| | - Parma
- city, Cuyahoga county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., a southern suburb of Cleveland. Settled by New Englanders in 1816, it was known as Greenbriar until 1826, when it became the township of ...
- Parma
- city, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, on the Parma River, northwest of Bologna. Founded by the Romans along the Via Aemilia in 183 BC, Parma was important as ... [2 Related Articles]
- Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of
- the northern Italian cities of Parma and Piacenza, with their dependent territories, detached from the Papal States by Pope Paul III in 1545 and made a hereditary duchy for his ... [4 Related Articles]
- Parma, Cathedral of
- (from the article "Correggio") The fresco of the "Assumption of the Virgin" in the dome of the cathedral of Parma marks the culmination of Correggio's career as a mural painter. This fresco (a painting ...
- Parmalat
- (from the article "Italy") Meanwhile, Calisto Tanzi, founder of the Parma-based food giant Parmalat, was ordered to stand trial over his company's 2003 bankruptcy, which left some 50,000 shareholders with worthless stock. Tanzi and ...
- Parmar, Y. S.
- (from the article "Himachal Pradesh") ...merger of numerous Punjab hill areas, including Shimla, Kangra, Kullu, the district of Lahul and Spiti, and parts of Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur districts. Y.S. Parmar, who since the 1940s ...
- Parmelee sprinkler head
- (from the article "sprinkler system") ...riser that could be turned on in an adjoining area. Because this system resulted in frequent water damage in parts of a room or building untouched by fire, an improvement ...
- Parmelia
- largest genus of foliose (leafy) lichens, which includes among its members the species commonly known as crottle and skull lichen. Crottle, the largest foliose lichen, resembles crumpled leather and sometimes ...
- Parmenides
- Greek philosopher of Elea in southern Italy who founded Eleaticism, one of the leading pre-Socratic schools of Greek thought. His general teaching has been diligently reconstructed from the few surviving ... [18 Related Articles]
- Parmenio
- Macedonian general usually considered the best officer in the service of Philip II and his son Alexander the Great. [2 Related Articles]
- Parmentier, Andre
- Belgian-born American horticulturist, responsible for exhibiting many plant species in America. [1 Related Articles]
- Parmentier, Jean
- (from the article "Ango, Jean") ...France in maritime exploration. In 1524 he equipped the Dauphine, in which Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the east coast of North America and discovered the site of the future New ...
- Parmentier, Raoul
- (from the article "Ango, Jean") ...maritime exploration. In 1524 he equipped the Dauphine, in which Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the east coast of North America and discovered the site of the future New York City. ...
- Parmesan
- hard, sharp cow's-milk cheese used primarily in grated form. The original Parmigiano-Reggiano is produced within a strictly delineated region in Italy that includes the towns of Parma, Modena, and Mantua ... [1 Related Articles]
- Parmigianino
- Italian painter who was one of the first artists to develop the elegant and sophisticated version of Mannerist style that became a formative influence on the post-High Renaissance generation. [4 Related Articles]
- Parnaiba
- port city, northwestern Piaui estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is located on the Igaracu River, an outlet of the Parnaiba River, 9 miles (14 km) upstream from ...
- Parnaiba Basin
- (from the article "South America") ...followed the previous Paleozoic sutures along the western side of the continent. Crustal extension reactivated the inner part of the supercontinent as well, with an increase in subsidence in the ...
- Parnaiba River
- river, northeastern Brazil, rising in the Serra da Tabatinga and flowing north-northeastward for 1,056 mi (1,700 km) to empty into the Atlantic Ocean, forming a delta at its mouth. In ... [1 Related Articles]
- Parnassiaceae
- (from the article "Celastrales") Parnassiaceae, with two genera, includes annual to perennial herbs. Parnassia contains 50 species that grow in the north temperate to Arctic region. Lepuropetalon spathulatum, the only species of its genus, ...
- Parnassian
- member of a group-headed by Charles-Marie-Rene Leconte de Lisle-of 19th-century French poets who stressed restraint, objectivity, technical perfection, and precise description as a reaction against the emotionalism and verbal imprecision ... [5 Related Articles]
- parnassian butterfly
- any member of the insect subfamily Parnassiinae of the cosmopolitan family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera). The parnassian (Parnassius), also known as apollo, found in mountainous alpine regions in Asia, Europe, and ...
- Parnassianism
- (from the article "Brazilian literature") Beginning in the late 1870s as a response to Romanticism and continuing into the early part of the 20th century, Parnassianism surfaced as a poetry movement advocating "art for art's ...
- Parnassius
- (from the article "parnassian butterfly") any member of the insect subfamily Parnassiinae of the cosmopolitan family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera). The parnassian (Parnassius), also known as apollo, found in mountainous alpine regions in Asia, Europe, and ...
- Parnassus, Mount
- mountain barren limestone spur of the Pindus Mountains, central Greece, running northwest-southeast on the borders of the nomoi (departments) of Phocis, Fthiotis, and Boeotia. Rising to a maximum elevation of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Parnell, Charles Stewart
- Irish nationalist, member of the British Parliament (1875-91), and the leader of the struggle for Irish Home Rule in the late 19th century. In 1889-90 he was ruined by proof ... [14 Related Articles]
- Parnell, Thomas
- Irish poet, essayist, and friend of Alexander Pope, who relied on Parnell's scholarship in his translation of the Iliad. Parnell's poetry, written in heroic couplets, was esteemed by Pope for ... [1 Related Articles]
- Parni
- one of three nomadic or seminomadic tribes in the confederacy of the Dahae living east of the Caspian Sea; its members founded the Parthian empire. After the death of Alexander ... [3 Related Articles]
- Parnicki, Teodor
- Polish historical novelist who modernized the genre through his interest in psychoanalysis and his use of innovative narrative techniques. [1 Related Articles]
- Parnu
- city, Estonia, at the mouth of the Parnu River on Parnu Bay of the Gulf of Riga. First mentioned in 1251 as a member of the Hanseatic League, Parnu was ...
- Parnu River
- (from the article "Estonia") Estonia abounds in rivers, which flow to the Gulf of Finland, to the Gulf of Riga, and into Lake Peipus. The longest river, the Parnu, stretches for about 90 miles ...
- Paro
- town, western Bhutan, in the Himalayas on the Paro River. Centred on Fort Paro, a large rectangular building with a seven-story tower, it was the main cultural, commercial, and political ... [1 Related Articles]
- parochial education
- education offered institutionally by a religious group. In the United States, parochial education refers to the schooling obtained in elementary and secondary schools that are maintained by Roman Catholic parishes, ... [7 Related Articles]
- Parodi, Filippo
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...as well. This dissolution is also to be found in sculpture of the period, such as in the proto-Rococo figures of Filippo Carcani (active 1670-90) in Rome and, to a ...
- parodos
- (from the article "Old Comedy") ...were first performed in Athens for the religious festival of Dionysus. They gradually took on a six-part structure: an introduction, in which the basic fantasy is explained and developed; the ...
- parody
- (Greek paroidia, "a song sung alongside another"), in literature, a form of satirical criticism or comic mockery that imitates the style and manner of a particular writer or school of ... [4 Related Articles]
- parody
- in music, originally the creative reworking of several voice parts of a preexistent composition to form a new composition, frequently a mass; in modern musical usage, parody usually refers to ... [4 Related Articles]
- parole
- (from the article "Saussure, Ferdinand de") ...study and asserted that the principles and methodology of each approach are distinct and mutually exclusive. He also introduced two terms that have become common currency in linguistics-"parole," or the ...
- parole
- supervised conditional release from prison granted prior to the expiration of a sentence. [2 Related Articles]
- paromomycin
- (from the article "drug") The aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, paromomycin, amikacin, and tobramycin) all inhibit protein synthesis. The aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so, with some exceptions, they are given parenterally. Neomycin ...
- Paronian, Hakob
- (from the article "Armenia") ...arose; outstanding among them were Nahapet Kuchak and, especially, Aruthin Sayadian, called Sayat-Nova (d. 1795), whose love songs are still popular. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Hakob Paronian ...
- Paropia
- (from the article "homopteran") ...in males of some cercopids, membracids, fulgorids, and cicadellids and in females of certain cicadellids. In Doratura both sexes have well developed sound-producing organs. The female of Paropia has a ...
- Paros
- island, one of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea, Greece, separated from Naxos on the east by a channel 4 mi (6 km) wide. With an area of 75 sq ...
- parotid gland
- (from the article "salivary gland") In addition to numerous small glands in the tongue, palate, lips, and cheeks, human beings have three pairs of major salivary glands that open into the mouth through well-developed ducts. ...
- Paroubek, Jiri
- (from the article "Czech Republic") Area: 78,866 sq km (30,450 sq mi) | Population (2006 est.): 10,260,000 | Capital: Prague | Chief of state: President Vaclav Klaus | Head of government: Prime Ministers Jiri Paroubek ...
- paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
- (from the article "childhood disease and disorder") Most disorders of cardiac rate and rhythm in childhood are benign. An exception is paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, a disorder characterized by a steady, rapid heart rate, which in infants may ...
- paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
- (from the article "hemolysis") ...it is used as a specific laboratory test for antigen-antibody reactions. Hemolysis caused by physical agents is rare in the living because of body buffering systems; but in the disease ...
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") ...shortness of breath. Shortness of breath on lying down is called orthopnea and is a major symptom of heart failure. In addition, the patient may experience acute shortness of breath ...
- Parquet, Jacques-Dyel du
- (from the article "Grenada") The French governor of Martinique, Jacques-Dyel du Parquet, purchased Grenada from a French company in 1650 and established a settlement at St. George's. Grenada remained French until 1762, when it ...
- parquetry
- (from the article "floor covering") ...and other stones suitable for polishing. Timber flooring, originally used in rough form for a strictly functional purpose, was eventually made into smooth boards, and was later used decoratively in ...
- Parr, Thomas
- (from the article "life span") ...1670 at the alleged age of 169 years; and Catherine, countess of Desmond, who died in 1604 at the alleged age of 140 years. William Harvey, a famous English physician, ...
- Parra, Nicanor
- one of the most important Latin American poets of his time, the originator of so-called antipoetry (poetry that opposes traditional poetic techniques or styles). [1 Related Articles]
- Parramatta
- city within the Sydney metropolitan area, New South Wales, Australia. It lies along the 15-mile- (24-km-) long Parramatta River (which enters Port Jackson harbour). The second European settlement in Australia, ...
- Parratt, Sir Walter
- organist who exerted great influence by his understanding of Bach. At age 11 he was organist at a local church, and later held positions as organist of Magdalen College, Oxford ...
- Parrhasius
- one of the greatest painters of ancient Greece. [1 Related Articles]
- Parri, Ferruccio
- (from the article "Italy") When World War II ended in Europe in May 1945, all the anti-Fascist parties formed a predominantly northern government led by the Resistance hero and Party of Action leader Ferruccio ...
- Parrington, Vernon L.
- American literary historian and teacher noted for his far-reaching appraisal of American literary history. [1 Related Articles]
- Parris Island
- one of the Sea Islands on the Atlantic coast, in Port Royal Sound, just south of Port Royal Island, in Beaufort county, southern South Carolina, U.S. Spanish Franciscans and Jesuits ... [1 Related Articles]
- Parris, Alexander
- American architect, a principal exponent of the Greek Revival style in early 19th-century Massachusetts.
- Parrish, Anne
- American philanthropist whose school for indigent girls, founded in the late 18th century, existed well into the 20th.
- Parrish, Celestia Susannah
- American educator who worked in the South to open higher education to women and to promote progressive education for children.
- Parrish, Maxfield
- American illustrator and painter who was perhaps the most popular commercial artist in the United States in the first half of the 20th century.
- Parrish, Robert
- U.S. child actor who appeared as a newsboy in Charlie Chaplin's City Lights and later earned an Academy Award for film editing for Body and Soul and plaudits for his ...
- Parrondo, Gil
- (from the article "1970: Other Winners") ...Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North for PattonAdapted Screenplay: Ring Lardner, Jr., for M*A*S*HCinematography: Freddie Young for Ryan's DaughterArt Direction: Urie McCleary and Gil Parrondo for PattonOriginal Score: Francis Lai ...
- parrot
- term applied to a large group of gaudy, raucous birds of the family Psittacidae. Parrot also is used in reference to any member of a larger bird group, order Psittaciformes, ... [5 Related Articles]
- parrot fish
- any of about 80 species of fishes of the family Scaridae, a group sometimes regarded as a subfamily of Labridae (order Perciformes), found on tropical reefs. Parrot fishes are elongated, ... [1 Related Articles]
- parrot's bill
- (from the article "Clianthus") genus of flowering shrubs of the pea family (Fabaceae). Its two species, C. puniceus and C. formosus, are native to New Zealand and Australia, respectively. They grow to 1-2 m ...
- parrot's head pitcher plant
- (from the article "pitcher plant") The purple, or common, pitcher plant (S. purpurea) has heavily veined, green to reddish, flaring, juglike leaves that bear downward-pointing bristles. Its flowers are purple-red. The parrot's head pitcher plant ...
- parrotbill
- any of several species of small to medium titmouselike birds, mostly brown and gray with soft, loose plumage and distinctive strongly arched, parrotlike bills. They live in brushy grasslands of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Parrotia persica
- (from the article "Hamamelidaceae") Autumn leaf colour, changing from golden yellow to orange and scarlet, is an outstanding trait of ironwood (Parrotia persica), a small tree from northern Iran. Its flowers, produced before the ...
- parrotlet
- (from the article "psittaciform") ...the general name parrot may be applied. All belong to just two families. In the family Psittacidae are parakeets (including the budgerigars, rosellas, and conures), lovebirds, amazons, macaws, and parrotlets ...
- Parrott, Robert Parker
- U.S. inventor who developed the rifled cannon known as the Parrott gun, the most formidable cannon of its time.
- Parry
- (from the article "artificial intelligence") Two of the best-known early AI programs, Eliza and Parry, gave an eerie semblance of intelligent conversation. (Details of both were first published in 1966.) Eliza, written by Joseph Weizenbaum ...
- Parry pinon
- (from the article "pine") The single-leaf pinon (P. monophylla) occurs sporadically through northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. The Parry pinon (P. quadrifolia) is the four-needle pinon of southern California and northern Baja ...
- Parry Sound
- town, seat of Parry Sound district, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies on the eastern shore of Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, at the mouth of the Seguin River, 120 miles ...
- Parry, Joseph
- (from the article "Saint Kitts and Nevis") ...five seats in the Nevis Island Assembly elections in July and thus took over control of the local government body from the Concerned Citizens Movement, which had run Nevis for ...
- Parry, Milman
- (from the article "Homer") ...more specific about his technique and the kind of poet he was. It has been one of the most important discoveries of Homeric scholarship, associated particularly with the name of ...
- Parry, R. Williams
- (from the article "Celtic literature") ...use of the old strict metres to express modern thought and W.J. Gruffydd's lyrical use of the free metres to express his rebellion against society and his love for the ...
- Parry, Sir Hubert, Baronet
- composer, writer, and teacher, influential in the revival of English music at the end of the 19th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Parry, Sir William
- (from the article "Arctic") ...of them, under Captain John Ross in 1818, retraced almost exactly Baffin's journey of two centuries earlier and repeated his error of mistaking the sounds for bays. Second in command ...
- Parry-Williams, Thomas
- (from the article "Celtic literature") ...lyrical use of the free metres to express his rebellion against society and his love for the countryside of his youth. R. Williams Parry showed a superb gift of poetic ...
- pars compacta
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...formation (known here as the tegmentum) and the crus cerebri is a large pigmented nucleus called the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra consists of two parts, the pars reticulata and ...
- pars distalis
- (from the article "hormone") Direct innervation similar to that of the pars intermedia is also found in the pars distalis of bony fishes. Here neurosecretory fibres arise from a localized region of the hypothalamus, ...
- pars ecclesiae
- (from the article "Italy") ...the divisions between the Welf house of Otto IV and the Hohenstaufen (Waiblingen) house of Philip of Swabia and Frederick II-echoed the struggle over rights. The term
- pars flaccida
- (from the article "ear, human") ...in an incomplete ring of bone, the tympanic annulus, which almost encircles it and holds it in place. The uppermost small area of the membrane where the ring is open ...
- pars intercerebralis
- (from the article "endocrine system") Neurosecretory, neurohemal, and endocrine structures are all found in the insect endocrine system. There are several neurosecretory centres in the brain, the largest being the pars intercerebralis. The paired corpora ...
- pars intermedia
- (from the article "Glands and hormones of the human endocrine system") ...brain. The gland itself is composed of three distinct lobes: the anterior lobe (also called the adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (also called the neurohypophysis), and the intermediate lobe (or pars ...
- pars legitima
- (from the article "inheritance") ...In the late Roman Empire the descendants-and if there were no descendants, the ascendants (e.g., parents)-were given the right to a share in the estate (pars legitima), ...
- pars reticulata
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...between the midbrain reticular formation (known here as the tegmentum) and the crus cerebri is a large pigmented nucleus called the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra consists of two parts, ...
- pars tensa
- (from the article "ear, human") ...it and holds it in place. The uppermost small area of the membrane where the ring is open is slack and is called the pars flaccida, but the far greater ...
- parsec
- unit for expressing distances to stars and galaxies, used by professional astronomers. It represents the distance at which the radius of the Earth's orbit subtends an angle of one second ... [3 Related Articles]
- Parshchikov, Aleksey
- (from the article "Russia") Some of the best work published in the 1980s was in poetry, including the work of conceptualists such as Dmitry Prigov and the meta-metaphoric poetry of Aleksey Parshchikov, Olga Sedakova, ...
- Parshvanatha
- the 23rd Tirthankara ("Ford-maker," i.e., saviour) of the present age, according to Jainism, a religion of India. [4 Related Articles]
- Parsi
- member of a group of followers in India of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster. The Parsis, whose name means "Persians," are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid ... [13 Related Articles]
- Parsiism
- (from the article "Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-1995") ...survives there in isolated areas and, more prosperously, in India, where the descendants of Zoroastrian Iranian (Persian) immigrants are known as Parsis, or Parsees. In India the religion is called ...
- parsimony, principle of
- (from the article "Morgan, C Lloyd") ...behaviour in objective terms and without anthropomorphisms. He studied animal behaviour for its own sake, without regard to the mental evolution of man, and applied what has come to be ...
- parsing
- (from the article "information processing") ...linguistics: to derive representations of the syntactic and semantic relations between the linguistic elements of sentences and larger parts of the document. Syntactic relations are described by parsing (decomposing) the ...
- Parsipour, Shahrnoush
- (from the article "Persian literature") The participation of women writers in modern literature increased considerably during the second half of the 20th century. Best known outside Iran is Shahrnoush Parsipour's novella Zanan bidun-i mardan (1978; ...
- Parsippany-Troy Hills
- township, Morris county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. The township extends eastward from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to the Passaic River swamps, 23 miles (37 km) west of New ...
- parsley
- (species Petroselinum crispum), hardy biennial herb of the family Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae, native to Mediterranean lands. Parsley leaves were used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as a flavouring and ... [2 Related Articles]
- parsnip
- (species Pastinaca sativa), member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), cultivated since ancient times for its large, tapering, fleshy white root, which is edible and has a distinctive flavour. The root ...
- parson's bench
- (from the article "settle") ...movements in design during the early part of the 20th century, especially in the United States. A spindled variety resembling an extended Windsor chair was sometimes called a schoolmaster's, or ...
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