| | - Paul V
- Italian pope from 1605 to 1621. [6 Related Articles]
- Paul VI
- Italian pope of the Roman Catholic church (reigned 1963-78) during a period including most of the second Vatican Council (1962-65) and the immediate postconciliar era, in which he issued directives ... [26 Related Articles]
- Paul, Acts of
- one of the earliest of a series of pseudepigraphal (noncanonical) New Testament writings known collectively as the Apocryphal Acts. Probably written about AD 160-180, the Acts of Paul is an ... [1 Related Articles]
- Paul, Alice
- American woman suffrage leader who introduced the first equal rights amendment campaign in the United States. [1 Related Articles]
- Paul, Bruno
- (from the article "Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig") In 1905, at the age of 19, Mies went to work for an architect in Berlin, but he soon left his job to become an apprentice with Bruno Paul, a ...
- Paul, Les
- American jazz and country guitarist and inventor.
- Paul, Lewis
- English inventor who devised the first power spinning machine, in cooperation with John Wyatt. [1 Related Articles]
- Paul, Robert W.
- (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...had taken an early lead in both production and exhibition. Britain's first projector, the theatrograph (later the animatograph), had been demonstrated in 1896 by the scientific instrument maker Robert W. ...
- Paul, Ron
- American politician, who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1976-77, 1979-85, 1997- ) and who unsuccessfully ran as the 1988 Libertarian presidential candidate. He later ... [1 Related Articles]
- Paul, the Apostle, Saint
- one of the leaders of the first generation of Christians, often considered to be the second most important person in the history of Christianity. In his own day, although he ... [66 Related Articles]
- Paul, Wolfgang
- German physicist who shared one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989 with the German-born American physicist Hans G. Dehmelt. (The other half of the prize was awarded to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Paul-Boncour, Joseph
- French leftist politician who was minister of labour, of war, and of foreign affairs and, for four years, France's permanent representative to the League of Nations.
- Paula
- (from the article "Jerome, Saint") ...Latin Psalter based on a few Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament) manuscripts. He held classes for a monastic-minded circle of noble Roman widows and virgins (e.g., Marcella, Paula, ...
- Paulauskas, Arturas
- (from the article "Lithuania") Area: 65,300 sq km (25,212 sq mi) | Population (2004 est.): 3,439,000 | Capital: Vilnius | Chief of state: Presidents Rolandas Paksas, Arturas Paulauskas (acting) from April 6, and, from ...
- Paulding, James Kirke
- dramatist, novelist, and public official chiefly remembered for his early advocacy and use of native American material in literature.
- Paule, Antoine de
- (from the article "Paola") town, eastern Malta, just south of Valletta and adjacent to Tarxien to the southeast. Founded in 1626 by the grand master of the Hospitallers (Knights of Malta), Antoine de Paule, ...
- Paulet, Charles
- (from the article "Parlement") ...was formally recognized by the crown. Attempts to abolish it later in the century came to nothing, and in 1604 the paulette, a new tax devised by ...
- paulette
- (from the article "Henry IV") ...for its rehabilitation and economic progress. Though he succeeded in suppressing certain useless government offices, he consolidated many others by according the "annual right," or paulette (1604), whereby the holder ...
- Pauli exclusion principle
- assertion that no two electrons in an atom can be at the same time in the same state or configuration, proposed (1925) by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli to account ... [20 Related Articles]
- Pauli, Wolfgang
- Austrian-born physicist and recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery in 1925 of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that in an atom no two electrons ... [9 Related Articles]
- Paulician
- member of a dualistic Christian sect that originated in Armenia in the mid-7th century. It was influenced most directly by the dualism of Marcionism, a Gnostic movement in early Christianity, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Pauline benediction
- (from the article "benediction") ...also used in the Mozarabic liturgy of Spain before the reception of the Host. The Swedish liturgy appends a trinitarian formula to this same benediction. Some Christian churches, however, prefer ...
- Pauline Chapel
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...in 1541, Pope Paul was pleased enough to commission two frescoes representing the "Conversion of St. Paul" and the "Crucifixion of St. Peter" for his own private chapel, the Pauline ...
- Pauline letters
- (from the article "biblical literature") The Pauline Letterscanon of New Testamentbiblical literatureConditions aiding the formation of the canon...important biblical or apostolic figure. The practice was ...
- Pauling, Linus
- American theoretical physical chemist who became the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes. His first prize (1954) was awarded for research into the nature of the chemical ... [11 Related Articles]
- Pauling-Corey rules
- (from the article "chemical bonding") ...a hydrogen bond. The keying together of such peptide groups by hydrogen bonding of the type shown in Figure 17 was examined in detail by Pauling and Robert Corey, who ...
- Paulinus
- (from the article "Jerome, Saint") In Antioch his host, Evagrius, won Jerome over to the party of Bishop Paulinus, who was opposed by Basil, the great orthodox bishop of Caesarea and one of the three ...
- Paulinus Of Nola, Saint
- bishop of Nola and one of the most important Christian Latin poets of his time. [2 Related Articles]
- Paulinus, Saint
- Italian missionary who converted Northumbria to Christianity, became the first bishop of York, and was later made archbishop of Rochester. [2 Related Articles]
- Paulist Fathers
- (from the article "Hecker, Isaac Thomas") Roman Catholic priest who founded the Paulist Fathers, a diocesan organization for missionary work in New York.
- Paulista, Avenida
- (from the article "Sao Paulo") Running northwest from the bottom of the Paraiso district and southwest of the Liberdade district is the wide expanse of Avenida Paulista, the throbbing centre of Sao Paulo's financial life, ...
- Paullinia
- (from the article "Sapindales") ...genera in the family are Serjania (215 species), which occurs from the southern United States to tropical South America and has a main centre of diversity in southeastern Brazil, and ...
- Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius
- Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC). [4 Related Articles]
- Paulo Afonso
- city, northeastern Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies on the Sao Francisco River at the site of the Paulo Afonso Falls, where an important hydroelectric facility is located. Made ...
- Paulo Afonso Falls
- series of rapids and three cataracts in northeastern Brazil on the Sao Francisco River along the Bahia-Alagoas estado (state) border. Lying 190 miles (305 km) from the river's mouth, the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Paulownia Sun, Order of the
- exclusive Japanese order, founded in 1888 by Emperor Meiji and awarded for outstanding civil or military merit. The order, awarded to males only, is seldom bestowed on anyone below the ...
- Pauls Valley
- city, seat (1907) of Garvin county, south-central Oklahoma, U.S. The area, on the Washita River, was first settled by white North Carolinian Smith Paul, who arrived with a group of ...
- Paulsen, Axel
- (from the article "figure skating") Also notable for their important contributions to the sport of figure skating are Axel Paulsen, Ulrich Salchow, and Alois Lutz. Each man created a jump that is now named after ...
- Paulsen, Johannes
- (from the article "Kantianism") ...in a transsubjective realm. Subjectivity is, thus, inevitably transcended, just as the sciences are surmounted when they presuppose a metaphysics. The influential spiritual moralist Friedrich Paulsen defended the claim that ...
- Paulsen, Patrick L.
- , American comedian whose doleful countenance was introduced to the public on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour," from which in 1968 he launched the first of his five tongue-in-cheek campaigns ...
- Paulson, Allen
- American racehorse owner and businessman (b. April 22, 1922, Clinton, Iowa-d. July 19, 2000, La Jolla, Calif.), owned a number of highly successful racehorses, most notably Cigar, which in 1996 ...
- Paulson, Henry
- secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury from 2006. As Treasury secretary, Paulson was also a member of the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund. Paulson previously ... [1 Related Articles]
- Paulus, Friedrich
- German field marshal on the Eastern Front, whose capture at Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in early 1943 with his entire army became one of the turning points of World War II ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pauly, August von
- (from the article "encyclopaedia") The informal title Pauly-Wissowa is very familiar to a great number of people. August von Pauly (1796-1845), the German Classical philologist, began issuing his Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft ("Encyclopaedia of ...
- Pauly, Jean-Samuel
- (from the article "Dreyse, Nikolaus von") The son of a locksmith, Dreyse worked from 1809 to 1814 in the Parisian gun factory of Jean-Samuel Pauly, a Swiss who designed several experimental breech-loading military rifles. Returning to ...
- Paumann, Conrad
- (from the article "music, Western") ...dating from the 13th and 14th centuries, the earliest relatively extensive documentation comes from the 15th century, particularly from German sources, such as the Buxheimer Orgelbuch and Conrad Paumann's Fundamentum ...
- pauranika
- (from the article "Hinduism") On a popular level, people at temples and fairs are continually reacquainted with their mythological heritage by pauranikas, tellers of the ancient stories and heirs of the ...
- pauraque
- (Nyctidromus albicollis), nocturnal bird of brushlands from southern Texas to northern Argentina. It is a relative of the nightjar (q.v.), belonging to the family Caprimulgidae. The pauraque is about 30 ...
- pauropod
- any member of the class Pauropoda (phylum Arthropoda), a group of small, terrestrial invertebrates that superficially resemble tiny centipedes or millipedes. The approximately 380 known species are found worldwide under ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pausanias
- Greek traveler and geographer whose Periegesis Hellados (Description of Greece) is an invaluable guide to ancient ruins. [9 Related Articles]
- Pausanias
- (from the article "Philip II") With the preparations far advanced for the crossing into Asia, at the grand celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's marriage to Alexander of Epirus (brother of Olympias), Philip was assassinated by ...
- Pausanias
- Spartan commander during the Greco-Persian Wars who was accused of treasonous dealings with the enemy. [1 Related Articles]
- Pausch, Randy
- American computer scientist and personality delivered (in September 2007) at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, his celebrated "Last Lecture" on time management, an inspirational and uplifting testimonial; the speech became an ...
- Pausias
- (from the article "encaustic painting") ...described by the 1st-century-AD Roman scholar Pliny the Elder. Encaustic painting was invented by the ancient Greeks and was brought to the peak of its technical perfection by the genre ...
- Pausilippo Tunnel
- (from the article "tunnels and underground excavations") ...driven some 3,400 feet through limestone with a cross section about 6 feet square. Perhaps the largest tunnel in ancient times was a 4,800-foot-long, 25-foot-wide, 30-foot-high road tunnel (the Pausilippo) ...
- Paustovsky, Konstantin Georgiyevich
- Soviet fiction writer best known for his short stories, which carried the pre-Revolutionary romantic tradition into the Soviet period.
- pavane
- (probably from Italian padovana, "Paduan"), majestic processional dance of the 16th- and 17th-century European aristocracy. Until about 1650 the pavane opened ceremonial balls and was used as a display of ... [3 Related Articles]
- pavarana
- (from the article "vassa") ...of the eighth lunar month (usually in July) and ends on the full moon of the eleventh month (usually October). Vassa concludes with the
- Pavarotti, Luciano
- Italian operatic lyric tenor, one of the most popular of his time, noted for his mastery of the highest notes of a tenor's range. [7 Related Articles]
- Pave Paws radar
- (from the article "radar") The Pave Paws radar (AN/FPS-115) is an ultrahigh-frequency (UHF; 420-450 MHz) phased-array system for detecting submarine-launched ballistic missiles. It is supposed to detect targets with a radar cross section of ...
- Pavel, Josef
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...president (from March 30), Ludvik Svoboda, who had been purged in the 1950s and had lived in retirement since then. The Ministry of the Interior was under the control of ...
- Pavelic, Ante
- Croatian fascist leader and revolutionist who headed a Croatian state subservient to Germany and Italy during World War II. [3 Related Articles]
- Pavement
- American band whose foppish lyrics and punk-derived sonic textures merged into a free-floating poetry of reference that epitomized 1990s college rock. The original members were lead singer, guitarist, and principal ...
- pavement
- in civil engineering, durable surfacing of a road, airstrip, or similar area. The primary function of a pavement is to transmit loads to the sub-base and underlying soil. Modern flexible ... [4 Related Articles]
- pavement karst
- (from the article "cave") This form of karst develops where bare carbonate rocks are exposed to weathering. The initiation of pavement karst is often due to glaciation, which scrapes off soil and weathered rock ...
- pavement line
- (from the article "roads and highways") The marking of roadway surfaces with painted lines and raised permanent markers is commonplace and effective, despite high maintenance costs and visibility problems at night, in heavy traffic, and in ...
- Pavese, Cesare
- Italian poet, critic, novelist, and translator, who introduced many modern U.S. and English writers to Italy. [2 Related Articles]
- Paveway
- (from the article "smart bomb") ...or dive-bombing runs, which would otherwise be necessary for sufficient accuracy. Typical U.S. smart bombs have included the three Walleye models equipped with television-guidance systems and the Paveway series of ...
- Pavi
- (from the article "Gahanbar") ...prayers honouring yazatas (angels) or fravashis (guardian spirits); the Yasna, the central Zoroastrian rite, which includes the sacrifice of the sacred liquor, haoma; and the Pavi, prayers honouring God and ...
- Pavia
- city, Lombardia (Lombardy) region, northern Italy, on the left bank of the Ticino River, above its junction with the Po, 20 mi (32 km) south of Milan, with which it ... [4 Related Articles]
- Pavia y Lacy, Manuel
- Spanish general whose defeat in the Spanish Revolution of 1868 helped bring about the deposition of Queen Isabella II.
- Pavia y Rodriguez de Alburquerque, Manuel
- Spanish general whose coup d'etat ended Spain's First Republic (1873-74). [1 Related Articles]
- Pavia, Battle of
- (Feb. 24, 1525), the decisive military engagement of the war in Italy between Francis I of France and the Habsburg emperor Charles V, in which the French army of 28,000 ... [5 Related Articles]
- Pavia, Compact of
- (from the article "Louis IV") ...had voted against him; but a permanent settlement with the latter's descendants could be made only after the death of Rudolf, his widow Mathilde of Nassau, and his oldest son, ...
- Pavia, Treaty of
- (from the article "Papal States") ...to the Roman see, ignoring the claim of the Byzantine Empire to sovereignty there. This Donation of Pippin (756) provided the basis for the papal claim to temporal power. In ...
- Pavie, Auguste
- French explorer and diplomat, who is best known for his explorations of the Upper Mekong Valley and for having almost single-handedly brought the kingdoms of Laos under French control. [2 Related Articles]
- pavilion
- light temporary or semipermanent structure used in gardens and pleasure grounds. Although there are many variations, the basic type is a large, light, airy garden room with a high-peaked roof ...
- pavilion
- (from the article "brilliant cut") ...widest part of the stone) and 25 of which are below. When the stone is cut so that the facets of the crown (above the girdle) make an angle of ...
- pavilion concept
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") In the "pavilion concept," whereby each building is conceived of as a freestanding rectilinear unit, flexibility in the overall design is achieved by increasing the number of such units, which ...
- paving breaker
- (from the article "pneumatic device") Hand-operated pneumatic paving breakers usually use solid steel drills and are not equipped for automatic rotation. One type of tool is valve-actuated, another is valveless. Heavy machines of about 80 ...
- paving machine
- (from the article "roads and highways") The placement of paving material increasingly involves a paving machine for distributing the aggregate, asphalt, or concrete uniformly and to the required thickness, shape, and width (typically, one or two ...
- Pavlik, Kelly
- (from the article "Boxing") A new middleweight star surfaced when Kelly Pavlik (U.S.) knocked out reigning world champion Jermain Taylor (U.S.) in the seventh round of an exciting fight held on September 29 in ...
- Pavlodar
- city, northeastern Kazakhstan. It is a port on the Irtysh (Ertis) River. The community was founded in 1720 as Koryakovsky outpost on the Russian Irtysh fortified line, near salt lakes. ...
- Pavlof Sister
- (from the article "Pavlof Volcano") ...in Alaska. It is also one of the most consistently active, having had about 40 eruptions recorded since 1790. Just northeast of Pavlof Volcano stands its "twin," a volcano known ...
- Pavlof Volcano
- volcanic peak of the Aleutian Range, southwestern Alaska, U.S. Situated about 580 miles (930 km) southwest of Anchorage, on the west side of Pavlof Bay, it lies near the southwestern ...
- Pavlohrad
- city, south-central Ukraine. It was a minor trading centre before the October Revolution (1917) and was incorporated in 1797, and it later became a major railway junction and centre of ...
- Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich
- Russian physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex. In a now-classic experiment, he trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a ... [15 Related Articles]
- Pavlov, Valentin Sergeyevich
- Soviet politician (b. Sept. 26, 1937, Moscow, U.S.S.R. [now in Russia]-d. March 30, 2003, Moscow), participated in the failed coup of August 1991 against Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev. Pavlov was ...
- Pavlova, Anna
- Russian ballerina, the most celebrated dancer of her time. [6 Related Articles]
- Pavlovian conditioning
- (from the article "Pavlovian conditioning") a type of conditioned learning which occurs because of the subject's instinctive responses, as opposed to operant conditioning, which is contingent on the willful actions of the subject. It was ...
- Pavlovich, Dmitry
- (from the article "Rasputin, Grigory Yefimovich") ...until 1916. Then a group of extreme conservatives, including Prince Feliks Yusupov (husband of the tsar's niece), Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich (a member of the Duma), and Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich ...
- Pavlovo
- city and administrative centre of Pavlovo rayon (sector), Nizhegorod oblast (province), western Russia, on the Oka River. Its metalworking industries are continuations of what was a long handicraft tradition in ...
- Pavlovsk
- city, Leningrad oblast (province), northwestern Russia. Founded in 1777 as Pavlovskoye, it became a city and was renamed Pavlovsk in 1796. The site, on the Slavyanka River, was a gift ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pavlovsky Posad
- city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia, on the Klyazma River. It grew from a monastic village and, in the 18th century, was a centre of peasant silk weaving. In 1844 ...
- Pavon, Battle of
- (Sept. 17, 1861), in Argentine history, military clash at Pavon in Sante Fe province between the forces of the Argentine Confederation, commanded by Justo Jose de Urquiza, and those of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pawar, Lalita
- Indian actress whose career of more than 600 films was most notably defined by her roles as a mean, domineering mother-in-law; her performances were enhanced by a permanent squint in ...
- Pawcatuck River
- river rising in Worden Pond and Great Swamp, South Kingstown, R.I., U.S. It flows generally southwestward, emptying into Little Narragansett Bay after a course of about 30 miles (50 km). ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pawhuska
- city, seat (1907) of Osage county, northeastern Oklahoma, U.S. It was settled in 1872 and named for an Osage chief, Paw-Hiu-Skah ("White Hair"), and the first buildings were those of ...
- Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, Maria
- Polish poet whose work is representative of modern lyrical poetry. She is particularly notable for the urbane sensitivity of her poems. [1 Related Articles]
- pawn
- (from the article "chess") The Hypermoderns invited their opponents to advance pawns in the centre and in some cases tried to provoke them. For example, Alexander Alekhine, a future world champion who explored Hypermodern ...
- pawn
- (from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") Two other elements in the Aztec social system were pawns and slaves. The former were poor men who could sell themselves or members of their household for a specified period ...
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