from the article "Asia") A distinction can be made between the animal life of the tundra in the north and that of the adjacent taiga farther south. The taiga in turn merges into the ...
- Palaearctic vegetation
- (from the article "Africa") ...that as little as 15,000 years ago an amelioration of the present Saharan climate enabled such typical Ethiopian forms as clariid catfish to reach the river systems of North Africa. ...
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