| | - Penn, Sir William
- British admiral and father of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. [2 Related Articles]
- Penn, Thomas
- (from the article "Walking Purchase") ...tribal land between the fork of the Delaware and Lehigh rivers that extended as far as a man could walk in 1 12 days-about 40 miles. William Penn's son Thomas ...
- Penn, William
- English Quaker leader and advocate of religious freedom, who oversaw the founding of the American Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and other religious minorities of Europe. [20 Related Articles]
- Penna, Sandro
- Italian poet who celebrated homosexual love, particularly pederasty, with lyrical elegance. Usually written in the form of epigrams, his moody poems often feature the tranquil, homoerotic imagery of young boys ...
- Pennacook
- Algonquian-speaking North American Indians whose villages were located in what are now southern and central New Hampshire, northeastern Massachusetts, and southern Maine. The Pennacook economy depended on hunting, fishing, and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pennamite-Yankee Wars
- (from the article "Luzerne") The Wyoming Valley was the scene of the Pennamite-Yankee Wars (1769-84), a protracted struggle for land between colonists from Pennsylvania and Connecticut. During the American Revolution British and Indian forces ...
- pennant
- (from the article "flag") ...flag tied to a long pole or rod that extends beyond the tailboard of a truck. But the pennon served also to strike terror into the enemy and to denote ...
- pennant coralfish
- (from the article "butterfly fish") ...with a white-ringed, black ocellus near its tail; the spotfin butterfly fish (C. ocellatus), a western Atlantic species with yellow fins and a dark spot at the base of its ...
- Pennant, Thomas
- Welsh naturalist and traveler, one of the foremost zoologists of his time. [7 Related Articles]
- pennant-winged nightjar
- (from the article "nightjar") The pennant-winged nightjar (Semeiophorus vexillarius) of Africa gets its name from its boldly patterned black and white wing, which has greatly lengthened innermost primary flight feathers (50 to 70 cm ...
- pennate muscle
- (from the article "muscle") ...Since muscle fibres can contract about one-third of their resting length, this arrangement is suitable to an extensive and quick movement. The deltoid muscle in the human shoulder is said ...
- Pennel, John
- American pole-vaulter who was the first to jump more than 5.18 m (17 feet) and was a world-record holder (1963, 1966, 1969). [1 Related Articles]
- Pennell, Elizabeth Robins
- (from the article "Pennell, Joseph") ...for American publishers. In 1884 he went to Europe and settled in London. He produced numerous books, both as an author and as an illustrator, many of them in collaboration ...
- Pennell, Joseph
- American etcher, lithographer, and writer who was one of the major book illustrators of his time.
- Pennella balaenopterae
- (from the article "copepod") Most copepods are 0.5 to 2 mm (0.02 to 0.08 inch) long. The largest species, Pennella balaenopterae, which is parasitic on the finback whale, grows to a length of 32 ...
- Penneru River
- river rising on the Deccan Plateau 7 miles (11 km) west-southwest of Chik Ballapur, Karnataka state, southern India. It flows north into Andhra Pradesh state and turns east-southeast toward the ...
- Penney (of East Hendred), William Penney, Baron
- British nuclear physicist who led Britain's development of the atomic bomb.
- Penney, J.C.
- merchant who established one of the largest chains of department stores in the United States.
- Penney, Stef
- (from the article "Literature") The Costa (previously Whitbread) Book of the Year was The Tenderness of Wolves (2006), the first novel of Scottish-born Londoner Stef Penney. Set in an isolated community in northern Canada ...
- Penney, William
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") ...meeting of the Defence Subcommittee of the Cabinet in early January 1947. The construction of a first reactor to produce fissile material and associated facilities had got under way the ...
- Penniman, Russell Sylvanus
- (from the article "explosive") ...worked to develop nongelatinous ammonium nitrate mixtures, but nothing of value resulted, largely because ammonium nitrate is too hygroscopic; that is, it picks up moisture too readily. In 1885 R.S. ...
- Pennine Alps
- segment of the central Alps along the Italian-Swiss border, bounded by the Great St. Bernard Pass and the Mont Blanc group (southwest), by the Upper Rhone Valley (north), by Simplon ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pennine Way
- (from the article "Pennines") ...them Hawes, Muker, and Grassington. Tourism has become an important element in the economy, helped by the designation of the Peak District, Yorkshire Dales, and Northumberland national parks. The Pennine ...
- Pennines
- major upland mass forming a relief "backbone," or "spine," in the north of England, extending southward from Northumberland into Derbyshire. The uplands have a short, steep western slope and dip ... [7 Related Articles]
- Penning trap
- (from the article "Dehmelt, Hans Georg") ...1989 with the German physicist Wolfgang Paul. (The other half of the prize was awarded to the American physicist Norman F. Ramsey.) Dehmelt received his share of the prize for ...
- Pennisetum
- genus of the grass family (Poaceae), containing about 80 species of annual and perennial plants, native to tropical and subtropical areas. Kikuyu grass (P. clandestinum), a perennial sod-forming species, is ... [1 Related Articles]
- pennon
- (from the article "flag") ...but was rounded in the fly or had two swallow tails, both rounded. Guidons were borne by leaders in battle who were of no more than knightly rank and so ...
- Pennsylvania
- constituent state of the United States of America, one of the original 13 American colonies. The state is approximately rectangular in shape and stretches about 350 miles (560 km) from ... [34 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
- in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest art academy and museum in the United States, founded 1805. Specializing in American painting and sculpture of the 18th to the 20th century, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal
- (from the article "Akron") ...the Great Lakes. Laid out in 1825 by Gen. Simon Perkins, commissioner of the Ohio Canal Fund, the town was assured substantial growth by the completion of the Ohio and ...
- Pennsylvania Avenue
- major thoroughfare of Washington, D.C. It runs for 7 miles (11 km) in a northwesterly direction from the District of Columbia-Maryland line over the Anacostia River (John Philip Sousa Bridge) ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvania Ballet
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...for the San Francisco Ballet by modern-dance creator Mark Morris; the production was met with much critical acclaim. In a similar vein, as part of its own 40th anniversary celebrations, ...
- Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
- (from the article "property law") ...deprive the person who owned only a mine close to the surface of all use, since he could not mine without causing subsidence of the surface. (These are basically the ...
- Pennsylvania colonial style
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...Delaware River, was of short duration but contributed the log cabin (in the sense of a structure with round logs, notched at the corners and with protruding ends) to American ...
- Pennsylvania Emancipation Act
- (from the article "Pennsylvania") The Pennsylvania Emancipation Act of 1781 had pledged the gradual abolition of slavery in the state. The southern boundary of Pennsylvania, ratified in 1769, was the Mason and Dixon Line, ...
- Pennsylvania German
- 17th- and 18th-century German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania and their descendants. Emigrating from southern Germany (Palatinate, Bavaria, Saxony, etc.) and Switzerland, they settled primarily in the southeastern section of Pennsylvania, where ... [7 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvania Hospital
- (from the article "hospital") The early hospitals were primarily almshouses, one of the first of which was established by William Penn in Philadelphia in 1713. The first incorporated hospital in America was the Pennsylvania ...
- Pennsylvania Railroad Company
- largest of the trunkline railroads that connected the East Coast of the United States with the interior. It was chartered in 1846 by the Pennsylvania legislature to build a line ... [5 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvania State University
- coeducational state-supported system of higher education in Pennsylvania, U.S. The main campus, at University Park, is the system's largest branch and is the focus of its graduate and four-year undergraduate ... [6 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvania Station
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...since the days of the Roman Empire. These include the Boston Public Library (1887-95), the Rhode Island State Capitol (1891-93), Columbia University, New York City (1894-98), and Pennsylvania Station, New ...
- Pennsylvania system
- penal method based on the principle that solitary confinement fosters penitence and encourages reformation. The idea was advocated by the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, whose ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvania Turnpike
- (from the article "roads and highways") The viability of the freeway concept in the United States was demonstrated by the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, established in 1937 to raise funds and build a toll ...
- Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission
- (from the article "roads and highways") The viability of the freeway concept in the United States was demonstrated by the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, established in 1937 to raise funds and build a toll ...
- Pennsylvania, Bank of
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...United States, where he worked as the first fully professional architect and eventually became known as the father of the American architectural profession. A characteristic early building is his Bank ...
- Pennsylvania, flag of
- U.S. state flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) bearing a central coat of arms with black horses as supporters.
- Pennsylvania, University of
- private university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., one of the Ivy League schools and the oldest university in the country. [10 Related Articles]
- Pennsylvanian Subperiod
- second major interval of the Carboniferous Period, lasting from 318.1 to 299 million years ago. The Pennsylvanian is recognized as a time of significant advance and retreat by shallow seas. ... [4 Related Articles]
- penny
- (from the article "coin") English coinage proper began with the silver penny of Offa, king of Mercia (757-796). It was first struck at around the weight of the sceat, from about 790, and its ...
- penny dreadful
- an inexpensive novel of violent adventure or crime that was especially popular in mid-to-late Victorian England. Penny dreadfuls were often issued in eight-page installments. The appellation, like dime novel and ...
- Penny Post
- private postal service created by the London merchant William Dockwra in 1680. All letters and packets up to one pound in weight were delivered for one penny (1 d). The ... [1 Related Articles]
- penny theatre
- (from the article "theatre, Western") ...near the proscenium arch, allowing for privacy, with the rest of the gallery open and known as the "dress circle." For the poorer sections of the English populace, there were ...
- penny-farthing
- (from the article "velocipede") ...boneshaker. It was driven by pedaling cranks on the front axle. To increase the distance covered for each turn of the cranks, the front wheel was enlarged until, finally, in ...
- pennycress
- (genus Thlaspi), plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), named and sometimes grown for its round seedpods. Most of the 60 species are Eurasian, but a few are native to North ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pennypack Park
- (from the article "Philadelphia") In addition to Fairmount Park, Philadelphia has Pennypack Park in the northeast, a semiwilderness setting with bridle paths, bird-watching trails, and an abundance of deer and other wildlife. More than ...
- Pennyrile
- (from the article "Kentucky") The 7,800-square-mile Pennyrile adjoins every other region except the Bluegrass. On the east it joins the mountains; to the north its irregular boundaries are the Knobs, the Ohio River, and ...
- pennyroyal
- (from the article "Mentha") ...in denser spikes. Peppermint may be a hybrid between spearmint and water mint (M. aquatica), which has hairy stems, broadly oval, scented leaves, and a globed head of lavender flowers. ...
- Pennzoil Company
- American petrochemical corporation that was founded in Pennsylvania in 1889 as a producing unit of the Standard Oil Trust and-after several structural changes, mergers, and acquisitions over the years-underwent reincorporation ... [1 Related Articles]
- Penobscot
- Algonquian-speaking North American Indians who lived on both sides of the Penobscot Bay and throughout the Penobscot River basin in what is now the state of Maine, U.S. They were ... [2 Related Articles]
- Penobscot
- county, east-central Maine, U.S. Located in a highland region, the county contains many lakes, rivers, and ponds, foremost among them being the Penobscot River, the longest in the state; nearly ...
- Penobscot River
- river in Maine, U.S., formed by several headstreams draining numerous lakes that were created by melting glaciers. It is the state's longest river, about 350 miles (560 km) in length. ...
- Penokean orogeny
- (from the article "Hudsonian orogeny") ...part of Labrador; the Bear Province in the northwestern tip of the shield; and a broad area in the western United States. The Mazatzal orogeny in Arizona, the Black orogeny ...
- penology
- the division of criminology that concerns itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its efforts to repress criminal activities. As the term signifies (from Latin poena, "pain," or ... [13 Related Articles]
- Penonome
- city, west central Panama, on the Pacific coastal lowland. The original Spanish settlement was founded on the ruins of an ancient Indian town on the Zarati River. The city is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Penrhyn Atoll
- most northerly of the Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. A coral atoll, it has a 40-mile (60-km) reef that ...
- Penrith
- city, east-central New South Wales, Australia, on the Nepean River, a section of the Hawkesbury River. Founded in 1815, it was known as Evan and Castlereagh before being renamed after ...
- Penrith
- town, Eden district, administrative county of Cumbria, historic county of Cumberland, England. It is situated on a main route to Scotland, at the foot of the 937-foot (286-metre) Penrith Beacon ... [1 Related Articles]
- Penrose diagram
- (from the article "Penrose, Sir Roger") ...method of mapping the regions of space-time surrounding a black hole. (Space-time is a four-dimensional continuum comprising three dimensions of space and one of time.) Such a map, which is ...
- Penrose pattern
- (from the article "quasicrystal") An example of a two-dimensional pattern that combines fivefold rotational symmetry with quasiperiodic translational order is the Penrose pattern, discovered by the English mathematical physicist Roger Penrose and shown in ...
- Penrose Research Laboratory
- (from the article "zoo") ...comparative anatomy, and pathology. Today, the opportunities for scientific inquiry are much wider, and a few societies have established special research institutions. In the United States the Penrose Research Laboratory, ...
- Penrose square stairway
- (from the article "number game") In 1958 L.S. Penrose, a British geneticist, and his son Roger Penrose, a mathematical physicist, introduced the undecidable figures called strange loops. One of these is the Penrose square stairway ...
- Penrose, Boies
- American legislator and longtime party boss of Pennsylvania. He served as U.S. senator from Pennsylvania from 1897 to 1921.
- Penrose, L. S.
- (from the article "number game") In 1958 L.S. Penrose, a British geneticist, and his son Roger Penrose, a mathematical physicist, introduced the undecidable figures called strange loops. One of these is the Penrose square stairway ...
- Penrose, Richard Alexander Fullerton, Jr.
- geologist known for his explorations for manganese and iron-ore deposits. He was a member of the Arkansas Geological Survey from 1889 until 1892, when he became a faculty member at ...
- Penrose, Sir Roger
- British mathematician and relativist who in the 1960s calculated many of the basic features of black holes. [1 Related Articles]
- Penryn
- English Channel port, Carrick district, administrative and historic county of Cornwall, England. It lies at the head of the River Penryn's estuary. The town owes its development to the bishops ...
- Pensacola
- city, seat (1822) of Escambia county, extreme northwestern Florida, U.S. It lies on Pensacola Bay (an arm of the Gulf of Mexico), about 35 miles (55 km) west of Fort ...
- pensee
- a thought expressed in literary form. A pensee can be short and in a specific form, such as an aphorism or epigram, or it can be as long as a ...
- pension
- series of periodic money payments made to a person who retires from employment because of age, disability, or the completion of an agreed span of service. The payments generally continue ... [16 Related Articles]
- pensionary
- powerful political office in the Dutch Republic (United Provinces; 1579-1795). Pensionaries, originally the secretaries and legal advisers of the town corporations, were first appointed in the 15th century. They were ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pensioners' Party
- (from the article "Israel") In the ballot Kadima, Labour, and the centrist Pensioners' Party won 55 of the 120 Knesset (parliament) seats (Kadima 29, Labour 19, and Pensioners 7). Right-wing parties won only 32 ...
- Pensioners' Party
- (from the article "Russia") In October three small parties-the Party of Life, Motherland, and the Pensioners' Party-announced that they were merging to form a new centre-left party. To be called A Just Russia, this ...
- Penstemon
- the beard-tongue genus of the mint order (Lamiales), containing about 250 species of plants native to North America, particularly the western United States. The flowers are usually large and showy, ...
- Pentaceratops
- five-horned herbivorous dinosaur found as fossils in North America and possibly eastern Asia dating from the Late Cretaceous Period (99 million to 65 million years ago). Pentaceratops was about 6 ...
- pentachlorophenol
- (from the article "Agricultural chemicals") Tetrachlorophenol is an insecticide and a bactericide and is used as a preservative for latex, wood, and leather. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a disinfectant, a fungicide, and an extremely effective preservative ...
- Pentadiplandraceae
- (from the article "Brassicales") Pentadiplandraceae is a small family (one genus with one or two species) of shrubs or lianas from Western Africa. The expanded petal bases are concave and coherent, forming a cavity, ...
- Pentagon
- large five-sided building in Arlington county, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., that serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense, including all three military services-Army, Navy, and Air Force. [7 Related Articles]
- Pentagon Papers
- papers that contain a history of the U.S. role in Indochina from World War II until May 1968 and that were commissioned in 1967 by U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert ... [7 Related Articles]
- pentagram
- (from the article "number symbolism") The number 5 was associated with the Babylonian goddess Ishtar and her Roman parallel, Venus, and the symbol for both was the five-pointed star, or pentagram. In England a knot ...
- pentakosiomedimnoi
- (from the article "ancient Greek civilization") ...both were denied the chance of standing for the archonship before 457 (the hoplites were admitted to it in that year). On the whole, it is the top two "Solonian" ...
- Pentamerida
- (from the article "Silurian Period") The Pentamerus community was an early Silurian community dominated by the large-shelled brachiopod (lamp shell) of the species Pentamerus oblongus. The community often included 5 to 20 associated species, although ...
- Pentamerus oblongus
- (from the article "Silurian Period") The Pentamerus community was an early Silurian community dominated by the large-shelled brachiopod (lamp shell) of the species Pentamerus oblongus. The community often included 5 to 20 associated species, although ...
- pentameter
- in poetry, a line of verse containing five metrical feet. In English verse, in which pentameter has been the predominant metre since the 16th century, the preferred foot is the ... [1 Related Articles]
- pentamide isethionate
- (from the article "drug") ...patients. These infections are treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which inhibits folic acid synthesis in protozoans. An alternative agent for treatment of these diseases is pentamidine isethionate, which probably affects the parasite ...
- Pentangle
- (from the article "Jansch, Bert") ...with baroque flourishes, he released several solo albums that featured both traditional material and original songs, including the highly regarded Jack Orion (1966). In 1967 he cofounded Pentangle, a folk ...
- Pentaphylacaceae
- (from the article "Ericales") Pentaphylacaceae have rather short filaments, and the embryos are curved. The smallish flowers are usually borne singly in the leaf axils or in some modification of this. The three groups ...
- Pentapolis
- (from the article "North Africa") ...Apollonia, the port of Cyrene, became a city in its own right; Euhesperides was refounded as Berenice, and a new city, Ptolemais (Tulmaythah), was founded, while Barce declined; the term ...
- Pentapora
- (from the article "moss animal") ...genus Monobryozoon, which lives between marine sand particles, a colony consists of little more than a single feeding zooid less than one millimetre in height. Colonies of the European Pentapora, ...
- pentaquark
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") The existence of pentaquarks (particles made up of five quarks bound together), which a number of laboratories reported to have found in 2003, came to appear more doubtful in 2005. ...
- pentarchy
- in early Byzantine Christianity, the proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire. Formulated in the legislation of the emperor Justinian ... [1 Related Articles]
- pentastomid
- any of about 100 species of tiny parasites belonging to the Pentastomida, now generally considered a subclass of the phylum Arthropoda. Pentastomids range from a few millimetres to 14 cm ...
- pentathlon
- athletic contest entailing five distinct types of competition. In the ancient Greek Olympics, the pentathlon included a race the length of the stadium (about 183 m [200 yd]), the long ... [5 Related Articles]
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